Cappadocia
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2008-07-03T22:40:52Z
El Greco
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Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/Digibrown|Digibrown]] ([[User talk:Digibrown|talk]]) to last version by Tanthalas39
{{Refimprove|date=March 2008}}
{{otheruses}}
{{Infobox World Heritage Site
| WHS = [[Göreme|Göreme National Park]] and the Rock Sites of Cappadocia
| Image = [[Image:View of Cappadocia edit.jpg|300px|Cappadocia in April 2006]]
| State Party = [[Turkey]]
| Type = Mixed
| Criteria = i, iii, v, vii
| ID = 357
| Region = [[List of World Heritage Sites in Europe|Europe]]
| Year = 1985
| Session = 9th
| Link = http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/357
}}
'''Cappadocia''' (or ''Capadocia'', [[Turkish language|Turkish]] ''Kapadokya'', from [[Greek language|Greek]]: Καππαδοκία / Kappadokía, which in turn is from the [[Persian language|Persian]]: ''Katpatuka'' meaning "the land of beautiful horses"<ref name=LexicOrient>LexicOrient: [http://lexicorient.com/e.o/cappadocia.htm Cappadocia]{{Verify credibility|date=March 2008}}</ref>), was an extensive inland district of [[Asia Minor]] (modern [[Turkey]]). The name continued to be used in western sources and in the [[Christianity|Christian]] tradition throughout history and is still widely used as an international [[Tourism in Turkey|tourism]] concept to define a region of exceptional natural wonders characterized by [[fairy chimney]]s and a unique [[History of Anatolia|historical]] and [[Culture of Turkey|cultural]] heritage. The term, as used in tourism, roughly corresponds to present-day [[Nevşehir Province]] of Turkey.
It is impossible to define Cappadocia's limits with any real accuracy. In the time of [[Herodotus]], the Cappadocians are supposed to have occupied the whole region from [[Mount Taurus]] to the vicinity of the Euxine ([[Black Sea]]). Cappadocia, in this sense, was bounded in the south by the chain of Mount Taurus, to the east by the [[Euphrates]], to the north by [[Pontus]], and to the west vaguely by the great salt lake, [[Lake Tuz]], in [[Central Anatolia]]. But [[Strabo]], the only ancient author who gives any circumstantial account of the country, greatly exaggerated its dimensions. It is now believed that {{convert|400|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}} east-west by {{convert|200|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}} north-south is a more realistic appraisal of Cappadocia's extension.<ref name=LexicOrient/>
==Etymology==
The earliest record of the name of Cappadocia dates from the late 6th century BC when it appears in the trilingual inscriptions of two early [[Achaemenid Empire|Achaemenid]] kings, [[Darius I]] and [[Xerxes]], as one of the countries ([[Old Persian]] ''dahyu-'') which are part of the [[Achaemenid|Persian Empire]]. In these lists of countries the Old Persian name is '''Katpatuka''', but it is clearly not a native Persian word. The [[Elamite language|Elamite]] and [[Akkadian language]] versions of the inscriptions contain a similar name from Akkadian ''katpa'' "side" (cf. Heb ''katef'') and a chief or ancestor's name, ''Tuka''.<ref>Room, Adrian. (1997). Placenames of the World. London: MacFarland and Company.</ref>
[[Herodotus]] tells us that the name of the Cappadocians was applied to them by the [[Persians]], while they were termed by the [[Ancient Greece|Greeks]] "Syrians" or "White Syrians" (Leucosyri). One of the Cappadocian tribes he mentions are the [[Moschoi]], associated by [[Flavius Josephus]] with the biblical figure [[Meshech]], son of [[Japheth]], "and the Mosocheni were founded by Mosoch; now they are Cappadocians". [[AotJ]] I:6. Also see [[Ketubot]] 13:11 in the [[Mishna]].
Cappadocia is also mentioned in the Biblical account given in the book of {{bibleverse||Acts|2:9|!}}, with the Cappadocians being named as one of the people groups hearing the [[Gospel]] account from [[Galilee|Galileans]] in their own language on the day of [[Pentecost]] shortly after the [[Death and resurrection of Jesus|resurrection]] of [[Jesus]] Christ. {{bibleverse||Acts|2:5|!}} seems to suggest that the Cappadocians in this account were "God-fearing [[History of the Jews in Turkey|Jews]]". See [[Acts of the Apostles]].
