Cathedral 45883 224843944 2008-07-10T17:48:19Z 84.255.240.220 /* The Secular Chapter */ correction to photo caption at York. Clearly it is a practice and not the service {{refimprove|date=May 2007}} {{otheruses2|Cathedral}} [[Image:Catedral Metropolitana de Sao Paulo 1 Brasil-edit-01.jpg|thumb|[[Catedral da se|São Paulo Cathedral]], a representative modern cathedral built in Neo-Gothic style.]] [[Image:Procession at St. Marys Episcopal Cathedral.jpg|thumb|Procession in St. Mary's Episcopal Cathedral, Memphis, Tennessee.]] :''This article is about the history and organisation of the cathedral. For architecture, see Main article: [[Cathedral architecture of Western Europe]]'' A '''cathedral''' ([[Latin|Lat]]. ''cathedra'', "seat") also spelled '''cathedrale''', is a Christian church that contains the seat of a [[bishop]]. It is a [[Religion|religious]] building for [[worship]], specifically of a denomination with an episcopal hierarchy, such as the [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]], [[Anglicanism|Anglican]], [[Orthodox Christian|Orthodox]] and some [[Lutheranism|Lutheran]] churches, which serves as a bishop's seat, and thus as the central church of a [[diocese]]. <ref>New Standard Encyclopedia, 1992 by Standard Educational Corporation, Chicago, Illinois; page B-262c</ref> In the Greek Orthodox Church, the terms "kathedrikos naos" (literally: "cathedral shrine") and "metropolis" (literally "mother city") are used interchangeably to describe the same thing. "Metropolis" is more common, but both terms are officially used. There are certain variations on the use of the term "cathedral"; for example, some [[Protestant Reformation|pre-Reformation]] cathedrals in [[Scotland]] now within the [[Church of Scotland]] still retain the term cathedral, despite the Church's [[Presbyterianism|Presbyterian]] polity which does not have bishops. As cathedrals are often particularly impressive edifices, the term is often used incorrectly as a designation for any large important church. Several cathedrals in [[Europe]], such as [[Strasbourg]], and in [[England]] at [[York]], [[Lincoln, Lincolnshire|Lincoln]] and [[Southwell]], are referred to as [[Minster (cathedral)|''Minster'']] (German: ''Münster'') churches, from Latin ''monasterium'', because the establishments were served by canons living in community or may have been an [[abbey]], prior to the [[Reformation]]. The other kind of great church in Western Europe is the [[abbey]]. ==Definition== [[Image:St Andrews Sydney 11 Bishop Broughtons chair.jpg|thumb|left|upright|The chair of Bishop Broughton, first Anglican Bishop of [[Sydney]], [[Australia]].]] The word cathedral is derived from the Latin noun "cathedra" (''seat'' or ''chair''), and refers to the presence of the bishop's or archbishop's chair or throne. In the ancient world, the chair was the symbol of a teacher and thus of the bishop's role as teacher, and also of an official presiding as a magistrate and thus of the bishop's role in governing a diocese. The word cathedral, though now grammatically used as a noun, is originally the adjective in the phrase "cathedral church", from the Latin "ecclesia cathedralis". The seat marks the place set aside in the prominent church of the diocese for the head of that diocese and is therefore a major symbol of authority.<ref>New Standard Encyclopedia, 1992 by Standard Educational Corporation, Chicago, Illinois; page C-172/3</ref> ==History and organization== ===Designation=== In the [[Canon law (Catholic Church)|Canon law]] of the [[Catholic Church]] the relationship of the bishop to his cathedral is often compared to the relationship of a pastor to the parochial church. Both are pastors over an area (the [[diocese]] for the bishop and the parish for the pastor) and both are [[rector]]s over a building (the cathedral for the bishop and the parish church for the pastor). In view of this, canon lawyers often extend the metaphor and speak of the cathedral church as the one church of the diocese, and all others are deemed [[chapel]]s in their relation to it. [[Image:Roma San Giovanni in Laterano BW 2.JPG|thumb|The Patriarchal Cathedral of [[San Giovanni in