Carlisle
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2008-07-15T16:01:42Z
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Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/Pink!Teen|Pink!Teen]] to last version by 132.206.157.28 (using [[WP:HG|Huggle]])
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{{infobox UK place|
|country = England
|official_name= Carlisle
|latitude= 54.8910
|longitude= -2.9439
|population = 71,773 (2001)
|shire_district= [[City of Carlisle|Carlisle]]
|shire_county= [[Cumbria]]
|region= North West England
|constituency_westminster= [[Carlisle (UK Parliament constituency)|Carlisle]]
|post_town= CARLISLE
|postcode_district= CA1-CA6
|postcode_area =CA
|dial_code= 01228
|os_grid_reference= NY395555
|london_distance=
}}
'''Carlisle''' (emphasis on the first syllable) is a [[city]], the largest settlement in [[Cumbria]]. It is part of the [[City of Carlisle]] local government district, and acts as the administrative centre for both this district and Cumbria County Council. Carlisle is also home to the main campuses of the [[University of Cumbria]]. The population of the urban area of Carlisle was 71,773 according to the 2001 census, with about 100,734 living in the wider district.
[[Historic counties of England|Historically]] the [[county town]] of [[Cumberland]], Carlisle developed importance as a military stronghold due to its position at the [[Anglo-Scottish border]]; [[Carlisle Castle]], still relatively intact, was built in 1092 by [[William II of England|William Rufus]], and having once served as a prison for [[Mary I of Scotland|Mary, Queen of Scots]].
==History==
===Toponymy===
The [[Roman Empire|Romans]] called their settlement on the site of today's city Luguvalium, as evidenced by Roman writing tablets recently excavated in the city and displayed at [[Tullie House Museum]], bearing this name as the address. Luguvalium can be interpreted from Latin as "the place, or wall (stronghold ?) of Lugus" (a local deity). Around the 11th and 12th centuries, however, surviving documents show the place name spelt Caer (castle) Luel or Llewelyn. Luel, and its variants are [[Cumbric]] personal names, and it has been proposed that this was always the basis of the local name, which had been preserved by the continuity of [[Cumbric]]-speaking peoples in the area, from before the Roman imposition of a Latinised version. The fact that Cumbria (from Cymru or similar roots) was held by the Celtic kings of [[Rheged]] in the 9th century may have stimulated a revival of the [[Cumbric language]] and reinstatement of earlier Celtic place-names. [[Cumbric]] is no longer spoken, but the surviving Welsh language has "Caerliwelydd" as the modern name for Carlisle.
[[Image:Carlisle - katedra.jpg|thumb|left]]
Carlisle has a compact, historic centre, including a [[castle]], museum, [[cathedral]], and semi-intact [[city wall]]s. The former law courts or [[citadel]] towers which now serve as offices for Cumbria County Council are also of architectural interest.
===Roman Carlisle===
{{main|Luguvalium}}
Around AD 72/73, a [[Roman empire|Roman]] timber fort was built at Carlisle. Following its demolition around AD 103 to 105, a second timber fort was built. In AD 165 this fort was replaced by a stone fort.<ref>[http://vindolanda.csad.ox.ac.uk/exhibition/history-3_to.shtml Vindolanda Tablets Online - mentioning Carlisle]</ref> It was probably later the [[civitas]] capital of the [[Carvetii]] tribe.
===Later history===
Because Carlisle was sometimes the last town in England before Scotland, and sometimes the last town in Scotland before England, in the days when the two countries were separate kingdoms, it developed importance as a military stronghold, and [[Carlisle Castle]] is still relatively intact. Built in 1092 by [[William II of England|William Rufus]], and having once served as a prison for [[Mary I of Scotland|Mary, Queen of Scots]].
In December 1745 Prince [[Charles Edward Stuart]] captured Carlisle in the [[Siege of Carlisle]]. During the retreat of Charles Edward Stuart's Jacobites in 1746 he ordered that the Manchester Regiment be left to garrison Carlisle so that he "continued to hold at least one town in England". The Hanoverian army under Cumberland then besieged and took Carlisle. See: [[Siege of Carlisle|Sieges of Carlisle]].
