Cardiology
5421
224834886
2008-07-10T17:02:06Z
122.168.214.175
{{Cleanup-laundry|date=January 2008}}
{{Expert-subject|Medicine}}
[[Image:ECG Principle fast.gif|thumb|right| A diagram of a heart with an [[ECG]] indicator; diagrams like this are used in Cardiology.]]
'''Cardiology''' is the branch of [[internal medicine]] dealing with disorders of the [[heart]] and [[blood vessel]]s. The field is commonly divided in the branches of [[congenital heart defect]]s, [[coronary artery disease]], [[heart failure]], [[valvular heart disease]] and [[electrophysiology]]. Physicians specializing in this field of medicine are called '''cardiologists'''. Cardiologists should not be confused with [[cardiac surgeon]]s who are surgeons who perform cardiac surgery - operative procedures on the heart and great vessels.
The term ''cardiology'' is derived from the [[Greek language|Greek]] word ''καρδιά'' (transliterated as ''kardia'' and meaning ''heart'' or ''inner self'').
== The heart ==
{{main|heart}}
=== [[Cardiac pacemaker]] (Electrical system of the heart) ===
* [[Electrical conduction system of the heart]]
** [[Action potential]]
*** [[Ventricular action potential]]
* [[Sinoatrial node]]
* [[Atrioventricular node]]
* [[Bundle of His]]
* [[Purkinje fibers]]
=== Basic cardiac physiology ===
* [[Systole]]
* [[Diastole]]
* [[Heart sounds]]
* [[Preload (cardiology)|Preload]]
* [[Afterload]]
* [[Kussmaul's sign]]
== Disorders of the heart ==
{{main|Heart Disease}}
== Disorders of the [[coronary circulation]] ==
* [[Atherosclerosis]]
* [[Restenosis]]
* [[Coronary heart disease]] ([[Ischaemic heart disease]], Coronary artery disease)
* [[Acute coronary syndrome]]
** [[Angina pectoris|Angina]]
** [[Myocardial infarction]] (Heart attack)
== [[Sudden cardiac death]] (The abrupt cessation of blood flow, leading to death) ==
*[[Cardiac arrest]]
===Treatment of sudden cardiac death===
*[[Cardiopulmonary resuscitation]] (CPR)
== Disorders of the myocardium (muscle of the heart) ==
* [[Cardiomyopathy]]
** [[Ischemic cardiomyopathy]]
** [[Nonischemic cardiomyopathy]]
*** [[Amyloid cardiomyopathy]]
*** [[Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]] (HCM)
**** [[Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy]] (HOCM) (Idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis (IHSS))
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]]
*** [[Dilated cardiomyopathy]]
**** [[Alcoholic cardiomyopathy]]
**** [[Tachycardia induced cardiomyopathy]]
**** [[Takotsubo cardiomyopathy]] (Transient apical ballooning, stress-induced cardiomyopathy)
*** [[Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia]] (Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy)
*** [[Restrictive cardiomyopathy]]
* [[Congestive heart failure]]
** [[Cor pulmonale]]
* [[Ventricular hypertrophy]]
** [[Left ventricular hypertrophy]]
** [[Right ventricular hypertrophy]]
* [[Primary tumors of the heart]]
** [[Myxoma]]
* [[Myocardial rupture]]
== Disorders of the [[pericardium]] (outer lining of the heart) ==
* [[Pericarditis]]
* [[Cardiac tamponade|Pericardial tamponade]]
* [[Constrictive pericarditis]]
== Disorders of the [[heart valves]] ==
* [[Aortic valve]] disorders
** [[Aortic insufficiency]]
** [[Aortic stenosis]]
** [[Aortic valve replacement]]
** [[Aortic valve repair]]
** [[Aortic valvuloplasty]]
* [[Mitral valve]] disorders
** [[Mitral valve prolapse]]
** [[Mitral regurgitation]]
** [[Mitral stenosis]]
** [[Mitral valve replacement]]
** [[Mitral valve repair]]
** [[Mitral valvuloplasty]]
* [[Pulmonary valve]] disorders
** [[Congenital pulmonic stenosis]]
* [[Tricuspid valve]] disorders
== Disorders of the electrical system of the heart ([[Cardiac electrophysiology]]) ==
* [[Tachycardia]]
* [[Cardiac arrhythmia]]s
** [[Supraventricular tachycardia]] (Fast rhythms that originate above the ventricles)
*** [[Atrial fibrillation]]
*** [[Atrial flutter]]
*** [[Atrial tachycardia]]
*** [[Sick sinus syndrome]] (Tachy-Brady syndrome)
*** [[AV nodal reentrant tachycardia]] (AVNRT)
*** [[AV reentrant tachycardia]] (AVRT)
** [[Bigeminy]]
** [[Premature ventricular contraction]]
** [[Ventricular tachycardia]]
*** [[Torsades de pointes]]
** [[Ventricular fibrillation]]
** [[Sick sinus syndrome]]
** [[Bundle branch block]]
*** [[Left bundle branch block]]
*** [[Right bundle branch block]]
** [[Heart block]]
*** [[First degree AV block]]
*** [[Second degree AV block]]
*** [[Bifascicular block]]
*** [[Trifascicular block]]
*** [[Third degree AV block]]
**** [[Lev's disease]]
* Specific diseases of the electrical system of the heart