Laterano]], [[Rome]].]] [[Image:Angelo scola 07 2005.jpg|thumb|A service conducted by the Patriarch of Venice, [[Angelo Scola]].]] Cathedral churches may have different degrees of dignity: # A parish church that was ''formerly''' a cathedral is known as a "''[[proto-cathedral]]''". # A parish church that is ''temporarily serving'' as the cathedral or co-cathedral of a diocese is known as a "''[[pro-cathedral]]''". # A church that serves as an ''additional cathedral'' of a diocesan bishop is known as a "''[[co-cathedral]]''". # The church of a diocesan bishop is known as a "''cathedral''". # A church to which other diocesan cathedral churches of a province are ''[[suffragan]]'' is a "''metropolitan cathedral''". # A church under which are ranged ''metropolitical churches and their provinces'' is a "''primatial cathedral''". # A church to which ''primatial, metropolitical, and cathedral churches'' alike owe allegiance is a "''patriarchal cathedral''". The title of "[[primate (religion)|primate]]" was occasionally conferred on [[metropolitan bishop]]s of sees of great dignity or importance, such as [[Canterbury]], [[York]] and [[Rouen]], whose cathedral churches remained simply metropolitical. [[Lyon]], where the cathedral church is still known as ''La Primatiale'', and [[Lund]] in [[Sweden]], may be cited as instances of churches which were really primatial. Lyon had the archbishops of [[Sens]] and [[Paris]] and their provincial dioceses subject to it until the [[French Revolution]], and Lund had the archbishop of [[Uppsala]] and his province subject to it. As with the title of primate, so also that of "[[patriarch]]" has been conferred on sees such as [[Venice]] and [[Lisbon]], the cathedral churches of which are patriarchal in name alone. The [[Basilica di San Giovanni in Laterano]], the cathedral church of [[Rome]], is the only one in [[Western Europe]] which possesses a patriarchal character among [[Roman Catholicism|Roman Catholic]]s, since the [[Pope]] is the [[Patriarch]] of the [[Latin Rite]] church. However, in February of 2006, [[Pope Benedict XVI]] ceased the use of the title "[[Patriarch of the West]]". The removal of a bishop's ''cathedra'' from a church deprives that church of its cathedral dignity, although often the name clings in common speech, as for example at [[Antwerp]], which was deprived of its bishop at the French Revolution. Technically, such a church is a ''proto-cathedral''. ===Rule of the clergy=== [[Image:Aachen Cathedral North View at Evening.jpg|thumb|[[Aachen Cathedral]], [[Germany]], founded by [[Charlemagne]] in 800 AD, coronation place of the [[Holy Roman Emperor]].]] [[Image:Duomo e Battistero di Parma.jpg|thumb|The Romanesque [[Cathedral of Parma]], [[Italy]], with its monastery to the right and free-standing bapistry.]] [[Image:Lipari cloisters.jpg|thumb|The cloisters of Lipari Cathedral, [[Sicily]].]] ====Early Middle Ages: religious communities==== The history of the body of clergy attached to the cathedral church is obscure, and in each case local considerations affected its development, however the main features which were more or less common to all. Originally the bishop and cathedral clergy formed a kind of religious community, which, while not in the true sense a [[monastery]], was nevertheless often called a ''monasterium'', the word not having the restricted meaning which it afterwards acquired. In this lies the reason for the apparent anomaly that churches like [[York Minster]] and [[Lincoln Cathedral]], which never had any monks attached to them, have inherited the name of [[minster (cathedral)|minster]] or monastery. In these early communities the clergy often lived apart in their own dwellings, and were not infrequently married. In the 8th century [[Chrodegang]], [[bishop of Metz]] (743-766), compiled a code of rules for the clergy of the cathedral churches, which, though widely accepted in [[Germany]] and other parts of the continent, gained little acceptance in [[England]]. According to Chrodegang's rule, the cathedral clergy were to live under a common roof, occupy a common dormitory and submit to the authority of a special officer. The rule of Chrodegang was, in fact, a modification