The [[Tullie House Museum]], an award-winning museum, tells the story of the Border country, including much material on [[Hadrian's wall|Hadrian's Wall]], the [[Roman Empire|Roman]] defensive structure the course of which runs through the Stanwix area of the city, and many items of [[Roman architecture]]. It also features an exhibit explaining the history of the [[Border Reivers]]. Tullie House used to house an excellent lending and reference library, but that has now been placed on the upper level of The Lanes. [http://www.thelanesshopping.co.uk](The Lanes are Carlisle's main shopping area in the centre of the city). [[Carlisle Cathedral]] has the largest east window of any cathedral in [[Europe]], but the western end of the cathedral was demolished by [[Oliver Cromwell]] to shore up the castle. Carlisle also has a first-class racetrack, located to the south of the city centre.
In 1916, during [[World War I]], the [[British government|government]] took over all the [[pub]]s and [[brewery|breweries]] in the city because of endemic drunkenness among construction and munitions workers from the nearby munitions factory at [[HM Factory, Gretna|Gretna]]. This experiment in [[nationalisation|nationalised]] brewing known first as the Carlisle Board of Control then after the war the Carlisle & District [[State Management Scheme]] lasted until 1971.
===RAF Carlisle===
[[RAF Carlisle]] also known as '''14 MU''' was located at Kingstown near the present day [[ASDA]]. The station closed in 1996 after nearly sixty years in a variety of roles. Originally established as '''RAF Kingstown''' in 1938, it was originally a bomber station, then one of the RAF's Elementary Flying Training Schools and latterly a post war storage facility.
===Royal Observer Corps, Carlisle Group===
During the [[Second World War]] the air raid warning organisation No 32 Group Carlisle [[Royal Observer Corps]] operated from a building in the city centre although it was controlled administratively from RAF Kingstown. The association with Kingstown developed further in 1962 when the ROC ceased its aircraft spotting role for the RAF and took on a new role of plotting nuclear explosions and warning the public of approaching radioactive fallout for the [[United Kingdom Warning and Monitoring Organisation|UKWMO]] <ref>[http://www.cybertrn.demon.co.uk/atomic/ukwmo/ukwmo.htm ROC role]</ref>. A new administration building and a protected, hardened Nuclear Reporting bunker was built at RAF Carlisle. <ref>[http://www.subbrit.org.uk/rsg/roc/group_hq.html ROC HQs]</ref> The nuclear bunker was a standard above-ground structure and both the bunker and Headquarters hutting stood on a separate site at Crindledyke just outside the main gates of RAF Carlisle and roughly opposite the station's officers mess. The Carlisle group was redesignated no 22 Group ROC.
The ROC also constructed a smaller nuclear reporting post called Kingstown post (OS ref:NY 3837 5920), on the main RAF Carlisle site. The post was also an underground protected bunker but designed for a crew of three observers. <ref>[http://www.subbrit.org.uk/cgi-bin/webdata_roc.pl?fid=988131196&query=Post%2BName%3Dcarlisle%26OS%2BGridRef%3D%26County%3D%26Date%2Bopened%3D%26Date%2Bclosed%3D%26Location%3D%26Description%3D%26Surface%2BStructures%3D%26Date%2Bof%2Bvisit%3D%26Future%2Bactions%3D%26pagenum%3D1%26cgifunction%3DSearch&cgifunction=form Kingstown Post]</ref> The headquarters bunker accommodated an operational crew of around 100 with dormitory and canteen facilities included with the operations room and life support plant.
