Carl Jung
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{{redirect|Karl Jung}}
{{Infobox Scientist
|name = Carl Gustav Jung
|box_width = 275px
|image = Mem dream reflec Jung.jpg
|image_width = 175px
|caption = A recent edition of Jung's partially autobiographical work ''[[Memories, Dreams, Reflections]]''.
|birth_date = {{birth date|1875|7|26}}
|birth_place = [[Kesswil]], [[Thurgau]], [[Switzerland]]
|death_date = {{death date and age|1961|6|6|1875|7|26}}
|death_place = [[Zürich]], [[Switzerland]]
|residence = Switzerland
|citizenship = Swiss
|nationality =
|field = [[Psychiatry]], [[Psychology]], [[Psychotherapy]], [[Analytical psychology]]
|work_institutions = [[Burghölzli]]
|alma_mater =
|doctoral_advisor = [[Eugen Bleuler]], [[Sigmund Freud]]
|doctoral_students =
|known_for = Analytical psychology
|influences =
|influenced =
|prizes =
|religion =
|footnotes =
}}
'''Carl Gustav Jung''' ({{IPA2|ˈkarl ˈgʊstaf ˈjʊŋ}}) ([[July 26]], [[1875]], [[Kesswil]] – [[June 6]], [[1961]], [[Küsnacht]]) was a [[Swiss]] [[psychiatrist]], an influential thinker and the founder of [[analytical psychology]].
Jung's unique approach to psychology has been influential in [[counterculture|countercultural]] movements in Europe, the United States and elsewhere since the 1930s. He emphasized understanding the [[Psyche (psychology)|psyche]] through exploring the worlds of [[dream]]s, [[art]], [[mythology]], world [[religion]] and [[philosophy]]. Although he was a theoretical psychologist and practicing clinician, much of his life's work was spent exploring other realms, including Eastern and Western philosophy, [[alchemy]], [[astrology]], [[sociology]], as well as [[literature]] and the arts. His most notable ideas include the concept of [[Jungian archetype|archetypes]], the [[collective unconscious]] and [[synchronicity]].
Jung emphasized the importance of balance and harmony. He cautioned that modern people rely too heavily on science and logic and would benefit from integrating spirituality and appreciation of unconscious realms.
==Biography==
===Early years===
Carl Jung was born Karl Gustav II Jung<ref>As a university student Jung changed the modernized spelling of his name to the original family form. {{cite book |last=Bair |first=Deirdre |authorlink=Deirdre Bair |title=Jung: A Biography |year=2003 |publisher=Back Bay Books |location=New York |isbn=0-316-15938-7 |pages=pp. 7–8, 53}}</ref> on [[July 26]], [[1875]] in Kesswil, in the Swiss [[Canton (country subdivision)|canton]] (state) of [[Thurgau]], as the fourth but only surviving child of Paul Achilles Jung and Emilie Preiswerk. His father, Paul Jung, was a poor rural pastor in the [[Swiss Reformed Church]] while his mother, Emilie, came from a wealthy, established Swiss family.
[[Image:Jung-child.jpg|thumb|left|175px|Six-year old Jung.]]
When Carl was six months old, Paul Jung acquired a position at a better parish in [[Laufen, Switzerland|Laufen]] and the family moved there. Meanwhile, the tension between Paul and Emilie was growing. An eccentric and depressed woman, Emilie spent much of the time in her own separate bedroom, enthralled by the spirits that she said visited her at night. Emilie left Laufen for several months of hospitalization near [[Basel]] for an unknown physical ailment. Young Carl was taken by his father to live with Emilie's unmarried sister in Basel, but was later brought back to the pastor's residence. Emilie's continuing bouts of absence and often depressed mood influenced his attitude towards women — one of "innate unreliability", a view that he later called the "handicap I started off with".<ref>{{cite book |last=Jung |first=C.G.|coauthors=[[Aniela Jaffé]] |title=[[Memories, Dreams, Reflections]] |year=1965 |publisher=Random House |location=New York |pages=p. 8}}</ref> After three years of living in Laufen, Paul Jung requested a transfer and was called to Kleinhüningen in 1879. The relocation brought Emilie in closer contact to her family and lifted her melancholy and despondent mood.
A very solitary and [[introvert]]ed child, Jung was convinced from childhood that he had two personalities — a modern Swiss citizen and a personality more at home in the eighteenth century.<ref>{{cite book |title=Memories, Dreams, Reflections |pages=pp. 33–34}}</ref> "Personality No. 1", as he termed it, was a typical schoolboy living in the era of the time, while No. 2 was a dignified, authoritative and influential man from the past. Although Jung was close to both parents he was rather disappointed in his father's academic approach to faith.
A number of childhood memories had made a life-long impression on him. As a boy he carved a tiny mannequin into the end of the wooden ruler from his pupil's pencil case and placed it inside the case. He then added a stone which he had painted into upper and lower halves and hid the case in the attic. Periodically he would come back to the mannequin, often bringing tiny sheets of paper with messages inscribed on them in his own secret language. This ceremonial act, he later reflected, brought him a feeling of inner peace and security. In later years he discovered that similarities existed in this memory and the [[totem]]s of native peoples like the collection of soul-stones near [[Arlesheim]], or the ''[[tjurunga]]s'' of [[Australia]]. This, he concluded, was an unconscious ritual that he did not question or understand at the time, but which was practiced in a strikingly similar way in faraway locations that he as a young boy had no way of consciously knowing about.<ref>{{cite book |title=Memories, Dreams, Reflections |pages=pp. 22–23}}</ref> His findings on [[Jungian archetypes|psychological archetypes]] and the collective unconscious were inspired in part by this experience.