of the [[Benedictine]] rule. [[Gisa]], a native of [[Lorraine (province)|Lorraine]], who was bishop of [[Wells]] from 1061 to 1088, introduced it into England, and imposed its observance on the clergy of his cathedral church, but it was not followed for long there, or elsewhere in England. ====Late Middle Ages: monastic and secular cathedrals==== During the 10th and 11th centuries, the cathedral clergy became more definitely organized, and were divided into two classes. One was that of a monastic establishment of some recognized order of [[monks]], often the Benedictines, while the other class was that of a college of clergy, bound by no vows except those of their ordination, but governed by a code of statutes or canons. Hence the name of ''canon''. In this way arose the distinction between the monastic and secular cathedral churches. In [[Germany]] and England many of the cathedral churches were monastic. In [[Denmark]] all seem to have been Benedictine at first, except [[Børglum]], which was [[Premonstratensian]] till the [[Protestant Reformation|Reformation]]. The others were changed to churches of secular canons. In Sweden, Uppsala was originally Benedictine, but was secularized about 1250, and it was ordered that each of the cathedral churches of Sweden should have a chapter of at least fifteen secular canons. In Medieval [[France]] monastic chapters were very common, but nearly all the monastic cathedral churches were changed to churches of secular canons before the 17th century. One of the latest to be so changed was that of Seez, in [[Normandy]], which was [[Augustinian]] till 1547, when [[Pope Paul III]] dispensed the members from their vows, and constituted them a chapter of secular canons. The chapter of Senez was monastic till 1647, and others perhaps even later, but the majority were secularized about the time of the Reformation. In the case of monastic cathedral churches, the internal government was that of the religious order to which the chapter belonged, and all the members kept perpetual residence. The alternative of this was the cathedral ruled by a secular chapter; the dignities of provost, dean, precentor, chancellor, treasurer, etc., came into being for the regulation and good order of the church and its services, while the non-residence of the canons, rather than their perpetual residence, became the rule, and led to their duties being performed by a body of "vicars", who officiated for them at the services of the church. ===History of Cathedrals in Britain=== [[Image:Durham Kathedrale Nahaufnahme.jpg|thumb|[[Durham Cathedral]] was under Benedictine rule.]] [[Image:Lincoln cathedral 07 fromBishopspalace.jpg|thumb|The ruins of the medieval Bishop's Palace at Lincoln, which was ruled by secular canons]] [[Image:Wells cathedral.jpg|thumb|[[Wells Cathedral|Wells]], a rare example in England of management (briefly) by a Provost.]] [[Image:Lincoln cathedral 06 Chapterhouse.jpg|thumb|The Chapter House at [[Lincoln Cathedral]].]] {{main|Historical development of Church of England dioceses}} The history of the cathedrals in Britain differs somewhat from that on the European continent. Cathedrals have always been fewer than in Italy, France and other parts of Europe, while the buildings themselves tend to be very large. While France, at the time of the [[French Revolution]] had 136 cathedrals, England had 27. Because of a ruling that no cathedral could be built in a village, any town in which a cathedral was located was elevated to city status, regardless of its size. To this day several large English Cathedrals are located in small "cathedral cities", notably [[Wells Cathedral|Wells]] and [[Ely Cathedral|Ely]] Cathedrals, both of which rank among the greatest works of English Medieval Architecture. ====Early organisation==== In earlier times, populations were sparsely spread and towns were few. The total population of Britain in the 11th century is estimated at between 1 and 2 million, with Lincolnshire, East Anglia and East Kent the most densely populated areas with more than 10 people per square mile, while northern England, Dartmoor and the Welsh Marches had less than three people per square mile. This is because many villages had been razed by the conquest armies.