Carprofen 2614884 223346803 2008-07-03T17:59:53Z ShanBex 7404147 Adding some internal links {{drugbox | IUPAC_name = 2-(6-chloro-9''H''-carbazol-2-yl)propanoic acid | image = Carprofen.svg | CAS_number = 53716-49-7 | ATC_prefix = | ATC_suffix = | ATC_supplemental = | PubChem = 2581 | DrugBank = APRD00849 | C = 15 | H = 12 | Cl = 1 | N = 1 | O = 2 | molecular_weight = 273.714 g/mol | bioavailability = | protein_bound = High (99%) | metabolism = | elimination_half-life = Approximately 8 hours (range 4.5–9.8 hours) in dogs. | excretion = | pregnancy_AU = <!-- A / B1 / B2 / B3 / C / D / X --> | pregnancy_US = <!-- A / B / C / D / X --> | pregnancy_category = | legal_AU = <!-- Unscheduled / S2 / S4 / S8 --> | legal_UK = <!-- GSL / P / POM / CD --> | legal_US = <!-- OTC / Rx-only --> | legal_status = | routes_of_administration = }} [[Image:Rimadyl pill 100 mg.jpg|thumb|right|270px|A 100 mg Rimadyl pill approximately 19 mm (0.75 in) wide and 8.6 mm (0.34 in) thick, sold in the United States]] '''Carprofen''' (marketed as '''Rimadyl''', manufactured by [[Pfizer|Pfizer Animal Health]] <ref>[http://www.rimadyl.com/display.asp?country=US&lang=EN&drug=RC&species=CN&sec=000 Pfizer Animal Health-Rimadyl]</ref>) is a [[non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug]] that is used by [[veterinarian]]s as a supportive treatment for the relief of [[arthritis|arthritic]] symptoms in [[geriatric]] [[dog]]s. It can be used both short term, for [[joint]] pain or post-operative [[inflammation]], or or for day-to-day relief from the pain and inflammation associated with [[osteoarthritis]], [[Hip dysplasia (canine)|hip dysplasia]], and other forms of joint deterioration . It can also be effective in reducing fever. Carprofen reduces inflammation by inhibiting the production of [[Cyclooxygenase|COX-2]], and other sources of inflammatory [[prostaglandin|prostaglandins]]. This is targeted protection, in that it does not interfere with the activity of COX-1. ==Administration== Carprofen is available in the USA in 25, 75 and 100 mg tablets (given either with food or straight into the animal's mouth), and in [[Injection (medicine)|injectable]] form<ref>http://www.srdogs.com/Pages/rimadyl.html</ref>. The UK has 50 mg tablets as opposed to 75 mg tablets. The usual dosage is 1mg per pound<ref>[http://www.norbrook.co.uk/Products/ProductData.cfm/product_Key/399/CatKey/1/Section/Veterinary_Products/SubCategory/2/region/0/species/0/ Norbrook Pharmaceuticals Worldwide Products ~Norocarp Tablets<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>. In [[Australia]], Carprofen is marketed as '''Norocarp''' in 20 mg and 50 mg tablets or '''Norophen''' in injectable liquid at 5.0% w/v, for [[Cattle]] and [[Dog|canines]]<ref>[http://www.norbrook.com.au Norbrook Pharmaceuticals Wordwide - Australia<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>. Rimadyl is sometimes divided between morning and evening doses. It is administered two hours before surgery when being used to relieve post-operative pain. ==Health issues== Although most dogs respond well to carprofen, it is capable of causing [[liver]] [[toxicity]] in some animals, and in the early days of introduction there were significant anecdotal reports of sudden animal deaths arising from its use. It could often not be determined to what extent any of these were carprofen-related, however. Indeed, many may not have been connected to use of the drug, as carprofen is often prescribed to older or sick animals, or in cases of significant pain and illness. Several years later, a more realistic view is that it is safe and tested for the vast majority of animals, however some will react, and therefore regular blood tests (monthly, or at least twice a year) are often recommended if an animal is to be placed on carprofen for long term use. These tests check for liver toxicity byproducts, and confirm that the animal is not suffering an [[Adverse drug reaction|adverse reaction]]. For some reason during the first drug trials, black [[Labrador Retrievers]] were more likely to exhihbit serious side effects and adverse reactions like liver problems than other test subjects when on it long-term (as for pain relief from degenerative joint disease).<ref>''Veterinary Drug Handbook'' 4th and 5th editions</ref> Whether this is because of a specific sensitivity unique to the breed, or simply because labradors - being one of the more popular breeds of dog, and one prone to joint issues, were over-represented in the study - remains unknown. Some [[veterinarians]] choose to err on the side of caution and prescribe [[Deramaxx]] to these dogs instead. However, others report no serious [[side effects]] in their Labrador patients prescribed the medication. This medication has been found to be deadly for some dogs, as witnessed by the FDA receiving more than 6,000 bad reaction reports about the drug manufactured by Pfizer. As a result, the FDA requested that Pfizer advise consumers in their advertising that death was a possible side effect. Pfizer refused and pulled their advertising, however they have included "death" as a possible side effect on the drug label. Plans call for a "Dear Doctor" letter to be issued to veterinarians and a safety sheet will be attached to pill packages. Pfizer acknowledges a problem with some dog owners, especially the consumer group which mounted a campaign dubbed BARKS, for Be Aware of Rimadyl's Known Side-effects (including loss of appetite, wobbling, vomiting, seizures and severe liver malfunction). The drug company is reported to be contacting pet owners who have told their stories on the Internet, and is offering to pay medical and diagnostic expenses for some dogs who may have been harmed by Rimadyl. General symptoms to watch for include: * Loss of appetite * Vomiting * Diarrhea * Increase in thirst * Increase in urination * Fatigue and/or Lethargy * Loss of coordination * Seizures Other symptoms which can indicate a problem, and which are worth raising with a vet include excessive drinking or urination, blood or dark tar-like material in [[urine]] or [[faeces|stools]], [[jaundice]] (yellowing of eyes), unusual [[lethargy]] and so on. ==Human usage== Carprofen was previously used in human medicine for over 10 years, in doses of 150 to 600 mg per day. It was generally well tolerated, with the majority of adverse effects being [[transient]] and mild, such as [[gastro-intestinal]] pain and [[nausea]], similar to those recorded with [[aspirin]] and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. It is no longer marketed for human usage, after apparently being withdrawn on commercial grounds [http://www.emea.europa.eu/pdfs/vet/mrls/004295en.pdf]. ==References== {{reflist}} ==External Links== * [http://www.pgaa.com/canine/health/rimadylwarning.html Rimadyl warning] * [http://www.rimadyl.com/display.asp?country=US&lang=EN&drug=RC&species=CN&sec=660 Pfizer product website PDS] * [http://www.norbrook.co.uk/Products/ProductData.cfm Norbrook product website PDS] {{NSAIDs}} [[Category:Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs]] [[Category:Dog health]] [[bs:Karprofen]] [[de:Carprofen]]