Castor oil
172190
225591883
2008-07-14T13:31:21Z
193.6.159.134
Ricinusolaj
'''Castor oil''' is a [[vegetable oil]] obtained from the [[castor bean]] (technically ''castor seed'' as the castor plant, ''Ricinus communis'', is not a member of the [[bean]] family). Castor oil ([[CAS registry number|CAS number]] 8001-79-4) is a colorless to very pale yellow liquid with mild or no odor or taste. Its [[boiling point]] is {{convert|313|C|F}} and its [[density]] is 961 ''kg·m<sup>-3</sup>''.<ref>Aldrich Handbook of Fine Chemicals and Laboratory Equipment, Sigma-Aldrich, 2003.</ref> It is a [[triglyceride]] in which approximately ninety percent of fatty acid chains are [[ricinoleic acid]]. [[Oleic acid|Oleic]] and [[linoleic acid]]s are the other significant components.<ref>{{cite web
| url=http://www.nnfcc.co.uk/crops/info/castor.pdf
| title=Castor
| publisher=The National Non-Food Crops Centre
| accessdate=2007-07-06
}}</ref>
The structure of the major component of castor oil is shown below:
[[Image:Castor oil.png|450px|center|Major component of [[castor oil]]]]
==Background==
Ricinoleic acid, a [[unsaturated fat|monounsaturated]], 18-carbon [[fatty acid]], is unusual in that it has a [[hydroxyl]] [[functional group]] on the twelfth carbon. This functional group causes ricinoleic acid (and castor oil) to be unusually [[chemical polarity|polar]], and also allows chemical derivatization that is not practical with most other seed oils. It is the hydroxyl group which makes castor oil and ricinoleic acid valuable as chemical feedstocks. Compared to other seed oils which lack the hydroxyl group, castor oil demands a higher price. As an example, in July 2007 Indian castor oil sold for about US$0.90 per kilogram (US$0.41 per pound)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.castorworld.com/market.asp|title= July 2007 commodity price for Indian castor oil|accessdate=2008-08-10}}</ref> while US [[soybean]], [[sunflower oil|sunflower]] and [[canola]] oil sold for about US$0.30 per kilogram (US$0.14 per pound)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fas.usda.gov/oilseeds/circular/2007/July/oilseedsfull0707.pdf|title=Seed oil prices from US Dept. of Agriculture, see page 31|accessdate=2008-08-10}}</ref>
Castor oil and its derivatives have applications in the manufacturing of [[soap]]s, [[lubricant]]s, hydraulic and [[brake fluid]]s, [[paint]]s, [[dye]]s, [[coating]]s, [[ink]]s, cold resistant [[plastics]], [[wax]]es and polishes, [[nylon]], [[pharmaceuticals]] and [[perfume]]s.
Sulfonated castor oil, also called Sulfonated (sulfated) castor oil, or Turkey Red Oil, is the only oil that completely disperses in water. It is made by adding [[sulfuric acid]] to pure castor oil<ref>[http://www.porwal.net/turkeyredoil.htm Turkey Red Oil - A defoaming & wetting agent, manure, lubricant<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>. This allows easy use for making bath oil products. It was the first synthetic [[detergent]] after ordinary [[soap]]. It is used in formulating [[lubricant]]s, softeners, and [[dye|dyeing assistants]]<ref>CastorOil.in – Home of Castor Oil Online [http://www.castoroil.in/reference/glossary/turkey_red_oil.html]</ref>.
