Caron 236552 225568331 2008-07-14T10:21:59Z EmilJ 94981 /* List of letters */ rm weird bolding {{otheruses}} {{redirect|Hacek|the group of bacteria|HACEK organism}} {|align="right" cellpadding="4" style="margin:0 0 10px 10px;border:1px solid #aaaaaa;padding:10px;font-size:20pt;line-height:1.2;text-align:center;" |- | [[Ǎ]] || ǎ |- | [[Č]] || č |- | [[Ď]] || ď |- | {{Unicode|[[DŽ]]}} || {{Unicode|Dž<br />dž}} |- | [[Ě]] || ě |- | {{Unicode|[[Ǧ]]}} || {{Unicode|ǧ}} |- | {{latinx|[[Ȟ]]}} || {{latinx|ȟ}} |- | [[Ǐ]] || ǐ |- | {{Unicode|[[J̌]]}} || {{Unicode|[[ǰ]]}} |- | {{Unicode|[[Ǩ]]}} || {{Unicode|ǩ}} |- | [[Ľ]] || ľ |- | [[Ň]] || ň |- | [[Ǒ]] || ǒ |- | [[Ř]] || ř |- | [[Š]] || š |- | {{Unicode|Ṧ}} || {{Unicode|ṧ}} |- | [[Ť]] || ť |- | [[Ǔ]] || ǔ |- | [[Ǚ]] || ǚ |- | [[Ž]] || ž |- | {{Unicode|[[Ǯ]]}} || {{Unicode|ǯ}} |} A '''caron''' ( ˇ ) or '''háček''' ({{pronounced|ˈhɑːt͡ʃɛk}} or {{IPA|[ˈɦaːt͡ʃɛk]}}), also known as a '''wedge''', '''inverted circumflex''', '''inverted hat''', is a [[diacritic]] placed over certain letters to indicate present or historical [[palatalization]], [[iotation]], or [[postalveolar consonant|postalveolar]] pronunciation in the orthography of some [[Baltic languages|Baltic]], [[Slavic languages|Slavic]], [[Finno-Lappic languages|Finno-Lappic]], and other languages. It looks similar to a [[breve]], but has a sharp tip, like an inverted [[circumflex]] (^), while a breve is rounded. Compare the caron: Ǎ ǎ Ě ě Ǐ ǐ Ǒ ǒ Ǔ ǔ to the breve: Ă ă Ĕ ĕ Ĭ ĭ Ŏ ŏ Ŭ ŭ. The left (downward) stroke is usually thicker than the right (upward) stroke in [[serif]] typefaces. The caron is also used as a symbol or modifier in mathematics. == Names == Usage differs as to the name of this diacritic. In the field of typography, the term "caron" seems to be more popular. In linguistics, the tendency is to use ''háček''. The term ''caron'' is used in the official names of [[Unicode]] characters (e.g., "Latin capital letter Z with caron"). Its earliest known use was in computing references in the mid-1980s.<ref>[http://www.unicode.org/faq/casemap_charprop.html#14 Unicode.org]</ref> Its actual origin remains obscure, but some have suggested that it may derive from a fusion of [[caret]] and [[macron]]. Though this may be [[folk-etymology]], it is plausible, particularly in the absence of other suggestions. The name ''háček'' appears in most English dictionaries; the ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'' gives its earliest citation as 1953. In [[Czech language|Czech]], ''háček'' means "little [[wikt:hook|hook]]", the diminutive form of ''hák''. The Czech plural form is ''háčky''. In [[Slovak language|Slovak]] it is called ''mäkčeň'' (i.e. "softener" or "[[palatalization]] mark"), in [[Slovenian language|Slovenian]] ''strešica'' ("little [[roof]]") or ''kljukica'' ("little hook"), in [[Croatian language|Croatian]] and [[Serbian language|Serbian]] ''kvaka'' or ''kvačica'' (also "small hook"), in [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]] ''paukščiukas'' ("little bird"}, ''katus'' ("roof") in [[Estonian language|Estonian]], and ''hattu'' ("hat") in [[Finnish language|Finnish]]. == Origin == The caron evolved from the [[dot above]] diacritic, which was introduced into [[Czech orthography]] (along with the [[acute accent]]) by [[Jan Hus]] in his ''De Ortographia Bohemica'' ([[1412]]). Today the caron is also used by the [[Slovaks]], [[Slovenians]], [[Croats]], [[Bosniaks]]; [[Serbs]] and [[Macedonians (ethnic group)|Macedonians]] (when romanizing the official [[Cyrillic]]); [[Upper Sorbian|Upper Sorbian language]] and [[Lower Sorbian|Lower Sorbian