Shortly before the end of his first year at the Humanistisches Gymnasium in Basel, at age 12, he was pushed unexpectedly by another boy. He was knocked to the ground so hard that he was for a moment unconscious. The thought then came to him that "now you won't have to go to school any more."<ref>{{cite book |title=Memories, Dreams, Reflections |pages=p. 30}}</ref> From then on, whenever he started off to school or began homework, he fainted. He remained at home for the next six months until he overheard his father speaking worriedly to a visitor of his future ability to support himself, as they suspected he had [[epilepsy]]. With little money in the family, this brought the boy to reality and he realized the need for academic excellence. He immediately went into his father's study and began poring over [[Latin grammar]]. He fainted three times, but eventually he overcame the urge and did not faint again. This event, Jung later recalled, "was when I learned what a [[neurosis]] is."<ref>{{cite book |title=Memories, Dreams, Reflections |pages=p. 32}}</ref>
===Adolescence and early adulthood===
Jung wanted to study [[archaeology]] at a university, but his family was not wealthy enough to send him further afield than Basel, where they did not teach this subject, so instead Jung studied medicine at the [[University of Basel]] from 1894 to 1900. The formerly introverted student became much more lively here. In 1903, Jung married [[Emma Jung|Emma Rauschenbach]], from one of the richest families in Switzerland.
Towards the end of studies, his reading of [[Krafft-Ebing]] persuaded him to specialize in psychiatric medicine. He later worked in the [[Burghölzli]], a psychiatric hospital in [[Zürich]].
[[Image:Jung 1910-rotated.jpg|thumb|left|Jung in 1910.]]
In 1906, he published ''Studies in Word Association'' and later sent a copy of this book to famed psychoanalyst [[Sigmund Freud]], after which a close friendship between these two men followed for some 6 years (see section on [[#Jung and Freud|Jung and Freud]]). In 1912 Jung published ''Wandlungen und Symbole der Libido'' (known in English as ''The Psychology of the Unconscious'') resulting in a theoretical divergence between Jung and Freud and consequently a break in their friendship, both stating that the other was unable to admit he could possibly be wrong. After this falling-out, Jung went through a pivotal and difficult psychological transformation, which was exacerbated by news of the [[First World War]]. [[Henri Ellenberger]] called Jung's experience a "creative illness" and compared it to Freud's period of what he called [[neurasthenia]] and [[hysteria]].
===Later life===
Following [[World War I]], Jung became a worldwide traveler, facilitated by his wife's inherited fortune as well as the funds he received through psychiatric fees, book sales, and honoraria. He visited Northern Africa shortly after, and [[New Mexico]] and [[Kenya]] in the mid-1920s. In 1938, he delivered the [[Terry Lectures]], ''Psychology and Religion'', at [[Yale University]]. It was at about this stage in his life that Jung visited [[India]]. His experience in India led him to become fascinated and deeply involved with Eastern philosophies and religions, helping him form key concepts, including integrating spirituality into daily life and appreciation of the unconscious.
Jung's marriage with Emma produced five children and lasted until Emma's death in 1955, but he had more or less open relationships with other women. The most well-known women with whom Jung is believed to have had extramarital affairs were patient and friend [[Sabina Spielrein]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Hayman |first=Ronald |title=A Life of Jung |year=1999 |publisher=W.W. Norton & Co. |location=New York |authorlink=Ronald Hayman |isbn=0393019675 |pages=pp. 84-5, 92, 98-9, 102-7, 121, 123, 111, 134-7, 138-9, 145, 147, 152, 176, 177, 184, 185, 186, 189, 194, 213-4}}</ref> and [[Toni Wolff]].<ref>{{cite book |title=A Life of Jung |pages=pp. 184-8, 189, 244, 261, 262}}</ref> Jung continued to publish books until the end of his life, including a work showing his late interest in [[flying saucers]]. He also enjoyed a friendship with an English [[Catholic]] priest, Father Victor White, who corresponded with Jung after he had published his controversial ''[[Answer to Job]]''.<ref>In ''Psychology and Religion'', v.11, ''Collected Works of C.G. Jung'', Princeton. It was first published as "Antwort auf Hiob," Zürich, 1952 and translated into English in 1954, in London.</ref>
Jung's work on himself and his patients convinced him that life has a spiritual purpose beyond material goals. Our main task, he believed, is to discover and fulfill our deep innate potential, much as the acorn contains the potential to become the oak, or the caterpillar to become the butterfly. Based on his study of [[Christianity]], [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]], [[Gnosticism]], [[Taoism]], and other traditions, Jung perceived that this journey of transformation is at the mystical heart of all religions. It is a journey to meet the self and at the same time to meet the Divine. Unlike Sigmund Freud, Jung thought spiritual experience was essential to our well-being.<ref>{{cite book |last=Crowley |first=Vivianne |title=Jung: A Journey of Transformation:Exploring His Life and Experiencing His Ideas|year=2000 |publisher=Quest Books |location=Wheaton Illinois |isbn=978-0835607827 }}</ref>
Jung died in 1961 in Zürich, after a short illness.
==Relationship with Freud==
[[Image:Hall Freud Jung in front of Clark 1909.jpg|thumbnail|Group photo 1909 in front of [[Clark University]]. Front row: [[Sigmund Freud]], [[Granville Stanley Hall]], Jung; back row: [[Abraham A. Brill]], [[Ernest Jones]], [[Sandor Ferenczi]].]]
Jung was thirty when he sent his work ''Studies in Word Association'' to [[Sigmund Freud]] in Vienna. The first conversation between Jung and Freud lasted over 13 hours. Half a year later, the then 50 year-old Freud reciprocated by sending a collection of his latest published essays to Jung in [[Zürich]], which marked the beginning of an intense correspondence and collaboration that lasted more than six years and ended shortly before World War I in May 1910, when Jung resigned as the chairman of the [[International Psychoanalytical Association]].
Today Jung's and Freud's theories influence different schools of psychiatry, but, more importantly, they influenced each other during intellectually formative years of their lives. In 1906 [[psychoanalysis]] as an institution was still in its early developmental stages. Jung, who had become interested in psychiatry as a student by reading ''[[Psychopathia Sexualis]]'' by Richard von [[Krafft-Ebing]], professor in Vienna, now worked as a doctor under the psychiatrist [[Eugen Bleuler]] in the Burghölzli and became familiar with Freud's idea of the [[Unconscious mind|unconscious]] through Freud's ''[[The Interpretation of Dreams]]'' (1900) and was a proponent of the new "psycho-analysis". At the time, Freud needed collaborators and pupils to validate and spread his ideas. The Burghölzli was a renowned psychiatric clinic in Zürich at which Jung was an up-and-coming young doctor whose researches had already given him a worldwide reputation.