The castor seed contains [[ricin]], a toxic protein removed by cold pressing and filtering.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.icoa.org/toxic.htm | title=Castor Oil is non-toxic | publisher=ICOA | accessdate=2006-12-28}}</ref> However, harvesting castor beans is not without risk, <ref>{{cite journal
| last =Auld
| first =Dick L.
| authorlink =
| coauthors = Pinkerton,Scott D.; Rolfe, Rial; Ghetie, Victor and Lauterbach, Brenda F.
| title = Selection of Castor for Divergent Concentrations of Ricin and Ricinus communis Agglutinin and references therein
| journal =Crop Science
| volume =39
| issue =MARCH–APRIL
| pages =353–357
| date= 1999
| url =http://crop.scijournals.org/cgi/reprint/39/2/353.pdf
| doi =
| id =
| accessdate =2007-07-31 }}</ref>
allergenic compounds found on the plant surface can cause permanent nerve damage, making the harvest of castor beans a human health risk. India, Brazil and China are the major crop producers and the workers suffer harmful side effects from working with these plants.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.linnaeus.net/problem_with_castor.htm|title=Hazards of harvesting castor plants|accessdate=2007-07-31}}</ref> These health issues, in addition to concerns about the toxic byproduct ([[ricin]]) from castor oil production, have encouraged the quest for alternative, domestic sources for hydroxy fatty acids.<ref>{{cite web | last=Dierig | first=David A. | title=Lesquerella | work=New Crop FactSHEET | publisher=Center for New Crops & Plant Products, at Purdue University | date=1995 | url=http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/cropfactsheets/Lesquerella.html | accessdate=2007-08-01 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Dierig | first=David A. | title=Lesquerella | work= | publisher=The National Non-Food Crops Centre | date=2002 | url=http://www.nnfcc.co.uk/crops/info/lesquerella.pdf | format= | doi= | accessdate=2007-08-01}}</ref> Alternatively, some researchers are trying to genetically modify the castor plant to prevent the synthesis of ricin.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Wood | first=M. | title=High-Tech Castor Plants May Open Door to Domestic Production | journal=Agricultural Research Magazine | volume=49 | issue=1 | pages= | date=2001 | url=http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/AR/archive/jan01/plant0101.htm | doi= | id= | accessdate=2007-08-02}}</ref>
== Castor oil fatty acids ==
{| name="acids" class="wikitable"
! colspan=5 | Average composition of Castor seed oil / [[fatty acid]] chains
|-
| Acid name
| colspan=3 | Average Percentage Range
|-
| [[Ricinoleic acid]]
| align=right | 85
| align=center | to
| 95%
|-
| [[Oleic acid]]
| align=right | 6
| align=center | to
| 2%
|-
| [[Linoleic acid]]
| align=right | 5
| align=center | to
| 1%
|-
| [[Linolenic acid]]
| align=right | 1
| align=center | to
| 0.5%
|-
| [[Stearic acid]]
| align=right | 1
| align=center | to
| 0.5%
|-
| [[Palmitic acid]]
| align=right | 1
| align=center | to
| 0.5%
|-
| [[Dihydroxystearic acid]]
| align=right | 0.5
| align=center | to
| 0.3%
|-
| Others
| align=right | 0.5
| align=center | to
| 0.2%
|}
<!-- Todo; oil fat comparison chart ... -->
== Uses ==
=== Castor oil in food ===
In the food industry, castor oil (food grade) is used in food additives,<ref>[http://www.kristinasoil.com/fyi.html#food Castor Oil Facts<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> flavorings, candy (i.e., chocolate),<ref>{{cite web | title=Overview of the preparation, use and biological studies on polyglycerol polyricinoleate (PGPR) | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=9737417&query_hl=1&itool=pubmed_docsum | format=| publisher=PubMed | accessdate=2007-01-26}}</ref> as a mold inhibitor, and in packaging. Polyoxyethylated castor oil (eg. [[Cremophor EL]])<ref>{{cite web |title=BASF Technical data sheet on Cremophor EL®|url=http://www.basf-korea.co.kr/.../04_finechemicals/document/cosmetic/tech/surfactants/down.asp?file=cremophorel.pdf |accessdate=2007-08-01}}</ref> is also used in the foodstuff industries.<ref>{{cite web | title=Cremophor EL® stimulates mitotic recombination in uvsH//uvsH diploid strain of Aspergillus nidulans. | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?itool=abstractplus&db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=abstractplus&list_uids=15048194 | format=| publisher=PubMed | accessdate=2007-01-26}}</ref>