<ref>http://www.domesdaybook.co.uk/life.html#6 The Doomsday Book</ref> Instead of exercising jurisdiction over definite areas, many of the bishops were bishops of tribes or peoples, as the bishops of the south [[Saxons]], the West Saxons, the Somersætas, etc. The ''cathedra'' of such a bishop was often migratory. In 1075 a council was held in [[London]], under the presidency of Archbishop [[Lanfranc]], which, reciting the decrees of the council of [[Sardica]] held in 347 and that of [[Council of Laodicea|Laodicea]] held in 360 on this matter, ordered the bishop of the south Saxons to remove his [[Episcopal see|see]] from [[Selsey]] to [[Chichester]]; the [[Wiltshire]] and [[Dorset]] bishop to remove his cathedra from [[Sherborne]] to [[Old Sarum]], and the [[Mercia]]n bishop, whose cathedral was then at [[Lichfield]], to transfer it to [[Chester, England|Chester]]. Traces of the tribal and migratory system may still be noted in the designations of the Irish see of [[Meath]] (where the result has been that there is now no cathedral church) and [[Ossory]], the cathedral church of which is at [[Kilkenny]]. Some of the Scottish sees were also migratory. ====Late Middle Ages==== Between 1075 and the 15th century, the cathedrals of England were almost evenly divided between those ruled by secular canons headed by a dean and those ruled by monastic orders headed by a prior, all of which were Benedictine except Carlisle. Two cathedrals, Bath and Coventry, shared their sees with Wells and Lichfield, respectively. ====Reformation==== The entire structure of the monastic and cathedral system was overthrown and reconstituted during the [[Reformation]]. Cathedrals which were once [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] came under the governance of the [[Church of England]]. All the English monastic cathedral chapters [[Dissolution of the Monasteries|were dissolved by Henry VIII]] and, with the exceptions of [[Bath abbey|Bath]] and [[Coventry cathedral|Coventry]], were refounded by him as churches of secular chapters, with a dean as the head, and a certain number of canons ranging from twelve at [[Canterbury cathedral|Canterbury]] and [[Durham Cathedral|Durham]] to four at [[Carlisle Cathedral|Carlisle]], and with certain subordinate officers as minor canons, gospellers, epistolers, etc. The precentorship in these churches of the "New Foundation", as they are called, is not, as in the secular churches of the "Old Foundation", a dignity, but is merely an office held by one of the minor canons. Henry VIII also created six new cathedrals from old monastic establishments, in each case governed by secular canons. Of these, Westminster did not retain its cathedral status. Four more of England's large historic churches were later to become cathedrals, Southwell, Southwark, Ripon and St. Albans Abbey. ===Roles within the cathedral=== ====Provost==== In most of [[Europe]], the earliest head of a secular church seems to have been the provost (praepositus, Probst, etc.), who was charged not only with the internal regulation of the church, and oversight of the members of the chapter and control of the services, but was also the steward or seneschal of the lands and possessions of the church. The latter often mainly engaged his attention, to the neglect of his domestic and ecclesiastical duties, and complaints were soon raised that the provost was too much mixed in worldly affairs, and was too frequently absent from his spiritual duties. This led, in many cases, to the institution of a new officer called the "dean", who had charge of that portion of the provost's duties which related to the internal discipline of the chapter and the services of the church. In some cases, the office of provost was abolished, but in others it was continued: the provost, who was occasionally archdeacon as well, remaining head of the chapter. This arrangement was most commonly followed in Germany. In England the provost was almost unknown. Bishop Gisa introduced a provost as head of the chapter of [[Wells Cathedral|Wells]], but the office was afterwards subordinated to the other