language]] [[Sorbs]], [[Lithuanians]], [[Latvians]], and [[Belarusians]] (formerly in the [[Łacinka]] Latin alphabet, now only in romanization of the official Cyrillic). The original form still exists in [[Polish language|Polish]] ''[[ż]]''. == Usage == For the fricatives ''š'' {{IPA|[ʃ]}}, ''ž'' {{IPA|[ʒ]}}, and the affricate ''č'' {{IPA|[tʃ]}} only, the caron is used in the Finno-Lappic languages which use the Latin alphabet, such as [[Estonian language|Estonian]], [[Finnish language|Finnish]], [[Karelian language|Karelian]] and some [[Sami languages]]. In Finnish and Estonian, it is limited to transcribing foreign names and loanwords (albeit common loanwords such as ''šekki'' 'cheque'); the sounds (and letters) are native and common in Karelian and Sami. The caron is also used in the [[Romany alphabet]]. The [[Faggin-Nazzi]] writing system for the [[Friulian language]] makes use of the caron over the letters ''c'', ''g'', and ''s''. The caron is also often used as a diacritical mark on consonants for [[romanization]] of text from non-Latin writing systems, particularly in the [[scientific transliteration]] of Slavic languages. Philologists—and the standard Finnish orthography—often prefer using it to express the sounds that in English require a digraph (''sh, ch'', and ''zh'') because most Slavic languages use only one character to spell these sounds (the key exceptions are Polish ''[[sz (digraph)|sz]]'' and ''[[cz (digraph)|cz]]''). Its use for this purpose can even be found in America, because certain [[atlas]]es use it in romanization of foreign [[place name]]s. The [[Italian language|Italian]] Wikipedia has an article about [[:it:Karkemiš|Karkemi'''š''']], an ancient city in Southeast Asia; the English Wikipedia has an article about [[Arzhang|Ar'''ž'''ang]], a holy book. On the typographical side, Š/š and Ž/ž are likely the easiest among non-Western European diacritic characters to adopt for Westerners because the two are part of the [[Windows-1252]] character encoding. It is also used as an accent mark, that is, to indicate a change in the pronunciation of a vowel. The main example is in [[Pinyin]] for [[Chinese language|Chinese]], where it represents a falling-rising tone. It is used in transliterations of [[Thai language|Thai]] to indicate a rising tone. The caron represents a rising tone in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]]. It is used in [[Americanist phonetic notation]] as a diacritic to indicate various types of pronunciation. === Writing and printing carons === In printed text, the caron combined with certain letters (lower-case ť, ď, ľ, and upper-case Ľ) is reduced to a small stroke. This only rarely happens in handwritten text. Although the stroke looks similar to an [[apostrophe]], there is a significant difference in [[kerning]]. Using apostrophe in place of a caron looks very unprofessional though it can be found on goods produced in foreign countries and imported to Slovakia or the Czech Republic (compare t' to ť, L'ahko to Ľahko). (Apostrophes appearing as palatalization marks in some [[Finnic languages]], such as [[Võro language|Võro]] and [[Karelian language|Karelian]], are not forms of caron either.) Foreigners also sometimes mistake the caron for the [[acute accent]] (compare Ĺ to Ľ, ĺ to ľ). === List of letters === {{diacritical marks}} A complete list of [[Czech language|Czech]] and [[Slovak language|Slovak]] letters and [[Digraph (orthography)|digraph]]s with the háček/caron: * [[Č|Č/č]] ({{pronounced|tʃ}} — similar to 'ch' in ''cheap'', e.g. Československo which means [[Czechoslovakia]]) * [[Š|Š/š]] ({{pronounced|ʃ}} — similar