=== Medicinal use of castor oil ===
The United States [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) has categorized castor oil as "generally recognized as safe and effective" (GRASE) for over-the-counter use as a [[laxative]], with its major site of action the [[small intestine]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.fda.gov/cder/Offices/OTC/Ingredient_List_A-C.pdf | title=Ingredient List A-C | publisher=FDA (see page 52 of this link)| accessdate=2006-12-28}}</ref> However, it is not a preferred treatment for constipation.<ref> Castor Oil. DRUGDEX® System. n.d. Thomson Micromedex. Retrieved February 19, 2007 [http://www.thomsonhc.com] </ref> Castor oil can also be used to induce [[childbirth]], but doing so is sometimes cautioned against because it can lead to complications for the childbirth process, including dehydration of the mother and other risks associated with any inducement of pregnancy, such as fetal distress from too strong contractions, increased risk of uterine rupture, unintentional prematurity of the baby, and increased pain for the mother.<ref>{{cite web |author=Huntley, Alicia |title=Castor Oil to Encourage Labor |work=StorkNet |url=http://www.storknet.com/cubbies/childbirth/exah2.htm |accessdate=2008-01-01 }}</ref>
[[Undecylenic acid]], a castor oil derivative, is also FDA-approved for over-the-counter use on skin disorders or skin problems.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.fda.gov/cder/Offices/OTC/Ingredient_List_P-Z.pdf | title=Ingredient List P-Z | publisher=FDA (see page 65 of this link)| accessdate=2006-12-28}}</ref>
[[Ricinoleic acid]] is the main component of castor oil and it exerts anti-inflammatory effects.<ref>{{cite web | title=Effect of ricinoleic acid in acute and subchronic experimental models of inflammation | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=search&term=11200362 | format=| publisher=PubMed | accessdate=2007-01-06}}</ref>
One study has found that castor oil decreased pain more than ultrasound gel or Vaseline during [[Extracorporeal shockwave therapy|extracorporeal shock wave]] application.<ref>{{cite web | title=Castor oil decreases pain during extracorporeal shockwave application | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?itool=abstractplus&db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=abstractplus&list_uids=10613232 | format=| publisher=PubMed | accessdate=2007-01-15}}</ref> Therapeutically, modern drugs are rarely given in a pure chemical state, so most active ingredients are combined with excipients or additives. Castor oil, or a castor oil derivative such as [[Cremophor EL]] (polyethoxylated castor oil, a nonionic [[surfactant]]), is added to many modern drugs, including:
*[[Miconazole]], an anti-fungal agent;<ref>{{cite web | title=Reversible Thrombocytosis and Anemia Due to Miconazole Therapy | url=http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=429768&blobtype=pdf | format=pdf| publisher=PubMed | accessdate=2007-01-06}} See page 1, Methods and Materials.</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Overview of medically important antifungal azole derivatives | url=http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=358042&blobtype=pdf | format=pdf| publisher=PubMed | accessdate=2007-01-06}} See page 6, /192, Clinical studies</ref>
*[[Paclitaxel]], a mitotic inhibitor used in cancer chemotherapy;<ref>{{cite web | title=Abraxane in the treatment of ovarian cancer: the absence of hypersensitivity reactions | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=16226797&query_hl=22&itool=pubmed_docsum | format=| publisher=PubMed | accessdate=2007-01-06}}</ref>
*Sandimmune ([[cyclosporine]] injection, USP), an immunosuppressant drug widely used in connection with organ transplant to reduce the activity of the patient's immune system;<ref>{{cite web | title=Sandimmune ingredients | url = http://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/search.cfm?startswith=sandimmune&x=10&y=6 |publisher=DailyMed | accessdate=2007-01-06}}</ref>
*[[Nelfinavir mesylate]], an [[HIV]] protease inhibitor;<ref>{{cite web | title=Circulating Metabolites of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Protease Inhibitor Nelfinavir in Humans: Structural Identification, Levels in Plasma, and Antiviral Activities | url=http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=90428 | format= | publisher=PubMed | accessdate=2007-01-06}}</ref>
