Carduelis
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216590942
2008-06-02T09:46:31Z
Deargan
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/* Possible Carduelis species */
{{Taxobox
| name = ''Carduelis''
| image = Carduelis carduelis (Lukasz Lukasik).jpg
| image_width = 250px
| image_caption = The [[European Goldfinch]] belongs to a group of red- or yellow-faced species.
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
| classis = [[bird|Aves]]
| ordo = [[passerine|Passeriformes]]
| familia = [[finch|Fringillidae]]
| genus = '''''Carduelis''''' (but see article text)
| genus_authority = [[Mathurin Jacques Brisson|Brisson]], [[1760]]
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision =
''Many, see text''
| synonyms =
''[[Acanthis (genus)|Acanthis]]''<br/>
''Linaria''<br/>
''Chloris''<br/>
(''but see article text'')
}}
The [[genus]] '''''Carduelis'''''<ref>
From [[Latin]] ''[[carduus]]'', "thistle". Thistle seeds are a favorite food of many species.</ref>
is a large group of [[bird]]s in the [[finch]] [[family (biology)|family]] Fringillidae. It includes the [[greenfinch]]es, [[redpoll]]s, [[goldfinch]]es, [[linnet]]s, the [[twite]], and the non-African [[siskin]]s. No species of this group ranges far into Africa (where they are replaced by the related genus ''[[Serinus]]''), and the centers of evolution were probably [[Eurasia]] and [[North America]], with a secondary radiation in the [[Neotropics]].
The interrelationship of these species is complex and contentious. It is fairly certain that the [[crossbills]] are actually derived from proto-redpoll ancestors quite recently, and it was suggested that they should be placed in the same genus, for which the name ''[[Loxia]]'' would then have priority. On the other hand, the greenfinches (which are apparently the most distinct group) and the redpolls have themselves been separated in distinct genera which might be the best way to express both the actual evolutionary relationships and the evolutionarily significant distinctiveness of the crossbills. The molecular data indicates that the major lineages split in the Late [[Miocene]] ([[Tortonian]], roughly 9-7 [[mya (unit)|mya]]), but it is unable to suggest any one robust arrangement either of the major groups among each other, among the lineages of ''Carduelis sensu stricto'', or indeed among two separate ''[[Serinus]]'' lineages (Ryan et al, 2004). As only the [[mtDNA|mitochondrial]] [[cytochrome b|cytochrome ''b'']] [[DNA sequence|sequence]] has hitherto been studied (Arnaiz-Villena ''et al.'', 1998), more data is clearly necessary.
Here, the species of ''Carduelis sensu lato'' are listed according to current knowledge. The genus ''Carduelis sensu stricto'' could conceivably be split further, and in this case only the European Goldfinch and the Citril and Corsican Finch (newly placed in his genus) would remain in ''Carduelis''.
==Greenfinches==
'''(Sub)Genus ''Chloris'''''
* [[Black-headed Greenfinch]], ''Carduelis ambigua''
* [[European Greenfinch]], ''Carduelis chloris''
* [[Oriental Greenfinch]], ''Carduelis sinica''
* [[Vietnamese Greenfinch]], ''Carduelis monguilloti''
* [[Yellow-breasted Greenfinch]], ''Carduelis spinoides''
* The [[Desert Finch]], ''Carduelis obsoleta'', has recently turned out be a primitive form in this group (Zamora ''et al.'', 2006).
==Redpolls==
'''(Sub)Genus ''[[Acanthis (genus)|Acanthis]]'''''
* [[Arctic Redpoll]], or '''Hoary Redpoll''', ''Carduelis hornemanni''
* [[Common Redpoll]], or '''Mealy Redpoll''', ''Carduelis flammea''
* [[Lesser Redpoll]], ''Carduelis cabaret''
==Crossbills==
'''(Sub)Genus ''[[Loxia]]'''''
* 3 - 5+ species
==''Carduelis'' sensu stricto==
'''''Carduelis'' group'''
* [[European Goldfinch]], ''Carduelis carduelis''
* [[Citril Finch]], ''Carduelis citrinella'' - formerly ''Serinus citrinellus''
* [[Corsican Finch]], ''Carduelis corsicana'' - formerly ''Serinus corsicanus''
'''''Linaria'' group''' - linnets and Twite
* [[Eurasian Linnet]], ''Carduelis cannabina''
* [[Warsangli Linnet]], ''Carduelis johannis''
* [[Yemen Linnet]], ''Carduelis yemenensis''
* [[Twite]], ''Carduelis flavirostris''
'''''Spinus'' group''' - American goldfinches and siskins
American goldfinches
* [[American Goldfinch]], ''Carduelis tristis''
* [[Lesser Goldfinch]], ''Carduelis psaltria''
* [[Lawrence's Goldfinch]], ''Carduelis lawrencei''
Northern siskins
* [[Eurasian Siskin]], or '''Spruce Siskin''', ''Carduelis spinus''
* [[Pine Siskin]], ''Carduelis pinus''
* [[Black-capped Siskin]], ''Carduelis atriceps''
* [[Antillean Siskin]], ''Carduelis dominicensis''
Neotropical siskins
* [[Andean Siskin]], ''Carduelis spinescens''
* [[Black Siskin]], ''Carduelis atrata''
* [[Black-chinned Siskin]], ''Carduelis barbata''
* [[Black-headed Siskin]], ''Carduelis notata''
* [[Hooded Siskin]], ''Carduelis magellanica''
* [[Olivaceous Siskin]], ''Carduelis olivacea''
* [[Red Siskin]], ''Carduelis cucullata''
* [[Saffron Siskin]], ''Carduelis siemiradzkii''
* [[Thick-billed Siskin]], ''Carduelis crassirostris''
* [[Yellow-bellied Siskin]], ''Carduelis xanthogastra''
* [[Yellow-faced Siskin]], ''Carduelis yarrellii''
* [[Yellow-rumped Siskin]], ''Carduelis uropygialis''
===Fossil species===
* [[Trías Greenfinch]], ''Carduelis triasi'' - [[Holocene]] of [[La Palma]], [[Canary Islands]], [[Spain]].