In 1908, Jung became editor of the newly founded ''Yearbook for Psychoanalytical and Psychopathological Research''. The following year, Jung traveled with Freud and [[Sandor Ferenczi]] to the [[U.S.]] to spread the news of psychoanalysis and in 1910, Jung became chairman for life of the ''International Psychoanalytical Association''. While Jung worked on his ''Wandlungen und Symbole der Libido (Psychology of the Unconscious)'', tensions grew between Freud and Jung, due in a large part to their disagreements over the nature of [[libido]] and [[religion]]. In 1912 these tensions came to a peak because Jung felt severely slighted after Freud visited his colleague Ludwig Binswanger in Kreuzlingen without paying him a visit in nearby Zürich, an incident Jung referred to as ''the Kreuzlingen gesture''. Shortly thereafter, Jung again traveled to the U.S.A. and gave the ''Fordham lectures'', which were published as ''The Theory of Psychoanalysis'', and while they contain some remarks on Jung's dissenting view on the nature of libido, they represent largely a "psychoanalytical Jung" and not the theory Jung became famous for in the following decades.
In November 1912, Jung and Freud met in [[Munich]] for a meeting among prominent colleagues to discuss psychoanalytical journals.<ref name="jones">Jonest, Ernest, ed. [[Lionel Trilling]] and Steven Marcus. ''The Life and Work of Sigmund Freud'' New York: Anchor Books, 1963.</ref>. At a talk about a new psychoanalytic essay on [[Amenhotep IV]], Jung expressed his views on how it related to actual conflicts in the [[psychoanalytic school|psychoanalytic movement]]. While Jung spoke, Freud suddenly fainted and Jung carried him to a couch.
Jung and Freud personally met for the last time in September 1913 for the ''Fourth International Psychoanalytical Congress'', also in [[Munich]]. Jung gave a talk on psychological types, the [[introvert]]ed and the [[extravert]]ed type, in [[Jungian psychotherapy|analytical psychology]]. This constituted the introduction of some of the key [[concept]]s which came to distinguish Jung's work from Freud's in the next half century.
In the following years Jung experienced considerable isolation in his professional life, exacerbated through World War I. His [[The Seven Sermons To The Dead|Seven Sermons to the Dead]] (1917) reprinted in his autobiography ''Memories, Dreams, Reflections'' (see bibliography) can also be read as expression of the psychological conflicts which beset Jung around the age of forty after the break with [[Freud]].
Jung's primary disagreement with Freud stemmed from their differing concepts of the unconscious. Jung saw Freud's theory of the unconscious as incomplete and unnecessarily negative. According to Jung (though not according to Freud), Freud conceived the unconscious solely as a repository of repressed emotions and desires. Jung agreed with Freud's model of the unconscious, what Jung called the '[[personal unconscious]],' but he also proposed the existence of a second, far deeper form of the unconscious underlying the personal one. This was the [[collective unconscious]], where the archetypes themselves resided, represented in mythology by a lake, or body of water, and in some cases a jug or other container. Freud had actually mentioned a collective level of psychic functioning but saw it primarily as an appendix to the rest of the psyche.
==Nazism==
Although Jung had many friends and respected colleagues who were Jewish, there were allegations that he was a [[Nazism|Nazi]] sympathizer. Jung was editor of the ''Zentralblatt für Psychotherapie'', a publication that eventually endorsed ''[[Mein Kampf]]'' as required reading for all psychoanalysts. Jung claimed it was done to save psychoanalysis and preserve it during the war, believing that psychoanalysis would not otherwise survive, because the Nazis considered it to be a "Jewish science." He also claimed he did it with the help and support of his Jewish friends and colleagues.<ref>Mark Medweth.« [http://web.archive.org/web/20050331084847/http://www.sfu.ca/~wwwpsyb/issues/1996/winter/medweth.htm Jung and the Nazis] », in ''Psybernetika'', Winter 1996.</ref> This after-the-fact explanation, however, has been challenged on the basis of available documents.<ref>Richard Noll (1997), « [http://www.dhushara.com/book/jung/archr.htm ''The Aryan Christ''] », Random House.</ref> There is another school of thought: that Jung wrote the article for the journal, and the reference of Mein Kampf was added after the article had been submitted.<ref>Stevens, Anthony, "Jung : a very short introduction", Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press, 2001. ISBN 0192854585</ref>
On the other hand, there are writings that show that Jung's sympathies were against, rather than for, Nazis.<ref>C.GJung,‘ Die Beziehungen zwishen dem Ich und dem UnbewBten’, chapter one,second section, 1928. Also,C.G.Jung‘ Aufsatze zur Zeitgeschichte’, 1946. Speeches made in 1933,1937 are excerpted. He was protesting the "slavery by the government" and the "chaos and insanity" of the mob, because of the very fact that they were the part of the mob, and were under its stong influence. He wrote that because of the speeches he delivered, he was blacklisted by Nazis. They eliminated his writings.</ref> He voiced his opinions about Hitler and stated that the situation of the crazy passion was becoming dangerous.<ref>Wotan, 1936.</ref>
Jung served as president of the Nazi-dominated [[International General Medical Society for Psychotherapy]], created by [[Matthias Göring]]. One of his first acts as president was to modify the constitution so that German Jewish doctors could maintain their membership as individual members even though they were excluded from all German medical societies. In 1934, when he presented his paper "A Review of the Complex Theory" in his presidential address, he did not discount the importance of Freud and credited him with as much influence as he could possibly give to an old mentor. Later in the war, Jung resigned.