dignities, and the provost became simply the steward of certain of the prebendal lands. The provost of the collegiate church of [[Beverly Minster|Beverley]] was the most notable instance of such an officer in England, but at Beverley he was an external officer with authority in the government of the church, no stall in the choir and no vote in chapter. In Germany and in [[Scandinavia]], and in a few of the cathedral churches in the south of France, the provost was the ordinary head of the cathedral chapter, but the office was not common elsewhere. As regards France, of one hundred and thirty six cathedral churches existing at the [[French Revolution|Revolution]], thirty-eight only, and those either on the borders of Germany or in the extreme south, had a provost as the head of the chapter. In others the provost existed as a subordinate officer. There were two provosts at [[Autun cathedral|Autun]], and [[Lyons cathedral|Lyons]] and [[Chartres cathedral|Chartres]] had four each, all as subordinate officers. ===The Secular Chapter=== [[Image:Chrám svaté Sofie (Kyjev).jpg|thumb|[[Saint Sophia Cathedral in Kiev|St. Sofia Cathedral]] in [[Kiev]].]] [[Image:Stephansdom Wien 1.jpg|thumb|Tourists visiting the interior of St. Stephen's, Vienna.]] [[Image:Canterbury Cathedral Crypt.jpg|thumb|The Norman crypt at Canterbury.]] [[Image:Evensong in York Minster.jpg|thumb|Choir practice at York Minster.]] [[Image:CatedralChihuahua.jpg|thumb|The Metropolitan Cathedral of [[Chihuahua]], [[Mexico]], in the Spanish Baroque style.]] [[Image:Ss Peter Paul Catholic Cathedral.jpg|thumb|After a service at Ss. Peter and Paul Cathedral, Sri Lanka.]] The normal constitution of the chapter of a secular cathedral church comprised four dignitaries (there might be more), in addition to the canons. These are the Dean, the Precentor, the Chancellor and the Treasurer. These four dignitaries, occupying the four corner stalls in the choir, are called in many of the statutes the ''quatuor majores personae'' of the church. ====Dean==== The dean (''decanus'') seems to have derived his designation from the [[Benedictine order|Benedictine]] "dean" who had ten monks under his charge. The dean came into existence to supply the place of the provost in the internal management of the church and chapter. In England every secular cathedral church was headed by a dean who was originally elected by the chapter and confirmed in office by the bishop. The dean is president of the chapter, and with the in cathedral has charge of the performance of the services, taking specified portions of them by statute on the principal festivals. He sits in the chief stall in the choir, which is usually the first on the right hand on entering the choir at the west. ====Precentor==== Next to the dean (as a rule) is the precentor (primicerius, cantor, etc.), whose special duty is that of regulating the musical portion of the services. He presides in the dean's absence, and occupies the corresponding stall on the left side, although there are exceptions to this rule, where, as at [[St. Paul's Cathedral|St Paul]]'s, the archdeacon of the cathedral city ranks second and occupies what is usually the precentor's stall. ====Chancellor==== The third dignitary is the chancellor (scholasticus, écoldtre, capiscol, magistral, etc.), who must not be confounded with the chancellor of the diocese. The chancellor of the cathedral church is charged with the oversight of its schools, ought to read divinity lectures, and superintend the lections in the choir and correct slovenly readers. He is often the secretary and librarian of the chapter. In the absence of the dean and precentor he is president of the chapter. The easternmost stall, on the dean's side of the choir, is usually assigned to him. ====Treasurer==== The fourth dignitary is the treasurer (custos, sacrisla, cheficier). He is guardian of the fabric, and of all the furniture and ornaments of the church, and his duty was to provide bread and wine for the [[Eucharist]], and candles and incense, and he regulated such matters as the ringing of the bells. The treasurer's stall is opposite to that of the chancellor. ====Additional clergy==== In