The Royal Observer Corps and its parent organisation the [[United Kingdom Warning and Monitoring Organisation]] were disbanded in December 1995 after the end of the [[Cold War]] and as a result of recommendations in the governments [[Options for Change]] review of UK defence. The ROC buildings were demolished in 1996 and replaced by a cellphone communications mast. The foundations of the nuclear bunker can still be partially seen outlined in the concreted yard, which also contains the Air Training Corps hut during recent further development of the site. <ref>[http://www.subbrit.org.uk/rsg/sites/c/carlisle/ Demolished ROC bunker]</ref>
== Geography ==
[[Image:CIMG0370.JPG|thumb|Carlisle from the castle]]
Carlisle is an ancient city, and the seat of the [[diocese]] to which it gives name. It is situated on a slight rise, in the [[Cumberland (ward)|Cumberland Ward]], at the confluence of the rivers [[River Eden, Cumbria|Eden]], [[River Caldew|Caldew]], and [[River Petteril|Petteril]].
An important centre for trade, it is located 90 km west of [[Newcastle-upon-Tyne]], {{convert|115|km}} north of [[Lancaster, Lancashire|Lancaster]], {{convert|145|km}} south of [[Glasgow]], {{convert|150|km}} south-west of [[Edinburgh]], {{convert|190|km}} north-west of [[York]], and {{convert|490|km}} north-north-west of [[London]], at 54°52’N, 2°50’W. Nearby towns and villages include [[Longtown, Cumbria|Longtown]] (North), [[Penrith, Cumbria|Penrith]] (South) [[Brampton, Carlisle, Cumbria|Brampton]] (East), [[Wigton]] (West), [[Haggbeck]], [[Harker]], [[Carwinley]], [[Blackford]], Houghton, Scotby and [[Rockcliffe]].
In January 2005 Carlisle was hit by strong gales and heavy rain, and on Saturday [[8 January]] 2005 all roads into the city were closed owing to severe [[flood]]ing, the worst since 1822, which caused three deaths.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/cumbria/4157381.stm "Carlisle 'cut off' by flood water"] at [[BBC]] News – [[8 January]], 2005, 13:15 UTC</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4156017.stm "Floods leave homes without power"] at BBC News – [[8 January]], 2005, 23:31 UTC</ref>
==Districts/suburbs of Carlisle==
[[Image:Brunton Park Warwick Road End.jpg|thumb|Brunton Park, home of [[Carlisle United]]]]
To the far north of the city lie the subrubs/areas of Kingstown, Lowry Hill and Moorville all formerly part of the parish of [[Kingmoor]] to the south of these areas are [[Stanwix]], Edentown, St Anns Hill and Belah which were added to the city in 1912. The parish of [[Stanwix Rural]] still exists but only includes a very small part of Carlisle's urban area.
To the immediate south of Stanwix lies the River Eden on the opposite bank of this is the historic city centre of Carlisle which is bounded on the west by the West Coast Main Railway line and the River Caldew. The banks of the River Caldew was where in the past the main industries of Carlisle flourished in the [[Denton Holme]], Caldewgate area on the west side and Wapping (the area round the former Metal Box works) on the east bank. West of Caldewgate and north of Denton Holme the suburbs of Newtown, Morton, Longsowerby, Raffles and Belle Vue developed in the late 19th and 20th centuries.
The east side of the city centre developed in the 19th century into a more affluent area than the west along what is now the main [[A69 road]] linking up with the former separate village of [[Botcherby]] to which a large council estate was added in the mid 20th century and later still the Durranhill Housing Estate.
To the south of the city centre lies the Botchergate/St Nicholas area of late Victorian terraced housing similar to that found in Denton Holme and Caldewgate though the Botchergate East area did until fairly recently have some older "slum" dwellings.
To the south west of Botchergate and St Nicholas lie the former villages and now suburban areas of Upperby and Currock with the urban area spilling over the former county borough boundary and including the areas of Blackwell and Durdar within the civil parish of [[St Cuthbert Without]].