Under the later kings of the Persian Empire they were divided into two [[satrapy|satrapies]], or governments, with one comprising the central and inland portion, to which the name of Cappadocia continued to be applied by [[History of geography#Ancient geography|Greek geographers]], while the other was called [[Pontus]]. This division had already come about before the time of [[Xenophon]]. As after the fall of the Persian government the two provinces continued to be separate, the distinction was perpetuated, and the name Cappadocia came to be restricted to the inland province (sometimes called Great Cappadocia), which alone will be the focus of this article.
The kingdom of Cappadocia was still in existence in the time of Strabo as a nominally independent state. [[Cilicia]] was the name given to the district in which [[Caesarea Mazaca|Caesarea]], the capital of the whole country, was situated. The only two cities of Cappadocia considered by Strabo to deserve that appellation were Caesarea (originally known as Mazaca) and [[Tyana]], not far from the foot of the Taurus.
==History==
[[Image:Capadocia2006.jpg|thumb|Fairy chimneys in Cappadocia]]
[[Image:Lydia_original_area_of_lydia.jpg|thumb|Location of Cappodocia (in the east)]]
[[Image:15th century map of Turkey region.jpg|thumb|Photo of a 15th-century map showing "Capadocia"]]
[[Image:IhlaraTal.jpg|thumb|A [[rock-cut architecture|rock-cut temple]] in Cappadocia]]
[[Image:Mimar Hazal UchisarKapadokyaTurkey.jpg|thumb|250px|Uçhisar Hill and Castle, the highest point in Cappadocia, is in the triangle between the cities of [[Nevşehir]], [[Ürgüp]] and [[Avanos]].]]
{{see also|Cappadocia (satrapy)}}
Cappadocia was known as [[Hatti]] in the late [[Bronze Age]], and was the homeland of the [[Hittites|Hittite]] power centred at [[Hattusa]]. After the fall of the Hittite Empire, with the decline of the Syro-Cappadocians ([[Mushki]]) after their defeat by the [[Lydia]]n king [[Croesus]] in the 6th century, Cappadocia was left in the power of a sort of feudal aristocracy, dwelling in strong castles and keeping the peasants in a servile condition, which later made them apt for foreign slavery. It was included in the third [[Persian Empire|Persian]] [[satrap]]y in the division established by [[Darius I of Persia|Darius]], but long continued to be governed by rulers of its own, none apparently supreme over the whole country and all more or less tributary to the [[Great King]].
After bringing the Persian Empire to an end, [[Alexander the Great]] met with great resistance in Cappadocia. He tried to rule the area through one of his commanders named Sabictus, but the ruling classes and people resisted and declared Ariarathes, a Persian aristocrat, as king. This sent a message to Alexander that not all Persians would submit to his rule. Ariarthes I (332 - 322 BC) was a successful ruler, and extended the borders of the Cappadocian Kingdom as far as the [[Black Sea]]. The kingdom of Cappadocia lived in peace until the death of Alexander, when the kingdom fell, in the general partition of the empire, to [[Eumenes]]. His claims were made good in 322 BC by the regent [[Perdiccas]], who crucified Ariarathes; but in the dissensions which brought about Eumenes's death, the son of Ariarathes recovered his inheritance and left it to a line of successors, who mostly bore the name of the founder of the [[List of Kings of Cappadocia|dynasty]].
Under [[Ariarathes IV of Cappadocia|Ariarathes IV]], Cappadocia came into relations with [[Roman Republic|Rome]], first as a foe espousing the cause of [[Antiochus III the Great|Antiochus the Great]], then as an ally against [[Perseus of Macedon|Perseus]] of [[Macedon]]. The kings henceforward threw in their lot with the Republic as against the [[Seleucid Empire|Seleucids]], to whom they had been from time to time tributary. [[Ariarathes V of Cappadocia|Ariarathes V]] marched with the Roman [[proconsul]] [[Publius Licinius Crassus Dives Mucianus]] against [[Eumenes III|Aristonicus]], a claimant to the throne of [[Pergamon]], and their forces were annihilated (130 BC). The imbroglio which followed his death ultimately led to interference by the rising power of [[Pontus]] and the intrigues and wars which ended in the failure of the dynasty.