to 'sh' in ''she'', e.g. in [[Škoda]] {{Audio|Cs-Skoda.ogg|listen}}) * [[Ž|Ž/ž]] ({{pronounced|ʒ}} — similar to 's' in ''treasure'', e.g. žal which means "sorrow") * [[Ř|Ř/ř]] (only in Czech: special fricative trill {{IPA|/r̝/}}, transcribed as {{IPA|/ɼ/}} in pre-1989 IPA, pronounced roughly as a compound of trilled {{IPA|/r/}} and {{IPA|/ʒ/}}, e.g. [[Antonín Dvořák]] {{Audio|Cs-Antonin_Dvorak.ogg|listen }}) * [[Ď|Ď/ď]], [[Ť|Ť/ť]], [[Ň|Ň/ň]] (palatals, {{pronounced|ɟ}}, {{IPA|[c]}}, {{IPA|[ɲ]}}, slightly different from palatalized consonants as found in Russian): ''Ďábel a sťatý kůň'' which means "The Devil and a beheaded horse") * [[Ľ|Ľ/ľ]] (only in Slovak: pronounced as palatal {{IPA|[ʎ]}}: ''podnikateľ'' means "businessman") * [[DŽ|DŽ/Dž/dž]] (considered a single letter in Slovak, where both parts should be preferably capitalized: {{pronounced|dʒ}} ''džungle'' means "jungle" - almost identical to the "j" sound in ''jungle'' and the "g" sound in ''genius''. It is somewhat rare.) * [[Dž|Dž/dž]] (considered a digraph in Czech where letters are capitalized separately: {{pronounced|dʒ}} ''džungle'' means "jungle" - almost identical to the "j" sound in ''jungle'' and the "g" sound in ''genius''. Somewhat rare) * [[Ě|Ě/ě]] (only in Czech) indicates mostly palatalization of preceding consonant: "dě", "tě", "ně" is {{pronounced|ɟɛ}}, {{IPA|[cɛ]}}, {{IPA|[ɲɛ]}}; but ''mě'' is {{IPA|[mɲɛ]}}, and "bě", "pě", "vě", "fě" are {{IPA|[bjɛ, pjɛ, vjɛ, fjɛ]}}. A complete list of [[Lower Sorbian language|Lower Sorbian]] and [[Upper Sorbian language|Upper Sorbian]] letters and digraphs with the háček/caron: * Č/č ({{pronounced|tʃ}}) — similar to 'ch' in ''cheap'' * Š/š ({{pronounced|ʃ}}) — similar to 'sh' in ''she'' * Ž/ž ({{pronounced|ʒ}}) — similar to 's' in ''treasure'' * Ř/ř (only in Upper Sorbian: {{pronounced|ʃ}}) - similar to 'sh' in ''she'' * Tř/tř (digraph, only in Upper Sorbian) - soft {{IPA|[ts]}} sound * Ě/ě ({{pronounced|e}}) - similar to 'e' in ''bed'' Of the Baltic and Slavic languages, [[Serbian language|Serbian]] (Latin alphabet), [[Croatian language|Croatian]], [[Bosnian language|Bosnian]], [[Slovenian language|Slovenian]], [[Latvian language|Latvian]] and [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]] use Č/č, Š/š and Ž/ž. The digraph Dž/dž is also used in these languages, but only considered a separate letter in Serbian, Croatian and Bosnian. The [[Belarusian language|Belarusian]] [[Lacinka alphabet]] also contains the digraph (as a separate letter), and Latin transctiptions of [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]] and [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]] may also use them at times for transcription of the letter-combination ДЖ (Bulgarian) and the letter Џ (Macedonian). Of the [[Finno-Ugric languages]], [[Estonian language|Estonian]] (and transcriptions to [[Finnish language|Finnish]]) use Š/š and Ž/ž, and [[Karelian language|Karelian]] and some [[Sami languages]] use Č/č, Š/š and Ž/ž — Dž is not a separate letter. (Skolt Sami has more, see below.) Č is present because it may be phonemically [[geminate]]: in Karelian, the phoneme 'čč' is found, and is distinct from 'č', which is not the case in Finnish or Estonian, where only one length is recognized for 'tš'. (Incidentally, in transcriptions, the Finnish orthography has to employ complicated notations like ''mettšä'' or even the ''mettshä'' to express Karelian ''meččä''.) On some Finnish keyboards, it is possible to write these letters by typing ''s'' or ''z'' while holding right [[Alt key]] or [[AltGr key]]. Notice that these are ''not'' [[palatalization|palatalized]], but