In addition, in 1943 he aided the U.S. [[Office of Strategic Services]] by analyzing the psychology of Nazi leaders.<ref>Article [http://www.bartleby.com/65/ju/Jung-Car.html Jung, Carl Gustav] in [http://www.bartleby.com/65/ Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.]</ref> See also ongoing discussion in relation to "post-Jungian" interpretation.<ref>Article[http://www.kingseyes.demon.co.uk/answpostjung.htm The Recent Attacks on Jung: Answer to the Post-Jungians]</ref>
In an interview with Carol Baumann in 1948, published in the ''Bulletin of Analytical Psychology Club of New York'', December 1949, Jung explicitly denies rumors regarding any sympathy for the Nazi movement, saying:
:It must be clear to anyone who has read any of my books that I have never been a Nazi sympathizer and I never have been anti-Semitic, and no amount of misquotation, mistranslation, or rearrangement of what I have written can alter the record of my true point of view. Nearly every one of these passages [referring to a list of quotations cited against him] has been tampered with, either by malice or by ignorance. Furthermore, my friendly relations with a large group of Jewish colleagues and patients over a period of many years in itself disproves the charge of anti-Semitism.
A full response from Jung discounting the rumors can be found in ''C.G Jung Speaking, Interviews and Encounters'', Princeton University Press, 1977.
== Influence ==
Jung has had an enduring influence on psychology as well as wider society. He has influenced psychotherapy (see [[analytical psychology]], also called Jungian psychology).
* The concept of [[Extraversion and introversion#Introversion|introversion]] and [[Extraversion and introversion#Extraversion|extraversion]]
* The concept of the [[complex (psychology)|complex]]
* The [[Myers-Briggs Type Indicator]] (MBTI) and [[Socionics]] were both inspired by Jung's psychological types theory.
* [[Archetype]] concept as an element of the archaic common substratum of the mind, or the [[Collective Unconscious]].
* [[Synchronicity]] as an alternative to the [[Causality]] Principle, an idea which has even influenced modern physicists.<ref>Jung, C.G. and [[Wolfgang Pauli]], ''The Interpretation of Nature and Psyche'', New York: Pantheon Books, 1955</ref>
=== Spirituality as a cure for alcoholism ===
Jung's influence can sometimes be found in more unexpected quarters. For example, Jung once treated an American patient ([[Rowland Hazard III|Rowland H.]]), suffering from chronic [[alcoholism]]. After working with the patient for some time and achieving no significant progress, Jung told the man that his alcoholic condition was near to hopeless, save only the possibility of a spiritual experience. Jung noted that occasionally such experiences had been known to reform alcoholics where all else had failed.
Rowland took Jung's advice seriously and set about seeking a personal spiritual experience. He returned home to the United States and joined a [[Christianity|Christian]] [[Evangelicalism|evangelical]] movement known as the [[Oxford Group]]. He also told other alcoholics what Jung had told him about the importance of a spiritual experience. One of the alcoholics he told was [[Ebby Thacher]], a long-time friend and drinking buddy of [[William Griffith Wilson|Bill Wilson]], later co-founder of [[Alcoholics Anonymous]] (AA). Thacher told Wilson about Jung's ideas. Wilson, who was finding it impossible to maintain sobriety, was impressed and sought out his own spiritual experience. The influence of Jung thus indirectly found its way into the formation of Alcoholics Anonymous, the original [[12-step program]], and from there into the whole 12-step recovery movement, although AA as a whole is not Jungian and Jung had no role in the formation of that approach or the [[12 steps]].
The above claims are documented in the letters of Carl Jung and Bill W., excerpts of which can be found in ''Pass It On'', published by Alcoholics Anonymous.<ref>Alcoholics Anonymous World Services, Inc. (1984) ''Pass It On: The Story of Bill Wilson and how the A.A. message reached the world.'' New York: Alcoholics Anonymous World Services, Inc. ISBN 0-916856-12-7, pp. 381-386</ref> Although the detail of this story is disputed by some historians, Jung himself made reference to its substance -- including the Oxford Group participation of the individual in question -- in a talk that was issued privately in 1954 as a transcript from shorthand taken by an attendee (Jung reportedly approved the transcript), later recorded in Volume 18 of his Collected Works, ''The Symbolic Life'' ("For instance, when a member of the Oxford Group comes to me in order to get treatment, I say, 'You are in the Oxford Group; so long as you are there, you settle your affair with the Oxford Group. I can't do it better than Jesus.'" Jung goes on to state that he has seen similar cures among Catholics.<ref>Jung, C. G.; Adler, G. and Hull, R. F. C., eds. (1977) ''Collected Works of C. G. Jung, Volume 18: The Symbolic Life: Miscellaneous Writings,'' Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0-691-09892-0, p. 272, as noted 2007-08-26 at http://www.stellarfire.org/additional.html</ref>)
==Influences on culture==
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===Literature===
* Jung had a 16-year long friendship with the author [[Laurens van der Post]] from which a number of books and a film were created about Jung's life.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ratical.org/many_worlds/LvdP/ |title="Laurens van der Post"| accessdate=2007-12-02| format=HTML}}</ref>
* [[Herman Hesse]], author of works such as ''[[Siddhartha (novel)|Siddhartha]]'' and ''[[Der Steppenwolf]]'', was treated by a student of Jung, Dr. Joseph Lang. This began for Hesse a long preoccupation with [[psychoanalysis]], through which he came to know Jung personally.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/hhesse.htm |title="Hermann Hesse"| accessdate=2007-12-02| format=HTML}}</ref>
*[[James Joyce]] in his ''[[Finnegans Wake]]'', asks "Is the Co-education of Animus and Anima Wholly Desirable?" his answer perhaps being contained in his line "anama anamaba anamabapa". The book also ridicules Jung's [[analytical psychology]] and [[Sigmund Freud|Freud's]] psychoanalysis by referring to "psoakoonaloose". Jung had been unable to help Joyce's daughter, [[Lucia Joyce|Lucia]], who Joyce claimed was a girl "yung and easily freudened". Lucia was diagnosed as [[schizophrenia|schizophrenic]] and was eventually permanently institutionalized.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bair |first=Deirdre |authorlink=Deirdre Bair |title=Jung: A Biography}}</ref>
* Joyce's ''[[A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man]]'' can be read as an ironic parody of Jung's "four stages of eroticism". See Hiromi Yoshida, ''Joyce & Jung: The "Four Stages of Eroticism" in A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man'' (New York: Peter Lang, 2007).