The Cappadocians, supported by Rome against [[Mithridates VI of Pontus]], elected a native lord, [[Ariobarzanes I Philoromaios of Cappadocia|Ariobarzanes]], to succeed (93 BC); but in the same year Armenian troops under [[Tigranes the Great|Tigranes the Great (Tigran)]] entered Cappadocia, dethroned king Ariobarzanes and crowned [[Gordius of Cappadocia|Gordios]] as the new [[Client state|client-king]] of Cappadocia, thus creating a buffer zone against the encroaching Romans.<ref>{{cite web | last =Nazaryan | first =Gevork | authorlink =Gevork Nazaryan | coauthors = | title =King Tigran II - The Great | work =Prominent Armenians | publisher = | date =1999 | url =http://www.hyeetch.nareg.com.au/armenians/prominent_p5.html | format = | doi = | accessdate = 2007-08-03 }}</ref> It was not until Rome had deposed the Pontic and Armenian kings that the rule of Ariobarzanes was established (63 BC). In the civil wars Cappadocia was now for [[Pompey]], now for [[Julius Caesar|Caesar]], now for [[Mark Antony|Antony]], now against him. The Ariobarzanes dynasty came to an end and a certain [[Archelaus of Cappadocia|Archelaus]] reigned in its stead, by favour first of Antony and then of [[Augustus|Octavian]], and maintained tributary independence until AD 17, when the emperor [[Tiberius]], on Archelaus' death in disgrace, reduced Cappadocia at last to a Roman province. Much later it was a region of the [[Byzantine Empire]].
Cappadocia contains several [[underground city|underground cities]] (see [[Kaymaklı Underground City]]), largely used by [[Early Christianity|early Christians]] as hiding places before they became a legitimate religion. The [[Cappadocian Fathers]] of the 4th century were integral to much of early Christian philosophy. It also produced, among other people, another [[Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople|Patriarch of Constantinople]], [[John of Cappadocia]], who held office 517–520. For most of the Byzantine era it remained relatively undisturbed by the conflicts in the area, first with the [[Sassanid Empire]] and later against the [[Islam]]ic expansion led by Arabs.
Cappadocia shared an always changing relation with the neighbouring [[Armenia]], by that time a region of the Empire. The [[Arab]] historian [[Abu Al Faraj]] purports the following about [[Armenian people|Armenian]] settlers in [[Sivas]], during the 10th century: "Sivas, in Cappadocia, was dominated by the Armenians and their numbers became so many that they became vital members of the imperial armies. These Armenians were used as watch-posts in strong fortresses, taken from the Arabs. They distinguished themselves as experienced infantry soldiers in the imperial army and were constantly fighting with outstanding courage and success by the side of the Romans in other words Byzantine".<ref>Schlumberger, Un Emperor byzantin au X siècle, Paris, Nicéphore Phocas, Paris, 1890, p. 251</ref> As a result of the Byzantine military campaigns, the Armenians spread into Cappadocia and eastward from [[Cilicia]] into the mountainous areas of northern [[Syria]] and [[Mesopotamia]]. This immigration was increased further after the decline of the local imperial power and the establishment of the [[Crusader States]] following the [[4th Crusade]]. Cappadocia became part of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, a state formed in the 12th century by Armenian refugees fleeing the [[Seljuk]] invasion of Armenia and a close ally of the Crusaders.