** [[Brugada syndrome]]
** [[Long QT syndrome]]
*** [[Andersen-Tawil syndrome]]
*** [[Romano-Ward syndrome]]
*** [[Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome]]
** [[Short QT syndrome]]
** [[Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome]] (WPW syndrome)
== Inflammation and infection of the heart ==
* [[Endocarditis]]
** [[Rheumatic heart disease]]
* [[Myocarditis]]
* [[Pericarditis]]
== [[Congenital heart disease]] ==
* [[Atrial septal defect]]
* [[Ventricular septal defect]]
* [[Patent ductus arteriosus]]
* [[Bicuspid aortic valve]]
* [[Tetralogy of Fallot]]
* [[Transposition of the great vessels]] (TGV)
* [[Hypoplastic left heart syndrome]]
== Diseases of blood vessels (Vascular diseases) ==
* [[Vasculitis]]
* [[Atherosclerosis]]
* [[Aneurysm]]
* [[Varicose veins]]
* [[Economy class syndrome]] <!-- VascularBiology or Hematology ? -->
* Diseases of the aorta
** [[Coarctation of the aorta]]
** [[Aortic dissection]]
** [[Aortic aneurysm]]
* Diseases of the [[Carotid artery|carotid arteries]]
** [[Carotid artery disease]]
** [[Carotid artery dissection]]
== Procedures done for coronary artery disease ==
* [[Percutaneous coronary intervention]]
** [[Atherectomy]]
** [[Angioplasty]] (PTCA)
** [[Stent]]ing
* [[Coronary artery bypass surgery]] (CABG)
* [[Enhanced external counterpulsation]] (EECP)
== Devices used in cardiology ==
* [[Stethoscope]]
* Devices used to maintain normal electrical rhythm
** [[Artificial pacemaker|Pacemaker]]
** [[Defibrillator]]
*** [[Automated external defibrillator]]
*** [[Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator]]
* Devices used to maintain [[blood pressure]]
** [[Artificial heart]]
** [[Heart-lung machine]]
** [[Intra-aortic balloon pump]]
** [[Ventricular assist device]]
== [[Cardiology diagnostic tests and procedures|Diagnostic tests and procedures]] ==
* [[Cardiology diagnostic tests and procedures|Blood tests]]
* [[Echocardiography|Echocardiogram]]
* [[Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance]]
* [[Cardiac stress test]]
* Auscultation (Listening with the Stethoscope)
[[Electrocardiogram]] (ECG or EKG)
** [[QT interval]]
** [[Osborn wave]]
* [[Holter monitor|Ambulatory Holter monitor]]
* [[Electrophysiologic study]]
** [[Programmed electrical stimulation]]
* [[Sphygmomanometer]] (Blood pressure cuff)
* [[Cardiac enzymes]]
* [[Coronary catheterization]]
** [[Fractional flow reserve|Myocardial Fractional Flow Reserve]] (FFRmyo)
** [[IVUS]] (IntraVascular UltraSound)
== Cardiac pharmaceutical agents ==
The followings are [[medication]]s commonly prescribed in cardiology:
* [[Antiarrhythmic agents]]
** Type I ([[sodium]] [[ion channel|channel]] blockers)
*** Type Ia
**** [[Quinidine]]
*** Type Ib
**** [[Lidocaine]]
**** [[Phenytoin]]
*** Type Ic
**** [[Propafenone]]
** Type II ([[beta blocker]]s)
*** [[Metoprolol]]
** Type III ([[potassium]] channel blockers)
*** [[Amiodarone]]
*** [[Dofetilide]]
*** [[Sotalol]]
** Type IV (slow [[calcium channel blocker]]s)
*** [[Diltiazem]]
*** [[Verapamil]]
** Type V
*** [[Adenosine]]
*** [[Digoxin]]
* [[ACE inhibitor]]s
** [[Captopril]]
** [[Enalapril]]
** [[Perindopril]]
** [[Ramipril]]
* [[Angiotensin II receptor antagonist]]s
** [[Candesartan]]
** [[Eprosartan]]
** [[Irbesartan]]
** [[Losartan]]
** [[Telmisartan]]
** [[Valsartan]]
* [[Beta blocker]]
* [[Calcium channel blocker]]
==See also==
* [[Interventional cardiology]]
* [[Clinical cardiac electrophysiology]]
* [[Heart Failure Society of America]]
* [[American Heart Association]]
* [[National Heart Foundation of Australia]]
==External links==
* [http://www.cardiologytoday.com/ Cardiology News]
* [http://www.escardio.org European Society of Cardiology]
* U.S. [[National Institute of Health]] (NIH) [http://health.nih.gov/search.asp/10 : Heart and Circulation]
* [http://www.acc.org American College of Cardiology]
* [http://know-heart-diseases.com Coronary heart disease]
* [http://www.virtualcardiaccentre.com Virtual Cardiac Centre] - latest comprehensive information on the field of Cardiology.
* [http://www.cvphysiology.com Cardiovascular Physiology] - comprehensive explanation of basic concepts in cardiology.
* [http://www.lejacq.com/Journal_PC.cfm?CFID=3025482&CFTOKEN=85552068 Preventive Cardiology]
* [http://atlas.scmr.org/ A cardiac atlas using CMR images]
* [http://www.vitals.com/v/index.php?v=specialty/focus/heart Search for Cardiologists in the US]
* [http://www.cardioworking.com/ Search for Cardiology Jobs]
{{Medicine}}
{{Cardiovascular system}}
[[Category:Cardiology| ]]
[[Category:Subjects taught in medical school]]
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