* Jung's differentiation of the psychological functions of sensation, intuition, thinking and feeling inspired the categorization of two of the four delineating factors in the [[Myers-Briggs]] (MBTI) personality test. These are the "N" (intuition) vs. "S" (sensing) and "T" (thinking) vs. "F" (feeling) groupings.
* Jung's influence on noted Canadian novelist [[Robertson Davies]] is apparent in many of Davies' fictional works, in particular [[The Cornish Trilogy]] and his novel ''[[The Manticore]]'' base their designs on Jungian concepts.
* Jung appears as a character in the novel ''[[Possessing the Secret of Joy]]'' by [[Alice Walker]]. He appears as the therapist of Tashi, the novel's [[protagonist]]. He is usually called "Mzee" but is identified by Alice Walker in the afterword.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.biblio.com/details.php?dcx=53037639&aid=frg |title="Possessing the Secret of Joy"| accessdate=2007-12-02| format=HTML}}</ref>
*In the novel "[[Pilgrim]]", by [[Timothy Findley]], Jung has a fictional main role where he is treating a suicide who believes he has lived many lifetimes.
*Jung appears as a character in the [[2006]] novel, [[The Interpretation of Murder]], by [[Jed Rubenfeld]]. The novel also features Jung's contemporaries [[Sigmund Freud]], [[Abraham Brill]] and [[Sandor Ferenczi]].
===Art===
* The [[visionary art|visionary]] Swiss [[painter]] [[Peter Birkhäuser]] was treated by a student of Jung, [[Marie-Louise von Franz]], and corresponded with Jung regarding the translation of dream symbolism into works of art.<ref>{{cite book |last=Birkhäuser |first=Peter |coauthors=Marie-Louise von Franz, Eva Wertanschlag and Kaspar Birkhäuser |title= Light from the Darkness: The Paintings of Peter Birkhäuser |year=1980-1991 |publisher=Birkhäuser Verlag |location=Boston, MA |isbn=3764311908}}</ref>
*American [[Abstract Expressionist]] [[Jackson Pollock]] underwent Jungian analysis. Archetypal images crept into his work as he moved from representational forms to his classic "drip paintings."
* Jungian influences on art also include the work of composer [[Michael Tippett]]. Jung's influence here helps us to understand [[Transpersonal psychology|transpersonal art]].
===Television and film===
* Dr. [[Niles Crane]] on the popular television sitcom ''[[Frasier]]'' is a devoted Jungian psychiatrist, while his brother Dr. Frasier Crane is a Freudian psychiatrist. This is mentioned a number of times in the series, and from time to time forms a point of argument between the two brothers. One memorable scene had Niles filling in for Frasier on Frasier's call-in radio program, in which Niles introduces himself as the temporary substitute saying, "...and while my brother is a Freudian, I am a Jungian, so there'll be no blaming Mother today."
* Jung and his ideas are mentioned often, and sometimes play an integral role, in the television series ''[[Northern Exposure]]''. Jung even makes an appearance in one of the character's dreams.
*An episode of the popular cartoon series [[Martin Mystery]] takes Carl Jung's interpretation of [[Shadow (psychology)|The Shadow]] as an explanation for what a doppelgänger is.
* "The duality of man, the Jungian thing" is offered as an explanation by Sgt. Joker (played by [[Matthew Modine]]) in the film ''[[Full Metal Jacket]]'' when asked why he wears both a [[peace sign]] and a helmet inscribed with "Born To Kill".
* Television programmes have been devoted to Jung; for example, in the autumn of 1984, an edition of the BBC documentary [[Sea_of_Faith:_Television_series|Sea of Faith]] was on Jung.
* The 2005 movie ''[[Batman Begins]]'' features [[Scarecrow (comics)|The Scarecrow,]] a psychologist with a morbid interest in [[psychopharmacology]] and fear. Facing questions raised by a victim repeating his criminal name, he replies "Patients suffering delusional episodes often focus their paranoia on an external tormentor... usually one conforming to [[Jungian archetypes]]."
* The 1988 [[OVA]] Top wo Nerae! ([[Gunbuster]] in the US) features a character named "Jung Freud", named, obviously, for Jung and Sigmund Freud.
* An episode from season 8 of [[Charmed]] was named 'Jung and the Restless' within the episode, the charmed ones go inside their dreams to find their true desires.
===Music===
* An opera, ''The Dream Healer,'' based on the book ''[[Pilgrim]]'' by [[Timothy Findley]], centres on Jung's efforts to bridge the known and unknown aspects of the human mind.
* Jung appears on the cover of The [[Beatles]]' album ''[[Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band]]''.
* [[Peter Gabriel]]'s song ''"Rhythm of the Heat"'' (''[[Peter Gabriel (1982 album)|Security]]'', 1982), tells about Jung's visit to Africa, during which he joined a group of tribal drummers and dancers and became overwhelmed by the fear of losing control of himself. At the time Jung was exploring the concept of the [[collective unconscious]] and was afraid he would come under control of the music as the drummers and dancers let the music control them in fulfillment of their ritual objectives. Gabriel learned about Jung's journey to Africa from the essay ''Symbols and the Interpretation of Dreams'' (ISBN 0-691-09968-5). In the song Gabriel tries to capture the powerful feelings the African tribal music evoked in Jung by means of intense use of tribal drumbeats. The original song title was ''Jung in Africa''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.songfacts.com/detail.php?id=756 |title="Rhythm Of The Heat by Peter Gabriel", Song Facts|accessdate=2006-12-16|format=HTML}}</ref>
* British rapper [[The Streets]] refers to Jung in the song ''"[[The Irony of It All]]"'', saying "I like to get deep sometimes and think about [[Einstein]] and Carl Jung."