*Saperconazole, a triazole antifungal agent (contains Emulphor EL -719P, a castor oil derivative);<ref>{{cite web | title=Saperconazole Therapy of Murine Disseminated Candidiasis: | url=http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/pagerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&pageindex=1&artid=284460 | format=| publisher=PubMed | accessdate=2007-01-06}}</ref>
*[[Prograf]], an immunosuppressive drug (contains HCO-60, polyoxyl 60 [[castor wax|hydrogenated Castor oil]]);{{Fact|date=August 2007}}
<!-- Someone who understands better, please edit the following bullet item to read well -->
*Xenaderm ointment, a topical treatment for skin ulcers is a combination of [[Balsam Peru]], Castor oil, and trypsin;<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.healthpoint.com/divisions/tm/prodXenaderm.cfm |title=Product Information: XENADERM(TM) topical ointment, balsam peru, castor oil and trypsin topical ointment. Healthpoint,Ltd., San Antonio, TX, 2002|accessdate=2007-10-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Heparin - induced thrombocytopenia syndrome bullous lesions treated with trypsin - balsam of peru - castor oil ointment: a case study | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=16014993&query_hl=8&itool=pubmed_docsum | format=| publisher=PubMed | accessdate=2007-01-06}}</ref>
<!-- Someone who understands better, please edit the following bullet item to read well -->
*Aci-Jel, a gel used to create or maintain the acidity of the vagina (comprises acetic acid/oxyquinoline/[[ricinoleic acid]] - vaginal)<ref>{{cite web | title=Aci-Jel (Vaginal Jelly) drug description - prescription drugs and medications at RxList | url=http://www.rxlist.com/cgi/generic/acijel.htm | format= | publisher=RxList | accessdate=2007-10-26}}</ref>
==== Traditional or folk medicines ====
The use of cold pressed castor oil in folk medicine predates government regulations. Cold pressed castor oil is tasteless and odorless when pure. Uses include skin problems, burns, sunburns, skin disorders, skin cuts, and abrasions. Castor oil can also be used to draw out styes in the eye by pouring a small amount into the eye and allowing it to circulate around the inside of the eyelid. The oil is also used as a rub or pack for various ailments, including abdominal complaints, headaches, muscle pains, inflammatory conditions, skin eruptions, lesions, and sinusitis. A castor oil pack is made by soaking a piece of flannel in castor oil, then putting it on the area of complaint and placing a heat source, such as a hot water bottle, on top of it. This remedy was often suggested by the American Healing Psychic, [[Edgar Cayce]], given in many healing readings in the early mid-1900s.<ref>[http://edgarcayce.org/health/database/aboutCastorOil.html What is Castor Oil?]. ''Edgar Cayce's Association for Research Enlightenment, Inc.''</ref>
=== Industrial castor oil ===
Castor oil has numerous applications in transportation, cosmetics and pharmaceutical, and manufacturing industries, for example: [[adhesive]]s<ref name="uses"/>, [[brake fluid]]s <ref> {{cite web|url=http://stinet.dtic.mil/oai/oai?&verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=AD0737879|title= Castor oil as a component of brake fluid|accessdate=2007-08-03}}</ref>, caulks, [[dye]]s<ref name="uses"/>, electrical liquid dielectrics, [[humectant]]s,<ref name="uses">{{cite web|url=http://whc-oils.com/castor-oil.html|title= Multiple uses of castor oil|accessdate=2007-08-02}}</ref> hydraulic fluids, [[ink]]s<ref name="uses"/>, lacquers, [[leather]] treatments,<ref name="uses"/> lubricating greases, machining oils, [[paint]]s<ref name="uses"/>, pigments, [[polyurethane]] adhesives <ref>{{cite journal| last=Azambuja | first =Maximiliano dos Anjos | coauthors =Dias, Antonio Alves | title =Use of castor oil-based polyurethane adhesive in the production of glued laminated timber beams| journal =Mat. Res. [online]| date= 2006, vol. 9, no. 3 | pages =287–291 | url =http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1516-14392006000300008&lng=en&nrm=iso | accessdate =2007-08-02}}</ref>
, refrigeration lubricants, [[rubber]]s<ref name="uses"/>, sealants, [[textiles]]<ref name="uses"/>, washing powders, and waxes.