Between Upperby and Botcherby lies another former village that was once part of St Cuthbert Without and is now probably the largest suburb of Carlisle namely [[Harraby]] which is subdivided into many estates/areas including Harraby East, New Harraby, Harraby Green, Old Harraby, Petteril Bank and the Durranhill Industrial Estate. Adjoining Harraby to the south but outside the former borough boundary is the hamlet of Carleton.
==Transport==
The city is linked to the rest of England via the [[M6 motorway]] towards the South, and to Scotland via the [[M74 motorway|M74/A74]] towards Glasgow and the North. As well as these routes, many important [[trunk roads]] either begin or terminate in Carlisle, including the [[A6 road|A6]] to [[Penrith, Cumbria|Penrith]] (historically the main road south), the [[A595 road|A595]] to western Cumbria, the [[A69 road|A69]] to Newcastle-upon-Tyne and the [[A7 road|A7]] to Edinburgh. Carlisle thus bears the distinction of being the only city in Great Britain other than London and Edinburgh with more than one single numbered 'A' road - A6 and A7 (although at one time the A5 and A6 met in [[St Albans]]). In addition, [[Carlisle railway station|Carlisle]] is a principal railway station on the [[West Coast Main Line|West Coast]] main railway line. Other railway lines go to Newcastle, Leeds and Glasgow via Dumfries and west Cumbria.
Traffic in the Carlisle area, especially at rush hour, has become a significant problem. A proposed bypass road will take traffic heading to and from west Cumbria off the M6, as opposed to its current path through the centre of Carlisle.
Local bus services are run by [[Stagecoach North West]] and [[Arriva]]. Following the disastrous flooding of Carlisle Bus Depot (and a lot of the city) on 8th January 2005 and the amazing variety of buses seen in Carlisle afterwards, Stagecoach announced the purchase of a fleet of brand new low-floor buses for Carlisle city routes. These were officially launched on 30th June, complete with "Carlisle Citi" branding, and with most of the buses carrying route branding for individual routes both internally and externally.
==Trade and industry==
Carlisle became an industrial city in the 19th and early 20th centuries with many textile mills, engineering works and food manufacturers opening up mostly in the [[Denton Holme]], Caldewgate and Wapping areas which lie in the Caldew Valley area of the city. (One such manufacturer located in the Denton Holme area was Ferguson Printers, a large textile printing factory that had stood for many years before its unfortunate closure in the early 1990s). In the early 19th century a [[canal]] was dug connecting Caldewgate with the sea at [[Port Carlisle]]. The canal was later filled in and became a railway line.
Famous firms that were founded or had factories in Carlisle included Carr's of Carlisle (now part of [[United Biscuits]]), [[Kangol]], Metal Box (now part of Crown Cork and Seal). The Carr's and Metal Box factories are still going. The construction firm of [[John Laing]] and the hauliers [[Eddie Stobart Ltd.]] were also founded in the city.
Until 2004, Carlisle's biggest employer was [[Cavaghan & Gray]], part of [[Northern Foods]] which operated from two sites in the Harraby area of Carlisle producing chilled foods for major supermarket chains. As of January 2005, the London Road site was closed with the loss of almost 700 jobs as production was transferred to the nearby Eastern Way site or other factories around the UK.
Carlisle also became a major [[railway]] centre with at one time 7 different companies using [[Carlisle railway station|Carlisle Citadel railway station]]. Prior to the building of the Citadel Station, the city had several railway stations, including [[Carlisle London Road Station]]. The city also used to have the largest railway marshaling yard in Europe at Kingmoor, now closed.
There are various light industrial estates and business parks located on the fringes of the city and on former industrial sites close to the city centre.
On March 28, 2005, Carlisle was granted [[Fairtrade City]] status.
==Sport==
===Football===
The city of Carlisle is represented in the English [[Football League One|Coca-Cola Football League One]] by [[Carlisle United F.C.]] [http://www.carlisleunited.co.uk/], after promotion from the [[Football League Two|Coca-Cola Football League Two]] at the end of season 2005/06 as champions of the division, this followed their promotion from the [[Conference National|Nationwide Conference]] at the end of the 2004/05 season. Carlisle United Football Club play at Brunton Park Stadium, in the centre of the city.
