Cedar Revolution 1556708 225426979 2008-07-13T17:11:37Z Rjwilmsi 203434 no 'of' between a month and a year per [[Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style_%28dates_and_numbers%29#Longer_periods|MOS]] using [[Project:AutoWikiBrowser|AWB]] {{History of Lebanon}} The '''Cedar Revolution''' ([[Arabic]]: ثورة الأرز - ''thawrat al-arz'') or '''Independence revolution''' (''intifāḍat al-istiqlāl'') was a chain of demonstrations in [[Lebanon]] (especially in the capital [[Beirut]]) triggered by the [[assassin]]ation of former [[List of Prime Ministers of Lebanon|Lebanese Prime Minister]] [[Rafik Hariri]] on [[February 14]], [[2005]]. The primary goals of the original activists were the withdrawal of [[Syria]]n troops from Lebanon and to replace the Syrian influence with a patriotic Lebanese government, the establishment of an international commission to investigate the assassination of Prime Minister Hariri, the resignation of security officials to ensure the success of the plan, and the organization of free parliamentary elections. The demonstrators requested the end of the Syrian influence in Lebanese politics. At the start of the demonstrations, Syria had been maintaining a force of roughly 14,000 soldiers and intelligence agents in Lebanon. <ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4322477.stm BBC NEWS | Middle East | Syria sidesteps Lebanon demands<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Following the demonstrations, the Syrian troops completely withdrew from Lebanon on [[April 27]] [[2005]]. The Pro-Syrian government was also disbanded, accomplishing the main goal of the revolution. (For background information on Syria's involvement in Lebanese politics, see the articles [[History of Lebanon]], [[Lebanese Civil War]], and [[Syrian occupation of Lebanon]].) The opposition has taken, as its symbol, the white and red scarf, and the pro-Hariri blue ribbon. Popular [[motto]]s of the movement were ''Hurriyya, Siyada, Istiqlal'' ([[Freedom (political)|Freedom]], [[Sovereignty]], [[Independence]]), and ''Haqiqa, Hurriyya, Wahda wataniyya'' ([[Truth]], Freedom, National unity). ==Goals== The main goal of the cedar revolution was the ending of the Syrian military occupation of Lebanon which had lasted about 30 years (since 1976). In addition, many Lebanese called for the return of former Prime Minister [[Michel Aoun]], in exile since 1989, and the release of the imprisoned Lebanese Forces leader [[Samir Geagea]] as a goal of the revolution. Some goals whose accomplishment is sometimes cited in order for the revolution to end include: *Uniting all Lebanese in their fight for freedom and independence *Ousting Karami's Pro-Syrian regime *Firing the six Lebanese commanders of the nation's main security services along with the State Prosecutor *Executing the complete withdrawal of the Syrian troops and their security services from Lebanon *Unmasking the killers of former Prime Minister Rafik Hariri *Running free and democratic parliament elections in spring 2005 free from Syrian interference ==Origins of the name== The name "Cedar Revolution" is a term that was coined by the U.S. [[Under Secretary of State for Global Affairs]] [[Paula J. Dobriansky]] in a news conference,<ref>[http://www.state.gov/g/rls/rm/2005/42793.htm Remarks on Release of Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2004<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A1911-2005Mar2.html The Branding of Lebanon's 'Hysteria' (washingtonpost.com)<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> and used to draw a comparison with the [[Rose Revolution]] of [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], the [[Orange Revolution]] of [[Ukraine]], and the "[[Purple Revolution]]" of [[Iraq]]. In the [[Arab world]], including Lebanon, it is better known as Lebanon's '''Intifada-al-Istiqlal''' (''Independence Uprising''). Other names include the '''Cedar Spring''' (Rabi' el Arz),<ref>[http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_28-3-2005_pg3_6 Daily Times - Leading News Resource of Pakistan<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> in reference to the prevailing season when protests first broke out, and also as an allusion to famous freedom and independence movements like the [[Prague Spring]].<ref>[http://world.mediamonitors.net/headlines/as_the_globe_spins_coverage_of_lebanons_demonstrations_doesnt_tell_whole_story As the Globe spins: Coverage of Lebanon's demonstrations doesn't tell whole story (by Greg Felton) - Media Monitors Network (MMN)<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> The names used by the local media, like the [[Lebanese Broadcasting Corporation|LBC]] and [[Future TV]], to describe this event include '''Lebanon Independence''' (Istiqlal Lubnan), '''Lebanon Spring''' (Rabi' Lubnan), or just '''Independence 05'''. The word ''Cedar'' refers to a [[national emblem]], the [[Lebanon Cedar|Cedar of Lebanon]], a [[tree]] featured on the [[flag of Lebanon]]. ==Groups involved in the revolution== ===Civilian groups and organizations=== * [[Qornet Shehwan Gathering]] (Liqa' Qornet Shehwan) * Citizens for a free Lebanon: Non-governmental organization * [http://www.democracyinlebanon.org The Center for Democracy in Lebanon]: Non-governmental grass-root movement * [http://www.godb.org The Global Organization of Democratic Believers]: An all volunteer group of various religious backgrounds === Main political parties involved in the revolution === ''In Alphabetical Order:'' *[[Democratic Renewal (Lebanon)|Democratic Renewal Movement]] (Harakat Al-Tajadod Al-Dimokrati) Multi-confessional Movement Leader: [[Nassib Lahoud]], former MP and presidential hopeful. *[[Lebanese Democratic