many cathedral churches are additional dignitaries, as the praelector, subdean, vice-chancellor, succentor-canonicorum, and others, whose roles came into existence to supply the places of the other absent dignitaries, for non-residence was the fatal blot of the secular churches, and in this they contrasted very badly with the monastic churches, where all the members were in continuous residence. Besides the dignitaries there were the ordinary canons, each of whom, as a rule, held a separate prebend or endowment, besides receiving his share of the common funds of the church. For the most part the canons also speedily became non-resident, and this led to the distinction of residentiary and non-residentiary canons, till in most churches the number of resident canons became definitely limited in number, and the non-residentiary canons, who no longer shared in the common funds, became generally known as prebendaries only, although by their non-residence they did not forfeit their position as canons, and retained their votes in chapter like the others. This system of non-residence led also to the institution of vicars choral, each canon having his own vicar, who sat in his stall in his absence, and when the canon was present, in the stall immediately below, on the second form. The vicars had no place or vote in chapter, and, though irremovable except for offences, were the servants of their absent canons whose stalls they occupied, and whose duties they performed. Outside Britain they were often called demi-prebendaries, and they formed the bachcrur of the French churches. As time went on the vicars were themselves often incorporated as a kind of lesser chapter, or college, under the supervision of the dean and chapter. ====Relationship of chapter and bishop==== There was no distinction between the monastic cathedral chapters and those of the secular canons, in their relation to the bishop or diocese. In both cases the chapter was the bishop's consilium which he was bound to consult on all important matters and without doing so he could not act. Thus, a judicial decision of a bishop needed the confirmation of the chapter before it could be enforced. He could not change the service books, or "use" of the church or diocese, without capitular consent, and there are episcopal acts, such as the appointment of a diocesan chancellor, or vicar general, which still need confirmation by the chapter, but the older theory of the chapter as the bishop's council in ruling the diocese has become a thing of the past, in Europe. In its corporate capacity the chapter takes charge sede vacante of a diocese. In England, however (except as regards [[Salisbury Cathedral|Salisbury]] and [[Durham Cathedral|Durham]]), this custom has never obtained, the two archbishops having, from time immemorial, taken charge of the vacant dioceses in their respective provinces. When, however, either of the sees of Canterbury or York is vacant the chapters of those churches take charge, not only of the diocese, but of the province as well, and incidentally, therefore, of any of the dioceses of the province which may be vacant at the same time. == Functions of cathedral== {{incomplete}} [[Image:Stavanger Domkirke.jpg|thumb|[[Stavanger Cathedral]] (Lutheran), Norway, surrounded by a garden.]] [[Image:Sancristobalcathedral.jpg|thumb|[[Havana cathedral|Cathedral of St. Christopher of Havana]], [[Cuba]] is on a busy square.]] [[Image:CobhCathedralAboveTheTown.jpg|thumb|[[Cobh Cathedral]], Ireland, rises up above the town.]] [[Image:Catedral Santiago060305 050.jpg|thumb|[[Santiago de Compostela]], a pilgrimage destination.]] [[Image:Pise Duomo.jpg|thumb|The cathedral at [[Pisa Cathedral|Pisa]], a major tourist destination.]] [[Image:Catedral de México.jpg|thumb|[[Mexico City Metropolitan Cathedral]], with the Sagrario Metropolitano slightly to the right.]] The role of the cathedral is chiefly to serve God in the community, through its hierarchical and organisational position in the church structure. A cathedral, its bishop and dignatories have traditional functions which are mostly religious in nature, but may also be closely associated with the civil and communal life