The team has resided in all four divisions of English football, once going top of Division One (now named the Premiership) for a very brief moment back in the 1974/75 season, although they were eventually relegated back to the old Division Two.
===Rugby===
'''Rugby League'''
Carlisle was at one time home to a [[rugby league]] team, [[Carlisle RLFC]] who would later merge with [[Barrow Raiders|Barrow]] and leave Carlisle. They now have a new rugby league side called Carlisle Centurions.
'''Rugby Union'''
Carlisle has two well established rugby union clubs - Carlisle RUFC and Creighton RUFC. Carlisle are situated on Warwick Road, alongside Carlisle United AFC. Creighton were originally sited near the Cumberland Infirmary in Carlisle, but following negotiations with Story Homes during 2001/2004 agreed to sell their ground for redevelopment in exchange for a new ground and facilities off Cumwhinton Road, near Junction 42 of the M6.
Current England rugby union captian [[Steve Borthwick]] is a native of Carlisle.
==Education==
[[University of Cumbria]] has a 3 campuses in Carlisle on Fusehill Street, Brampton Road and Paternoster Row. The university provides a wide range of degree courses in [[higher education]] such as [[Information technology|Applied Computing]], [[Applied Psychology]], [[Art]], [[Business]], [[Law]], [[Media studies|Media]], [[Law]], [[Social Work]] and [[Teacher Education]].
[[Carlisle College]] is based in the town.
The secondary schools within the city of Carlisle are: St Aidan's County High School and Specialist Sports and Science College, [[Augustinian Friars Saint Monicas|Austin Friars St Monicas]] (Roman Catholic Private School), Trinity - Centre of Excellence for Languages, Newman (Roman Catholic School), Morton School and the North Cumbria Technology College (NCTC, formerly Harraby School). Others are also in the Carlisle district: [[Caldew School]], ([[Dalston, Cumbria|Dalston]]), [[William Howard School]] ([[Brampton, Carlisle, Cumbria|Brampton]]) and Lochinvar School (Longtown).
== Administration ==
Carlisle has been a [[City status in the United Kingdom|city]] since the [[Middle Ages]] and has been a [[borough constituency]] or [[parliamentary borough]] for centuries at one time returning two MPs. In 1835 it became a [[municipal borough]] which was promoted to [[county borough]] status in 1914. The city's boundaries have changed at various times since 1835 the final time being in 1974 when under the [[Local Government Act 1972]] the city and county borough merged with the [[Border Rural District]] to become the new [[City of Carlisle]] [[non-metropolitan district|district]].
The borough originally had several [[civil parishes]] or parts of parishes within it but these were all merged into a single civil parish of Carlisle in 1904. The present day urban area is now classed as an [[unparished area]] except for the fringes which are in [[Stanwix Rural]], [[Kingmoor]] and [[St Cuthbert Without]] parishes.
Carlisle unsuccessfully applied to become a [[Lord Mayor]]alty in 2002.
The city council is based in a 1960s building known as the Civic Centre in Rickergate. An iconic building and tallest in the city it may soon be demolished and the surrounding area regenerated.
==Curse of Carlisle==
The ''Curse of Carlisle'' is a 16th century curse that was first invoked by Archbishop Dunbar of [[Glasgow]] in 1525 against cross-border families, known as the [[Border Reivers]], who lived by stealing cattle and pillage. The curse was not directly aimed at Carlisle or its people. For the millennium celebrations, the local council commissioned a 14-tonne granite artwork inscribed with all 1,069 words of the curse.