Following the [[Battle of Manzikert]] in 1071, various [[Turkish people|Turkish]] [[clans]] under the leadership of the [[Seljuk dynasty|Seljuks]] began settling in [[Anatolia]]. With the rise of Turkish power in Anatolia, Cappadocia slowly became tributary to the Turkish states that were established to the east and to the west, and some of the population converted to Islam. By the end of the early 12th century, [[Anatolian Seljuks]] had established their sole dominance over the region. With the decline and the fall of the [[Konya]]-based Seljuks in the second half of the 13th century, they were gradually replaced by the [[Karaman]]-based [[Beylik]] of [[Karamanoğlu]], who themselves were gradually succeeded by the [[Ottoman Empire]] over the course of the 15th century. Cappadocia remained part of the Ottoman Empire for the centuries to come, and remains now part of the modern state of [[History of Turkey|Turkey]]. A fundamental change occurred in between when a new urban center, [[Nevşehir]], was founded in the early 18th century by a [[grand vizier]] who was a native of the locality ([[Nevşehirli Damat İbrahim Pasha]]), to serve as regional capital, a role the city continues to assume to this day.
In the meantime many former Cappadocians had shifted to a Turkish dialect (written in [[Greek alphabet]], ''[[Turkish language|Karamanlıca]]''), and where the [[Greek language]] was maintained (Sille, villages near Kayseri, Pharasa town and other nearby villages), it became heavily influenced by the surrounding Turkish. This dialect of Greek is known as ''[[Cappadocian Greek language|Cappadocian Greek]]''. Following the 1923 [[population exchange between Greece and Turkey]], the language is now only spoken by a handful of the former population's descendants in modern [[Greece]].
==Modern tourism==
The area is a famous and popular tourist destination, as it has many areas with unique geological, historic and cultural features.
The region is southwest of the major city [[Kayseri]], which has [[airline]] and [[Turkish State Railways|railroad]] service to [[Ankara]] and [[Istanbul]].
The Cappadocia region is largely underlain by sedimentary rocks formed in lakes and streams, and [[ignimbrite]] deposits erupted from ancient volcanoes approximately 9 to 3 million years ago (late [[Miocene]] to [[Pliocene]] epochs). The rocks of Cappadocia near [[Göreme]] eroded into hundreds of spectacular pillars and [[minaret]]-like forms. The volcanic deposits are soft rocks that the people of the villages at the heart of the Cappadocia Region carved out to form houses, churches, monasteries. Göreme became a monastic center between 300-1200 AD. First period settlement in Göreme reaches to the Roman period from [[Christianity]]. Yusuf Koç, Ortahane, Durmus Kadir and Bezirhane churches in Göreme, houses and churches carved into rocks till to Uzundere, Bağıldere and Zemi Valley carries the mystical side of history today. The Göreme Open Air Museum is the most visited site of the monastic communities in Cappadocia and is one of the most famous sites in central Turkey. It is a complex comprising more than 30 rock-carved churches and [[chapel]]s containing some superb [[fresco]]es, dating from the 9th to the 11th centuries.
==Mesothelioma==
In 1975 a study from three small villages in central Cappadocia—Tuzköy, Karain and Sarhdr—found that [[mesothelioma]] cases caused 50% of all deaths. Initially, this was attributed to [[Zeolite#Zeolite mineral species|erionite]], a mineral with similar properties to [[asbestos]], but detailed epidemiological investigation demonstrated that the substance causes the disease mostly in families with a genetic predisposition to mineral fiber carcinogenesis. The studies are being extended to other parts of the region.<ref>{{cite journal
| last = Dogan
| first = Umran
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Mesothelioma in Cappadocian villages
| journal = Indoor and Built Environment
| volume = 12
| issue = 6
| pages = 367–375
| publisher = Sage
| location = Ankara
| date = 2003
| url = http://www.cababstractsplus.org/google/abstract.asp?AcNo=20033214031
| doi =
| id = [[ISSN]]: 1420-326X
| accessdate =2008-03-04 }}</ref><ref>
{{cite journal
| last = Carbone
| first = Michelle
| authorlink =
| coauthors = ''et al''