* British pop band [[The Police]]'s final album, ''[[Synchronicity (album)|Synchronicity]]'', contains numerous allusions to Jung and the album cover prominently depicts bassist [[Sting (musician)|Sting]] reading a copy of Jung's work.
* The band [[Saigon Kick]] makes a reference to Jung in ''I Love You'', saying "I may not have the mind of Jung."
* Australian band [[TISM]] uses a play on the name in the title of "Jung Talent Time" on the album "Machiavelli and the Four Seasons".
*The American progressive rock band, [[Tool_%28band%29|Tool]], used Jungian concepts in some of the work for their album, [[Aenima_%28album%29|Aenima]]. The song 46&2 talks specifically of the archetype of the shadow, and in one boot-legged recording, of unknown date and place, the vocalist, [[Maynard James Keenan]], introduces the song by asking the crowd if they were familiar with Jung's work, before explaining that they formed the basis for the song. Along with the reference to the anima archetype, the song's symbology of water, which is often used to represent the unconscious, and the notion of transformation through the flushing of [[detritus]] all speak to the influence of Jungian thought..
==See also==
{{col-begin}}{{col-3}}
'''Topics'''
* [[Analytical Psychology]] (Jungian Psychology)
* [[Anima and animus]]
* [[Active Imagination]]
* [[Dream interpretation]]
* [[Archetypal literary criticism]]
* [[Depth psychology]]
* [[Personality Test]]
{{col-break}}
'''People'''
* [[Carl Alfred Meier]] - First president of the [[C. G. Jung Institute in Zürich]]
* [[Herbert Silberer]]
* [[Alfred Adler]]
* [[Marie Louise von Franz]] - Founder of the C. G. Jung Institute in Zürich
* [[Richard Wilhelm]] - Translator of the [[I Ching]]
{{col-break}}
'''Organizations'''
* [[International Association of Analytical Psychologists]]
* [[International Association for Jungian Studies]]
* [[Philemon Foundation|The Philemon Foundation]]
{{col-end }}
==Notes and references==
{{reflist}}
== Further reading==
'''There is much literature on Jungian thought. For a good, short and easily accessible introduction to Jung's thought:'''
*Chapter 1 of ''[[Man and His Symbols]]'', conceived and edited by Jung.
'''Other good introductory texts include:'''
*''The Portable Jung'', edited by [[Joseph Campbell]] (Viking Portable), ISBN 0-14-015070-6
*Edward F Edinger, ''Ego and Archetype'', (Shambala), ISBN 0-87773-576-X
*Another recommended tool for navigating Jung's works is Robert Hopcke's book, ''A Guided Tour of the Collected Works of C.G. Jung'', ISBN 1-57062-405-4. He offers short, lucid summaries of all of Jung's major ideas and suggests readings from Jung's and others' work that best present that idea.
*Edward C. Whitmont, ''The Symbolic Quest: Basic Concepts of Analytical Psychology'', Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 1969, 1979, ISBN 0-691-02454-5
* Anthony Stevens, ''Jung. A Very Short Introduction'', Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1994, ISBN 0-19-285458-5
*{{cite book |author=O'Connor, Peter A. |title=Understanding Jung, understanding yourself |publisher=Paulist Press |location=New York, NY |year=1985 |pages= |isbn=0 809127997 |oclc= |doi=}}
'''Good texts in various areas of Jungian thought:'''
*Robert Aziz, ''C.G. Jung’s Psychology of Religion and Synchronicity'' (1990), currently in its 10th printing, is a refereed publication of [[The State University of New York Press]]. ISBN 0-7914-0166-9.
*Robert Aziz, ''Synchronicity and the Transformation of the Ethical in Jungian Psychology'' in Carl B. Becker, ed. ''Asian and Jungian Views of Ethics''. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1999. ISBN 0-313-30452-1.
*Robert Aziz, ''The Syndetic Paradigm:The Untrodden Path Beyond Freud and Jung'' (2007), a refereed publication of The State University of New York Press. ISBN 13:978-0-7914-6982-8.
*Edward F. Edinger, ''The Mystery of The Coniunctio'', ISBN 0-919123-67-8. A good explanation of Jung's foray into the symbolism of [[alchemy]] as it relates to individuation and individual religious experience. Many of the alchemical symbols recur in contemporary dreams (with creative additions from the unconscious e.g. space travel, internet, computers)
*James A Hall M.D., ''Jungian Dream Interpretation'', ISBN 0-919123-12-0. A brief, well structured overview of the use of dreams in therapy.
*[[James Hillman]], "Healing Fiction", ISBN 0-88214-363-8. Covers Jung, Adler, and Freud and their various contributions to understanding the soul.
*Andrew Samuels, ''Critical Dictionary of Jungian Analysis'', ISBN 0-415-05910-0
*June Singer, ''Boundaries of the Soul'', ISBN 0-385-47529-2. On psychotherapy
*[[Marion Woodman]], ''The Pregnant Virgin: A Process of Psychological Transformation'' ISBN 0-919123-20-1. The recovery of feminine values in women (and men). There are many examples of clients' dreams, by an experienced analyst.
*[[Frederic Fappani]]," Education and Archetypal Psychology ", Ed.Cursus, Paris.
'''And a more academic text:'''
*Andrew Samuels, ''The Political Psyche'' (Routledge), ISBN 0-415-08102-5. Difficult, but useful.
'''For the Jung-Freud relationship:'''
* Kerr, John. ''A Most Dangerous Method : The Story of Jung, Freud, and Sabina Spielrein.'' Knopf 1993. ISBN 0-679-40412-0.