of the city and region. The formal cathedral services are linked to the cycle of the year and respond to the seasons of the Northern Hemisphere. The cathedral marks times of national and local civic celebration and sadness with special services. The funerals of those famous within the community are invariably held at cathedrals. Some cathedrals, such as Aachen and Rheims are the traditional coronation places of monarchs. The bells of a cathedral are traditionally used signal the outbreak and the ending of war. ==The Cathedral building== {{main|Cathedral architecture of Western Europe}} Although a cathedral may be amongst the grandest of churches in the diocese (and country), especially those dating from Medieval and Renaissance times, size and grandeur have never been requirements and (especially in modern times, where functionality is the foremost consideration) a cathedral church may be a modest structure. Early [[Celt]]ic and [[Saxon people|Saxon]] cathedrals, for example, tended to be of diminutive size, as is the Byzantine so-called ''Little Metropole Cathedral'' of [[Athens]]. The plan of a cathedral generally takes the form of a cross which has both symbolic meaning and is functional in terms of church worship, allowing space for clergy, choir, chapels, processions a pipe organ and other activities and objects associated with cathedral tradition. A cathedral, in common with other Christian churches has an altar or table upon which the [[Eucharist]] is laid, a [[lectern]] for reading the [[Bible]] and a [[pulpit]] from which the [[sermon]] is traditionally preached. Cathedrals also have a [[baptismal font]] for the traditional rite of washing that marks the acceptance of a new Christian, (most usually an infant) into the Church. Particularly in Italy, [[baptism]] may take place in a separate building for that purpose. Within the church, an area, usually to the eastern end, is set aside for the ceremonial seats of the dignatories of the church, as well as the choir. Cathedrals of monastic foundation, and some of secular clergy have square [[cloister]]s which traditionally provided an open area where secular activities took place protected from wind and rain. Some cathedrals also have a [[chapter house]] where the chapter could meet. In England, where these buildings have survived, they are often octagonal. A cathedral may front onto the main square of a town, as in [[Florence Cathedral|Florence]], or it may be set in a walled ''close'' as at [[Canterbury Cathedral|Canterbury]]. There may be a number of associated monastic or clergy buildings, a bishop's palace and often a school to educate the choristers. ===Artworks, treasures and tourism=== Many cathedral buildings are very famous for their architecture and have local and national significance, both artistically and historically. Many are listed among the [[UNESCO World Heritage Sites]]. Cathedrals, because of their large size and the fact that they often have towers, spires or domes, have until the 20th century, been the major landmarks in cities or in views across the countryside. With highrise building, civil action has been taken in some cases, such as the [[Cologne Cathedral]] to prevent the vista of the cathedral from being spoiled. Because many cathedrals took centuries to build and decorate, they constitute a major artistic investment for the city in which they stand. Not only may the building itself be architecturally significant, but the church often houses treasures such as stained glass, stone and wood statues, historic tombs, richly carved furniture and object of both artistic and religious significance such as reliquaries. Moreover, the cathedral often plays a major role in telling the story of the town, through its plaques, inscriptions, tombs, stained glass and paintings. For these reason, tourists have travelled to cathedrals for hundred of years. Many cathedrals cater for tourists by charging a fee to any visitors outside service times or requesting a donation or making a charge to take photos. Cathedrals that are particularly popular tourist venues sometimes provide guides, leaflets, souvenirs and cafes. ==See also== * [[List of cathedrals]] * [[Cathedral architecture of Western Europe]] * [[Architecture of the medieval cathedrals of England]] * [[Historical development of Church of England dioceses]] * [[Cathedral diagram]] * [[Basilica]] * [[Duomo]] * [[Minster (cathedral)|Minster]] * [[List of largest cathedrals in the world]] * [[List of tallest church towers]] * [[List of highest church naves]] * [[Three-spired Cathedrals]] == Gallery == <gallery> Image:LaSeu_interior_panorama.jpg|[[La Seu]] Cathedral in [[Palma de Mallorca]] <!