| title = A mesothelioma epidemic in Cappadocia: scientific developments and unexpected social outcomes
| journal = [[Nature Reviews Cancer]]
| volume = 7
| issue = 2
| pages = 147–54
| publisher =
| location =
| date = 2007
| url = http://www.nature.com/nrc/journal/v7/n2/abs/nrc2068.html
| doi = 10.1038/nrc2068
| id = ISSN 1474-175X
| accessdate =2008-03-04 }}</ref>
==In popular culture==
{{Trivia|date=October 2007}}
*In ''[[The Simpsons]]'' episode "[[Brother from Another Series]]", the character [[Sideshow Bob]] grudgingly acknowledges the Cappadocians as the only "civilization in history [that] considered 'chief hydrological engineer' a calling". This referred to the Cappadocians being famous for underground cities, although not specifically dams.<ref>{{cite video | people=Weinstein, Josh|year=2006|title=The Simpsons season 8 DVD commentary for the episode "Brother from Another Series"| medium=DVD||publisher=20th Century Fox}}</ref>
*Dama the Cappadocian merchant is a major character in several early heroic fantasy stories set around the third century A.D. written by [[David Drake]], Latin scholar and science fiction and fantasy author. The physical and temporal locale was a Roman frontier society in Asia Minor exposed to new conflicts with Christianity and continuing old conflicts with bandits and Persian invaders, where a merchant could experience exotic cultures and find occasion to demonstrate some skill with personal arms.<ref>{{cite book | people=Drake, David|year=2007|title=Balefires| medium=book||publisher=Night Shade Books}}</ref>
*Wu tang Affiliate Darryl Hill styles himself as "[[Cappadonna]]" in reference to this civilization and also goes by the pseudonym "Lebanon don" in reference to [[Lebanon]] being a part of this civilization.
*In the popular role playing game series [[Vampire: The Masquerade]], a fallen [[Vampire: the Masquerade#Clans and Bloodlines|Clan]] of [[Vampire]]s known as the [[Cappadocian (World of Darkness)|Cappadocians]] played an integral part in the existence of the modern clan known as the [[Giovanni (World of Darkness)|Giovanni]]. Their relation to Cappadocia seems to be only titular and possibly geographical.
*The Fairy Chimneys of Cappadocia are shown in the film ''[[The Stone Merchant]]''.
*The Fairy Chimneys also appear in a short story featured in volume 28 of the manga series ''[[Red River (manga)|Red River]]''.
*In the computer game ''[[Rome: Total War]]'', one can recruit a heavy cavalry unit called Cappadocian Cavalry, a [[Cataphract]] unit, but with weaker defence and attack, in comparison with the other Cataphracts (for example, the Armenian Cataphract).
*Electronic musicians [[Autechre]] feature the Cappadocians on the cover of their second album, ''[[Amber (Autechre album)|Amber]]''.
*In "The Last Days of Judas Iscariot" by Stephen Adly Guirgis, Satan appears to a drunk Judas claiming to be "Clementine from Cappadocia" which Judas mistakenly calls "Cappa-douche-ah" and belives it to be in Egypt.
==Media==
{{multi-video start}}
{{multi-video item|filename=Cappadocia Goreme.ogg|title=The terrain of Cappadocia|description=A video showing the terrain of Goreme and Cappadocia, from [http://www.ianandwendy.com/OtherTrips/IcelandGreeceTurkey/Turkey/index.htm here] |format=[[Theora]]}}
{{multi-video end}}
==See also==
*[[Ürgüp]]
*[[Mokissos]]
*[[Tourism in Turkey]]
*[[Cappadocia (Achaemenid)|Cappadocia under the Achaemenids]]
*[[List of traditional Greek place names]]
*[[Cappadocian Fathers]]
==References==
*{{1911}}
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
{{wiktionarypar|Cappadocia}}
{{Wikisource1911Enc|Cappadocia}}
{{commonscat|Cappadocia}}
*[http://www.livius.org/cao-caz/cappadocia/cappadocia.html Cappadocia on Livius]
*[http://www.aksaray.gov.tr/eng/index.html Aksaray Governor's Office]
{{Historical regions of Anatolia}}
{{World Heritage Sites in Turkey}}
{{Roman provinces 120 AD}}
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[[Category:Historical regions of Anatolia]]
[[Category:World Heritage Sites in Turkey]]
[[Category:Nevşehir]]
[[Category:Cappadocia| ]]
[[Category:Ancient people]]
[[Category:Ancient Roman Christianity]]
[[Category:Ancient Roman provinces|Cappadocia]]
[[Category:Underground cities]]
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