'''Personal recollections of Jung:'''
* van der Post, Laurens, "Jung and the story of our time", New York : Pantheon Books, 1975. ISBN 0394492072
'''For critical scholarship on Jung from the perspective of historians of psychiatry:'''
*[[Richard Noll]], The Jung Cult: Origins of a Charismatic Movement (Princeton University Press, 1994); and
*[[Richard Noll]], The Aryan Christ: The Secret Life of Carl Jung (Random House, 1997)[http://www.beatrice.com/interviews/noll/]
*[[Sonu Shamdasani]], ''Cult Fictions'', ISBN 0-415-18614-5. Critique of the above works by Noll.
*[[Sonu Shamdasani]], ''Jung and the Making of Modern Psychology : The Dream of a Science'', ISBN 0-521-53909-9. A comprehensive study of the origins of Jung's psychology which places it in a historical and philosophical context. The author calls this a "Cubist history".
*[[Sonu Shamdasani]], ''Jung Stripped Bare'', ISBN 1-85575-317-0. Critique of Jung biographies.
*[[Deirdre Bair|Bair, Deirdre]]. ''Jung: A Biography''. Boston: Little, Brown and Co, 2003.
==Jung bibliography==
Works arranged by original publication date if known:
*Jung, C. G. (1902–1905). ''[[Psychiatric Studies]]''. '''''[[The Collected Works of C. G. Jung]]''''' Vol. 1. 1953, ed. [[Michael Fordham]], London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, and Princeton, N.J.: Bollingen. This was the first of 18 volumes plus separate bibliography and index. Not including revisions the set was completed in 1967.
*Jung, C. G. (1904–1907) ''Studies in Word Association''. London: Routledge & K. Paul. (contained in ''[[Experimental Researches]]'', Collected Works Vol. 2)
*Jung, C. G. (1907). ''The Psychology of Dementia Praecox''. (2nd ed. 1936) New York: Nervous and Mental Disease Publ. Co. (contained in ''[[The Psychogenesis of Mental Disease]]'', Collected Works Vol. 3. This is the disease now known as [[schizophrenia]])
*Jung, C. G. (1907–1958). ''[[The Psychogenesis of Mental Disease]]''. 1991 ed. London: Routledge. (Collected Works Vol. 3)
*Jung, C. G., & Hinkle, B. M. (1912). ''Psychology of the Unconscious'' : a study of the transformations and symbolisms of the libido, a contribution to the history of the evolution of thought. London: Kegan Paul Trench Trubner. (revised in 1952 as ''[[Symbols of Transformation]]'', Collected Works Vol.5 ISBN 0-691-01815-4)
*Jung, C. G., & Long, C. E. (1917). ''Collected Papers on Analytical Psychology'' (2nd ed.). London: Balliere Tindall & Cox. (contained in ''[[Freud and Psychoanalysis]]'', Collected Works Vol. 4)
*Jung, C. G. (1917, 1928). ''[[Two Essays on Analytical Psychology]]'' (1966 revised 2nd ed. Collected Works Vol. 7). London: Routledge.
*Jung, C. G., & Baynes, H. G. (1921). ''[[Psychological Types]]'', or, ''The Psychology of Individuation''. London: Kegan Paul Trench Trubner. (Collected Works Vol.6 ISBN 0-691-01813-8)
*Jung, C. G., Baynes, H. G., & Baynes, C. F. (1928). ''Contributions to Analytical Psychology''. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
*Jung, C. G., & Shamdasani, S. (1932). ''The Psychology of Kundalini Yoga'': notes of a seminar by C.G. Jung. 1996 ed. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
*Jung, C. G. (1933). ''Modern Man in Search of a Soul''. London: Kegan Paul Trench Trubner, (1955 ed. Harvest Books ISBN 0-15-661206-2)
*Jung, C. G., (1934–1954). ''[[The Archetypes and The Collective Unconscious]]''. (1981 2nd ed. Collected Works Vol.9 Part 1), Princeton, N.J.: Bollingen. ISBN 0-691-01833-2
*Jung, C. G. (1938). ''Psychology and Religion'' The Terry Lectures. New Haven: Yale University Press. (contained in ''[[Psychology and Religion: West and East]]'' Collected Works Vol. 11 ISBN 0-691-09772-0).
*Jung, C. G., & Dell, S. M. (1940). ''The Integration of the Personality''. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
*Jung, C. G. (1944). ''[[Psychology and Alchemy]]'' (2nd ed. 1968 Collected Works Vol. 12 ISBN 0-691-01831-6). London: Routledge.
*Jung, C. G. (1947). ''Essays on Contemporary Events''. London: Kegan Paul.
*Jung, C. G. (1947, revised 1954). ''On the Nature of the Psyche''. 1988 ed. London: Ark Paperbacks. (contained in Collected Works Vol. 8)
*Jung, C.G. (1949). Foreword, pp. xxi-xxxix (19 pages), to Wilhelm/Baynes translation of The [[I Ching]] or Book of Changes. Bollingen Edition XIX, Princeton University Press.(contained in Collected Works Vol. 11)
*Jung, C. G. (1951). ''[[Aion: Researches into the Phenomenology of the Self]]'' (Collected Works Vol. 9 Part 2). Princeton, N.J.: Bollingen. ISBN 0-691-01826-X
*Jung, C. G. (1952). ''Synchronicity: An Acausal Connecting Principle''. 1973 2nd ed. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, ISBN 0-691-01794-8 (contained in Collected Works Vol. 8)
*Jung, C. G. (1956). ''[[Mysterium Coniunctionis]]: An Inquiry into the Separation and Synthesis of Psychic Opposites in Alchemy''. London: Routledge. (2nd ed. 1970 Collected Works Vol. 14 ISBN 0-691-01816-2) This was Jung's last book length work, completed when he was eighty.
*Jung, C. G. (1957). ''The Undiscovered Self (Present and Future)''. 1959 ed. New York: American Library. 1990 ed. Bollingen ISBN 0-691-01894-4 (50 p. essay, also contained in collected Works Vol. 10)
*Jung, C. G., & De Laszlo, V. S. (1958). ''Psyche and Symbol: A Selection from the Writings of C.G. Jung''. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday.
*Jung, C. G., & De Laszlo, V. S. (1959). ''Basic Writings''. New York: Modern Library.