In 1998 some Christians, among other projects, began campaigning to prevent the City of Carlisle from installing the stone.{{Fact|date=April 2007}} In the wake of this controversy, superstition about the stone grew and a number of the town's setbacks were blamed on the curse stone, including an outbreak of [[foot-and-mouth disease]], a flood, various crimes, rising unemployment statistics and even the fate of Carlisle United, which was relegated out of its league.{{fact|date=May 2007}}
In March 2005, [[Liberal Democrats|Liberal Democrat]] city councillor Jim Tootle, on the request of a Christian citizen,{{Fact|date=April 2007}} proposed the stone either be moved outside the city boundaries or destroyed altogether. [[Kevin Carlyon]], the self-titled "high priest of the British [[white witch]]es" and the "Living God of all Witches",<ref>Kevin Carlyon's website [http://www.kevincarlyon.com kevincarlyon.com].</ref> proclaimed that such actions would give the curse more power. He commented that: "A curse can only work if people believe in it. I think at the moment the sculpture is a nice piece of history, but if the council destroys it, they would be showing their belief in the curse."<ref name="witch">{{cite web | title=Witch warns of Curse Stone power | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/cumbria/4328259.stm | date=2005-03-08 | author=BBC News}}</ref> A council meeting on March 8, 2005 rejected Tootle's proposal, a move welcomed by council leader Mike Mitchelson, who had earlier questioned whether moving the stone was a good use of council funds.{{fact|date=May 2007}}
==Famous residents==
<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical by surname. -->
* [[Kevin Beattie]] - ex England football international.
*[[Lee Brennan]], former member of the band [[911 (band)|911]].
*[[Beatrix Campbell]], feminist writer and journalist.
*[[Nicholas Cox]], first Lieutenant-Governor of [[New Carlisle, Quebec]] who named the community after his hometown.
*Writer [[Hunter Davies]] was brought up in Carlisle.
*[[Doug Ferguson|Douglas Ferguson]], bass player from the band [[Camel (band)|Camel]].
* [[Mike Figgis]], film director, writer and composer was born in Carlisle in 1948.
*Novelist [[Margaret Forster]].
*Author [[George MacDonald Fraser]].
*Former [[England Football Team|England]] U21 and [[Blackburn Rovers]] striker [[Matt Jansen]], who was born in [[Wetheral]] near Carlisle.
*[[Andrew Johnston (singer)]] who came third in the second series of Britain's Got Talent.
*[[Thomas Logie MacDonald]], ex-Mayor and [[astronomer]] who had a lunar crater named after him.
*[[Richard Madeley]], TV personality worked for BBC Carlisle and Border Television.
*[[Peter Manley]], Professional darts player.
*England [[cricket]]er [[Paul Nixon]].
* Actress [[Roxanne Pallett]] who stars in Emmerdale, grew up in Carlisle.
*[[Charles Shepherd (boxer)|Charles Shepherd]], Former British, Commonwealth and IBO world super featherweight boxing champion.
*Fashion designer [[Stuart Stockdale]], formerly Head of Design at [[Pringle of Scotland]].
*[[Leeds United]] player and also former [[Newcastle United]] player [[Paul Huntington]], grew up in Carlisle.
*Janet Woodrow, mother of [[Woodrow Wilson]], the 28th [[President of the United States]] was born in Carlisle. The President made a number of visits to the city and the Lake District during his presidency, most famously on his "pilgrimage of the heart" on [[29th December]] [[1918]]. This visit is commemorated by a plaque on the wall at the Carlisle City Church on Lowther Street[http://www.flickr.com/photos/10089490@N06/2525471026/in/pool-carlisle-cumbria/].
==References==
<references/>
==External links==
*[http://www.cumbria.ac.uk/ University of Cumbria]
*[http://www.historic-carlisle.org.uk/ Carlisle and Hadrian's Wall Country]
*[http://www.carlisle.gov.uk/carlislecc/ Carlisle City Council]
*[http://www.visitcumbria.com/ Visit Cumbria]
*[http://www.stcuthbertscarlisle.org.uk/ St Cuthberts Carlisle]
'''Photographs'''
*[http://www.malconet.me.uk/360/Carlisle.htm A 360 degree panorama of Carlisle City Square]
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