==Possible ''Carduelis'' species==
These species may be related to various groups or subgenera currently classified as members of ''Carduelis'' but have yet to be studied biochemically:
* [[Mountain Serin]], ''Serinus estherae'' - (Relationships obscure).
* [[Tibetan Serin]], ''Serinus thibetanus'' - (Sometimes Tibetan Siskin, ''Carduelis thibetana'' is used as in Grimmett et al 1999).
* [[Ankober Serin]], ''Serinus ankoberensis'' - (''Carduelis ankoberensis'' on the [[African Bird Club]] list).
* the [[golden-winged grosbeak]]s, ''Rhynchostruthus sp.'' - (Relationship with ''Carduelis'' discussed in Fry et al 2004 and Martins 1987)
==References==
* African Bird Club list (Passerines). http://www.africanbirdclub.org/resources/passerines_2006.doc
* '''Alcover''', J. A.; Florit, F. 1987. Una nueva especie de Carduelis (Fringillidae) de La Palma. Vieraea 17 : 75-86
* '''Arnaiz-Villena''', A.; Álvarez-Tejado, M.; Ruiz-del-Valle, V.; García-de-la-Torre, C.; Varela, P.; Recio, M. J.; Ferre. S. & Martínez-Laso, J. (1998): Phylogeny and rapid Northern and Southern Hemisphere speciation of goldfinches during the Miocene and Pliocene Epochs. ''Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences'' '''54'''(9): 1031–1041. {{DOI|10.1007/s000180050230}} [http://www.springerlink.com/content/r1ukblmke5d3uy1v/fulltext.pdf <!-- check this link periodically -->PDF fulltext]. Erratum, ''Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences'' '''55'''(1): 148. {{DOI|10.1007/s000180050280}} [http://www.springerlink.com/content/8bv2f9qrwau86ln0/fulltext.pdf <!-- check this link periodically -->PDF fulltext]
* '''Arnaiz-Villena''', A., Moscoso, J., Ruiz-del-Valle, V., Gonzalez, J., Reguera, R., Wink, M., I. Serrano-Vela, J. 2007. Bayesian phylogeny of Fringillinae birds: status of the singular African oriole finch Linurgus olivaceus and evolution and heterogeneity of the genus Carpodacus. Acta Zoologica Sinica, 53 (5):826 - 834. [http://www.actazool.org/pdftemp/%7BC6BDA075-F92E-48AF-815F-98BED7C65FE5%7D.pdf PDF fulltext]
* '''Arnaiz-Villena''', A., Ruiz-del-Valle, V., Moscoso, J., Serrano-Vela, J., & Zamora, J. 2007. mtDNA phylogeny of North American Carduelis pinus group. Ardeola, 54(1): p.1-14.
* '''Fry''', H.; Keith, S.; Urban, E. & Woodcock, M. 2004. The Birds of Africa, Volume 7. Christopher Helm
* '''Grimmett''', R.; Inskipp,C. & Inskipp, T. 1999. Birds of the Indian Subcontinent . Princeton University Press
* '''Martins''', R.P. 1987. The Golden-winged Grosbeak in North Yemen. Sandgrouse 9: 106-110<br />
* '''Ryan''', P.G.; Wright, D.; Oatley, G.; Wakeling, J.; Cohen, C.; Nowell, T.L.; Bowie, R.C.K.; Ward, V. & Crowe, T.M. 2004. Systematics of Serinus canaries and the status of Cape and Yellow-crowned Canaries inferred from mtDNA and morphology. Ostrich 75:288-294.
* '''Zamora''', Jorge; Lowy, Ernesto; Ruiz-del-Valle, Valentin; Moscoso, Juan; Serrano-Vela, Juan Ignacio; Rivero-de-Aguilar, Juan & Arnaiz-Villena, Antonio (2006): ''Rhodopechys obsoleta'' (desert finch): a pale ancestor of greenfinches (''Carduelis'' spp.) according to molecular phylogeny. ''Journal of Ornithology'' '''147'''(3): 448–456. {{DOI|10.1007/s10336-005-0036-2}} (HTML abstract). Erratum, ''Journal of Ornithology'' '''147'''(3): 511–512 {{DOI|10.1007/s10336-006-0072-6}}
* '''Van der Meij''', M.A.A.; de Bakker, M.A.G. & Bout, R.G. A phylogeny of finches and their relatives based on nuclear and mitochondrial DNA.
===Footnotes===
<references/>
==External links==
*[http://ibc.hbw.com/ibc/phtml/familia.phtml?idFamilia=195 Carduelis videos] on the Internet Bird Collection
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[[Category:Carduelis|*]]
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