*Jung, C. G., & Jaffe A. (1962). '''''Memories, Dreams, Reflections'''''. London: Collins. This is Jung's autobiography, recorded and edited by Aniela Jaffe, ISBN 0-679-72395-1
*Jung, C. G., Evans, R. I., & Jones, E. (1964). ''Conversations with Carl Jung and Reactions from Ernest Jones''. New York: Van Nostrand.
*Jung, C. G., & Franz, M.-L. v. (1964). ''[[Man and His Symbols]]''. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, ISBN 0-440-35183-9
*Jung, C. G. (1966). ''[[The Practice of Psychotherapy]]: Essays on the Psychology of the Transference and other Subjects'' (Collected Works Vol. 16). Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
*Jung, C. G. (1967). ''[[The Development of Personality]]''. 1991 ed. London: Routledge. Collected Works Vol. 17 ISBN 0-691-01838-3
*Jung, C. G. (1970). ''Four Archetypes; Mother, Rebirth, Spirit, Trickster''. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. (contained in Collected Works Vol. 9 part 1)
*Jung, C. G. (1974). ''Dreams''. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press (compilation from Collected Works Vols. 4, 8, 12, 16), ISBN 0-691-01792-1
*Jung, C. G., & Campbell, J. (1976). ''The Portable Jung''. a compilation, New York: Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-015070-6
*Jung, C. G., Rothgeb, C. L., Clemens, S. M., & National Clearinghouse for Mental Health Information (U.S.). (1978). ''Abstracts of the Collected Works of C.G. Jung''. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Govt. Printing Office.
*Jung, C. G., & Antony Storr ed., (1983) ''The Essential Jung''. a compilation, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, ISBN 0-691-02455-3
*Jung, C. G. (1986). ''Psychology and the East''. London: Ark. (contained in Collected Works Vol. 11)
*Jung, C. G. (1987). ''Dictionary of Analytical Psychology''. London: Ark Paperbacks.
*Jung, C. G. (1988). ''Psychology and Western Religion''. London: Ark Paperbacks. (contained in Collected Works Vol. 11)
*Jung, C. G., Wagner, S., Wagner, G., & Van der Post, L. (1990). ''The World Within'' C.G. Jung in his own words [videorecording]. New York, NY: Kino International : Dist. by Insight Media.
*Jung, C. G., & Hull, R. F. C. (1991). ''Psychological Types'' (a revised ed.). London: Routlege.
*Jung, C. G., & Chodorow, J. (1997). ''Jung on Active Imagination''. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
*Jung, C. G., & Jarrett, J. L. (1998). Jung's ''Seminar on Nietzsche's Zarathustra'' (Abridged ed.). Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
*Jung, C. G., & Pauli, Wolfgang, C. A. Meier (Editor). (2001). ''Atom and Archetype : The Pauli/Jung Letters, 1932-1958'', Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-01207-5
*Jung, C. G., & Sabini, M. (2002). ''The Earth Has a Soul'': the nature writings of C.G. Jung. Berkeley, Calif.: North Atlantic Books.
*Anthony Stevens. "Jung, A Very Short Introduction" (1994)
An early writing by Jung, dating from around 1917, was his poetic work, ''[[The Seven Sermons To The Dead]]'' [http://www.freewebs.com/navanath/seven_sermons.html (Full Text)]. Written in the persona of the 2nd century religious teacher [[Basilides]] of [[Alexandria]], it explores ancient religious and spiritual themes, including those of [[gnosticism]]. This work is included in some editions of ''Memories, Dreams, Reflections.''
==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
{{commons|Carl Jung}}
*[http://www.aras.org/ Archive for Research in Archetypal Symbolism website]
* [http://www.ship.edu/~cgboeree/jung.html A short biography of Jung]
* [http://www.cgjungpage.org The Jung Page], original essays, reprinted articles, reviews of books and films, research tools, a lexicon of terms, and other works.
* [http://www.chalquist.com/jungdefs.html An extensive technical glossary of Jungian terms<ref>Insert footnote text here</ref>]
* [http://www.friesian.com/jung.htm Influence on Friesian philosophy]
* [http://www.ipa.org.uk/ International Psychoanalytical Association], of which Jung was the first president
* [http://www.junglibrary.org/index.htm C.G. Jung Center of New York and The Kathrine Mann Library]
* [http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=2336 Carl Jung at Find-A-Grave]
* [http://www.carl-jung.net/ Carl Jung Resources] for home study and practice.
* [http://junginla.org/ C.G. Jung Institute of Los Angeles]
* [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0084313/ Matter of Heart], a documentary film about Carl Jung
* [http://www.jungcentersouthflorida.org Center for Jungian Studies of South Florida] Jung related seminars, lectures, and workshops
* [http://www.robertaziz.com Website of leading Jungian scholar/author, Dr. Robert Aziz]
* [http://www.psychovision.ch/rfr/contrib_SYNC.htm Carl Jung, Wolfgang Pauli, and Marie-Louise von Franz]
* [http://www.nebulous-cargo.com/jung Carl Jung: An Anthology of Thought]
* [http://www.adepac.org/ ADEPAC Colombia] Analytical Psychology news, biographies and resources. In English, Spanish and portuguese.
* [http://www.mediasales.psu.edu/ Jung films on DVD- rare interviews]
{{Psychology}}
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|NAME= Jung, Carl Gustav
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|SHORT DESCRIPTION=[[Swiss]] [[psychiatrist]], influential thinker, and founder of [[analytical psychology]]
|DATE OF BIRTH=[[July 26]], [[1875]]
|PLACE OF BIRTH=[[Kesswil]], in the Swiss [[Canton (country subdivision)|canton]] (state) of [[Thurgau]]
|DATE OF DEATH=[[June 6]], [[1961]]
|PLACE OF DEATH=[[Zürich]], Switzerland
}}
{{lifetime|1875|1961|Jung, Carl Gustav}}
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[[Category:People from Thurgau]]
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[[Category:Psychologists of religion]]
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