Vegetable oils, due to their good [[lubricity]] and [[biodegradability]] are attractive alternatives to [[petroleum]]-derived [[lubricants]], but [[oxidation|oxidative]] stability and low temperature performance limit their widespread use.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=166442|title= Chemical modification to improve vegetable oil lubricants|accessdate=2007-08-02}}</ref> Castor oil has better low temperature [[viscosity]] properties and high temperature lubrication than most vegetable oils, making it useful as a lubricant in [[Jet engine|jet]], [[Diesel engine|diesel]], and race-car engines.<ref>{{cite web | last =McGuire | first =Nancy
| title =Taming the Bean | publisher =The American Chemical Society | date= 2004 | url =http://www.chemistry.org/portal/a/c/s/1/feature_pro.html?id=c373e9faf603d46b8f6a4fd8fe800100 | accessdate =2007-08-02 }}</ref> However, castor oil tends to form gums in a short time, and its use is therefore restricted to engines that are regularly rebuilt, such as [[motorcycle]] race engines. Biodegradability results in decreased persistence in the environment (relative to petroleum-based lubricants<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/sources/non-renewable/oil.html#Environment | title=Petroleum Oil and the Environment | publisher=DOE | accessdate=2006-12-28}}</ref>) in case of an accidental release. The lubricants company [[Castrol]] took its name from castor oil.
Since it is has a relatively high [[dielectric constant]] (4.7), highly refined and dried castor oil is sometimes used as a dielectric fluid within high performance high voltage [[capacitor]]s.
Castor oil is the raw material for the production of a number of chemicals, notably [[sebacic acid]], [[undecylenic acid]], [[nylon]]-11. A review listing numerous chemicals derived from castor oil is available.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ogunniyi |first=D.S. |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2006 |month= June|title=Castor oil: A vital industrial raw material |journal=Bioresource Technology |volume=97 |issue=9 |pages= 1086–1091|id= |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V24-4G7NSTG-3&_user=432163&_coverDate=06%2F30%2F2006&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000020718&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=432163&md5=fb81fe7480f87cd089cc1ff182a001fb |accessdate=2008-08-10 |quote=|doi=10.1016/j.biortech.2005.03.028 }}</ref>
Castor oil is the preferred lubricant for [[bicycle pump]]s, most likely because it doesn't dissolve natural-rubber seals.<ref>"Here's a good tip: Instead of lubricating your pump with petroleum oil, which will rot the pump's rubber parts, use castor oil, available at your local drugstore." Jules Older, ''Backroad and Offroad Biking'' (Stackpole Books (August 2000)), ISBN 0811731502, ISBN 978-0811731508, at p. 37; viewable via Google Book Search [http://books.google.com/books?id=INNM7b2bQzkC&pg=PA35&dq=%22Jules+Older%22+%22Backroad+and+Offroad+Biking%22&sig=2u6-HyT5x1ON0ab8juHLYhguMw4 here]</ref>
===Uses in early aviation and aeromodelling===
Castor oil was the preferred [[lubricant]] for the early aviation powerplant design known as the [[rotary engine]], such as the [[Gnome et Rhône|Gnome engine]]s used in pre-World War I "pioneer aircraft", after that engine's widespread adoption for aviation in Europe in 1909, and was used almost universally by the rotary engines in [[World War I]] Allied aircraft.
The [[methanol]]-fuelled [[Glow plug (model engine)|glow plug engines]] used for aeromodelling purposes, since their adoption in the [[model airplane]] hobby in 1948, have used castor oil as a dependable lubricant that is highly resistant to degradation when the engine has its fuel-air mixture "leaned out" for maximum engine speed. The aforementioned gummy residue problem can still be troublesome for aeromodelling powerplants lubricated with castor oil, however, usually resulting in eventual [[ball bearing]] replacement when the residue builds up too much within the engine's bearing races.