postalveolar consonants. For example, Estonian ''Nissi'' (palatalized) is distinct from ''nišši'' (postalveolar). [[Palatalization]] is typically ignored in spelling, but some Karelian and Võro orthographies use an [[apostrophe]] (') or an acute accent (´). In Finnish and Estonian, ''š'' and ''ž'' (and in Estonian, very rarely ''č'') appear in loanwords and foreign [[proper names]] only and, when not available, can be substituted with 'h', e.g., 'sh' for 'š', in print. [[Skolt Sami]] uses {{unicode|Ʒ/ʒ}} (ezh) to mark the alveolar affricate {{IPA|[dz]}}, thus {{unicode|Ǯ/ǯ}} (ezh-caron or edzh (edge)) marks the postalveolar affricate {{IPA|[dʒ]}}. In addition to Č, Š, Ž and {{unicode|Ǯ}}, Skolt Sami also uses the caron &ndash; inconsistently &ndash; to mark the palatal stops {{unicode|Ǧ}} {{IPA|[ɟ]}} and {{unicode|Ǩ}} {{IPA|[c]}}. More often than not, these are geminated, e.g., ''{{unicode|vuäǯǯad}}'' "to get". === Other uses === The caron is also used in [[Mandarin (linguistics)|Mandarin Chinese]] [[pinyin]] romanization and orthographies of several other [[tonal language]]s to indicate the "falling-rising" [[Tone (linguistics)|tone]] (third tone in Mandarin). The caron can be placed over the vowels ǎ, ě, ǐ, ǒ, ǔ, ǚ. The caron is used in the [[D'ni language#New Transliteration System (NTS)|New Transliteration System]] of [[D'ni language|D'ni]] in the symbol š to represent the sound [ʃ] ("sh"). Many alphabets of African languages use the caron for marking rising tone as in the [[African reference alphabet]]. The characters Ě/ě are a part of the [[Unicode]] Latin Extended-A set because they occur in Czech, while the rest are in Latin Extended-B, which often causes an inconsistent appearance. == Software == === Unicode === For legacy reasons most letters which can carry carons exist as [[precomposed character]]s in [[Unicode]], but a caron can also be added to any letter (often with rather ugly results due to deficiencies in font rendering) by using the [[combining diacritic|combining]] character U+030C COMBINING CARON, for example: {{unicode|b̌ q̌ J̌}}. === TeX === In [[TeX]], a caron can be inserted using the control sequence <code>\v</code> in text, or <code>\check</code> in mathematics. For example: : $\check{x}$ <math>\check{x}</math> Special arrangement is necessary to get the alternate versions of the háček above l, d and t, such as (in [[LaTeX]]) <code>\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}</code>, or <code>\usepackage[Czech]{babel}</code>. === Macintosh === On [[Mac OS X]]'s U.S. Extended and Irish Extended keyboard layouts, the caron is typed by pressing [[option key|option]]+v+(letter). === Microsoft Word === In [[Microsoft Office Word|Microsoft Word]], you can usually find letters with carons by clicking Insert → Symbol → Symbols. Select "(normal text)". === XFree86 and X.Org === In recent versions of [[XFree86]]/[[X.Org Server|X.Org]] servers, letters with carons can be typed as a [[compose key|compose]] sequence '''<nowiki><compose> c <letter></nowiki>''', e.g. pressing '''compose-key c e''' yields the letter ě. == References == {{reflist}} == See also == * [[Acute accent]] * [[Apostrophe]] * [[Breve]] * [[Caret]] * [[Circumflex|Circumflex accent]] * [[Sicilicus]] {{Latin alphabet||caron}} [[Category:Diacritics]] [[br:Karon]] [[ca:Anticircumflex]] [[cs:Háček (diakritika)]] [[de:Hatschek]] [[es:Carón]] [[eo:Haĉeko]] [[fa:هفتک (لاتین)]] [[fr:Hatchek]] [[gl:Caron]] [[it:Háček]] [[hu:Hacsek]] [[nl:Háček]] [[ja:ハーチェク]] [[pl:Daszek (diakrytyka)]] [[pt:Caron]] [[sl:Strešica]] [[fi:Hattu (tarke)]] [[sv:Hake (diakritiskt tecken)]]