-- Deleted image removed: Image:P1130431.JPG|[[Cebu Metropolitan Cathedral]], [[Cebu]], [[Philippines]] --> Image:VilniusCathedralFront.jpg|[[Vilnius Cathedral]], [[Lithuania]] Image:Jakarta Cathedral.jpg|Gereja Katedral Jakarta, [[Jakarta]] Image:Cathedral new orleans.jpg|[[St. Louis Cathedral, New Orleans|Saint Louis Cathedral]] in New Orleans, Louisiana. Image:Cathedral 2 by andy205.jpg|[[Stained Glass]] at [[Cologne Cathedral]] Image:Helsinki Cathedral in July 2004.jpg|The [[Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland|Lutheran]] [[Helsinki Cathedral]] is [[Finland]]'s most famous church. Image:Hildesheim-Dom-Interior 01.JPG|[[Hildesheim]] Cathedral, Germany, maintains its early Romanesque interior. Image:Wawel1.jpg|[[Wawel Cathedral]] in [[Kraków]]. Image:Chartres cathedral 022 Apostles and Saints S.JPG|Saints and Apostles at [[Chartres Cathedral]] Image:Ac.stpats2.JPG|[[St Patrick's Cathedral, Melbourne|St Patrick's Cathedral]] in [[Melbourne, Australia|Melbourne]], [[Australia]]. Image:ZygmuntDzwon.JPG|Zygmunt bell, [[Krakow]] Cathedral, Poland Image:Landakotskirkja.JPG|[[Roman Catholic]] cathedral (basilica minor) [[Landakotskirkja]] of [[Reykjavík]], [[Iceland]]. Image:PragueCathedral03.jpg|[[St. Vitus Cathedral]] in [[Prague]]. Image:Holy-Name-Cathedral-Bombay.jpg|Cathedral of the Holy Name, [[Bombay]]. photo Nichalp Image:DSC03157.jpg|[[Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Sofia|Alexander Nevsky Cathedral]] in [[sofia]] [[Bulgaria]] Image:St Raphaels Cathedral.jpg|[[St. Raphael's Cathedral (Dubuque)|St. Raphael's Cathedral]], [[Dubuque, Iowa|Dubuque]], [[Iowa]]. Image:Llandaff Cathedral.JPG|[[Llandaff Cathedral]]. Image:Milano duomo finestroni.jpg|Detail of the Cathedral of [[Milan]], in [[Italy]] Image:palayamkottai.jpg|Holy Trinity Cathedral [[Palayamkottai]], [[Tirunelveli]], in [[India]] Image:Domkirkjan-Reykjavík-Iceland-20030526.jpg|The Lutheran Cathedral of [[Reykjavík]], [[Iceland]]. Image:Notre-Dame-night.jpg|Night view of [[Notre Dame de Paris]] from the south, spring 2001. Shows the south rose window. Image:Uppsala_Cathedral.JPG|[[Uppsala Cathedral]] (Lutheran) in December 2007. Image:Catedral manizales.jpg|Manizales Cathedral, Columbia Image:Guatemala Cathedral.jpg|[[Guatemala City]], [[Guatemala]] Image:Katedrala4.jpg|[[Zagreb Cathedral]] in [[Zagreb]]. </gallery> ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== {{commons|Cathedral|Cathedral}} *[http://www.gcatholic.com/churches/cath.htm List of all Catholic Cathedrals in the World] by Giga-Catholic Information * [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03438a.htm Cathedral] - Catholic Encyclopedia * [http://www.hayquesufrir.com Photos of English and Spanish Cathedrals ] *[http://www.ofchoristers.net A history of UK cathedral choir schools] [[Category:Types of churches]] [[Category:Cathedrals| ]] [[Category:Ecclesiology]] [[af:Katedraal]] [[ar:كاتدرائية]] [[an:Seu]] [[bg:Катедрала]] [[ca:Catedral]] [[cs:Katedrála]] [[cy:Eglwys gadeiriol]] [[da:Domkirke]] [[de:Kathedrale]] [[et:Katedraal]] [[es:Catedral]] [[eo:Katedralo]] [[fa:کلیسای جامع]] [[fr:Cathédrale]] [[gl:Catedral]] [[ko:성당]] [[hr:Katedrala]] [[id:Katedral]] [[is:Dómkirkja]] [[it:Cattedrale]] [[he:קתדרלה]] [[ka:საკათედრო ტაძარი]] [[la:Cathedralis]] [[lb:Kathedral]] [[lt:Katedra]] [[li:Kathedraal]] [[hu:Székesegyház]] [[nl:Kathedraal]] [[ja:大聖堂]] [[no:Katedral]] [[nn:Domkyrkje]] [[pl:Katedra (budynek)]] [[pt:Catedral]] [[ru:Собор (храм)]] [[simple:Cathedral]] [[sk:Katedrála]] [[sl:Katedrala]] [[sr:Катедрала]] [[fi:Katedraali]] [[sv:Katedral]] [[th:มหาวิหาร]] [[vi:Nhà thờ chính tòa]] [[tr:Katedral]] [[vls:Kathedroale]] [[bat-smg:Suobors]] [[zh:座堂]]