Castor [[biofuel]] farming started in 2008 in [[Ethiopia]]. Families in the Waletia and Goma Gofa regions of Ethiopia began by seeding castor beans for use in [[biodiesel]]. The initiative is run by energy company Global Energy Ethiopia, who are also conducting a research and development programme to create new varieties of castor with better yields. (Sub-Saharan Africa gateway, Science and Development Network website, 2008)
==Use as a means of intimidation in Fascist Italy ==
In [[History of Italy as a monarchy and in the World Wars|Fascist Italy]] under the regime of [[Benito Mussolini]], castor oil was one of the tools of the [[blackshirts]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia
| title =Italy The rise of Mussolini
| encyclopedia =Encyclopædia Britannica Online
| volume =
| pages =
| publisher =Encyclopædia Britannica
| date= 2007
| url =http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-27762/Italy
| accessdate =2007-08-03 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news
| last =
| first =
| coauthors =
| title =Benito's Birthday
| work =
| pages =
| language =
| publisher =Time, in partnership with CNN
| date =Monday, Aug. 06, 1923
| url =http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,716284,00.html?iid=chix-sphere
| accessdate =2007-08-03 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book
| last =Bosworth
| first =R. J. B.
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title =Mussolini
| publisher =Arnold/Oxford Univ. Press
| date= 2002
| location =New York
| pages =
| url =
| doi =
| id =
| isbn =0340731443 }}</ref> [[Political dissident]]s were force-fed large quantities of castor oil by Fascist [[paramilitary]] groups. This technique was said to have been originated by [[Gabriele D'Annunzio]]. Victims of this treatment would experience severe [[diarrhea]] and [[dehydration]], often resulting in death.<ref>[http://www.straightdope.com/classics/a4_028.html The Straight Dope: Did Mussolini use castor oil as an instrument of torture?<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
Sometimes when the blackshirts wished to make sure that the victim would die rather than simply be badly disabled, they would mix [[gasoline]] with the castor oil.{{Fact|date=March 2008}}
It is said that Mussolini's power was backed by "the [[Club (weapon)|bludgeon]] and castor oil". In lesser quantities, castor oil was also used as an instrument of intimidation, for example to discourage civilians or soldiers who would call in sick either in the factory or in the military. Since its healing properties were widely exaggerated, abuse could be easily masked under pretense of a doctor's prescription. It took decades after Mussolini's death before the myth of castor oil as a panacea for a wide range of diseases and medical conditions was totally demystified, as it was also widely administered to pregnant women, elderly or mentally-ill patients in hospitals in the false belief that it had no negative side effects.
=== Linguistic connotations ===
Today the Italian terms ''manganello'' and ''olio di ricino'', even used separately, still carry strong political connotations. These words are still used to satirize patronizing politicians, or the authors of unpopular legislation. They should be used with caution in common conversation. The terms ''Usare l'olio di ricino'', ("to use castor oil") and ''usare il manganello'' ("use the bludgeon") mean "to coerce or abuse," and can be misunderstood in the absence of proper context.
== See also ==
* [[Castor plant]]
* [[Castor wax]]
== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}
== External links ==
*{{ICSC|1452|14}}
{{Laxatives}}
{{fatsandoils}}
[[Category:Laxatives]]
[[Category:Lubricants]]
[[Category:Dielectrics]]
[[Category:Cosmetic chemicals]]
[[ca:Oli de ricí]]
[[da:Ricinusolie]]
[[de:Rizinusöl]]
[[es:Aceite de ricino]]
[[fr:Huile de ricin]]
[[hu:Ricinusolaj]]
[[id:Minyak jarak]]
[[it:Olio di ricino]]
[[nl:Wonderolie]]
[[ja:ひまし油]]
[[pl:Olej rycynowy]]
[[ru:Касторовое масло]]
[[su:Kastroli]]
[[fi:Risiiniöljy]]
[[sv:Ricinolja]]
[[zh:蓖麻油]]
[[http://www.scidev.net/en/sub-suharan-africa/news/sub-saharan-africa-news-in-brief-25-march-9-april.html Castor biofuel farming starts in Ethiopia]]