Left Movement|Democratic Left]] (Yassar Dimoukrati) Multi-Confessional Movement Leader: Elias Atallah, MP and former member of the communist party *[[Free Patriotic Movement]] (Tayyar Al-Watani Al-Horr) Christian Movement Leader: Michel Aoun, MP and presidential hopeful. Left the cedar revolution after it's leader Michel Aoun came back from Paris, and joined the Syro-Iranian backed opposition in 2006. *[[Future Movement]] (Tayyar Al Mustaqbal) Muslim Sunni Movement Leader: Saad Hariri, MP and son of Rafiq Hariri *[[Lebanese Forces]] (Ouwet el Lebneniye) Christian Party Leader: Samir Geagea, jailed 11 years by the Syrians *[[Lebanese Liberation Movement]] Leader: unknown * [[Lebanese National Bloc]] (Hizb Al Kitla Al Wataniya) Christian Party Leader: [[Carlos Eddé]] nephew of former leader [[Raymond Eddé]] *[[National Liberal Party (Lebanon)|National Liberal Party]] (Hizb Al-Wataniyin Al-Ahrar) Christian Party Leader: Dory Chamoun, son of former President Camille Chamoun *[[Phalangist Party]] (Al-Kataeb Al-Loubnaniya) Christian Party Leader: Amin Gemayel, former President of Republic. *[[Progressive Socialist Party]](Hizb al-Taqadummi al-Ishtiraki) Druze Party Leader: Walid Jumblat, MP and son of former leader Kamal Jumblat ==Background== [[Image:Beirut-Rue Minet al Hosn-Assn R Hariri.jpg|thumb|right|Rue Minet al Hosn where [[Rafik Hariri]] was assassinated on [[February 14]], [[2005]].]] On [[February 14]], [[2005]], the former Lebanese Prime Minister [[Rafik Hariri]] was assassinated in a truck bomb attack, which killed 21 and wounded nearly 100. Former Minister of Economy and Trade [[Bassel Fleihan]] later died as well from injuries sustained in the blast. This attack sparked huge demonstrations that seemed to unite large numbers of citizens from the usually fractured and sectarian Lebanese population. It was the second such incident in four months: former minister and MP [[Marwan Hamadeh]] had survived a car bomb attack on [[October 1]], 2004. Within hours of the assassination, Lebanese prosecutors issued warrants for the arrest of six Australian nationals who flew out of [[Beirut]] to [[Sydney]], [[Australia]] three hours after the explosion claiming that seats occupied by the men had tested positive for traces of explosives, and that they were traveling without luggage. The [[Australian Federal Police]] interviewed ten individuals in Sydney upon the arrival of the flight, and found the men they questioned did have luggage. Although [[Sydney]] air port security sniffer dogs trained to find explosives did react to aircraft seats occupied by the men,<ref>AM (2005). [http://www.abc.net.au/am/content/2005/s1306479.htm "Lebanon Asks AFP to Investigate Assassination of PM"]. Retrieved [[November 2]] [[2006]].</ref> test swabs taken from three of the men by the [[Australian Federal Police]] tested negative for explosives. Within 48 hours, the Australian Federal Police absolved the six of any involvement in the assassination, giving little credibility to claims of the Lebanese officials. Despite the lack, to date, of any actual substantial evidence implicating any party or individual, the [[Syria]]n government has borne the brunt of Lebanese and international outrage at the murder, because of its extensive military and intelligence influence in Lebanon, as well as the public rift between Hariri and [[Damascus]] just before his last resignation on [[October 20]], [[2004]]. The day after Hariri's resignation, pro-Syrian former Prime Minister [[Omar Karami]] was appointed Prime Minister.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/3763120.stm BBC NEWS | World | Middle East | Lebanon appoints prime minister<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Lebanese [[Druze]] leader [[Walid Jumblatt]], a recent adherent to the [[anti-Syrian]] opposition, emboldened by popular anger and civic action, alleged in the wake of the assassination that in August 2004 Syrian President [[Bashar al-Assad]] threatened [[Rafik al-Hariri|Hariri]], saying "<nowiki>[</nowiki>[[President of Lebanon]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> [[Émile Lahoud|Lahoud]] is me. ... If you and [[Jacques Chirac|Chirac]] want me out of Lebanon, I will break Lebanon."<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2005/03/20/international/middleeast/20lebanon.html?ei=5094&en=441b692d8c0ef46a&hp=&ex=1111294800&partner=homepage&pagewanted=all&position= The New York Times > International > Middle East > Behind Lebanon Upheaval, 2 Men's Fateful Clash<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> He was quoted as saying "When I heard him telling us those words, I knew that it was his condemnation of death." The [[United States]], the [[European Union|EU]] and the [[United Nations|UN]] have stopped short of any accusations, choosing instead to demand a Syrian pullout from Lebanon and an open and international investigation of the Assassination. Jumblatt's comments are not without controversy; the BBC describes him as "being seen by many as the country's political weathervane" - consistently changing allegiances to emerge on the winning side of the issues ''de jour'' through the turmoil of the 1975-90 civil war and its troubled aftermath.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/4348129.stm BBC NEWS | World | Middle East | Who's who in Lebanon<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> He was a supporter of Syria after the war but switched sides after the death of former Syrian president [[Hafez al-Assad]] in 2000. His account is quoted, but not confirmed, in the [[United Nations|UN]]'s [[FitzGerald Report]]. The report stops short of directly accusing [[Damascus]] or any other party, saying that only a further thorough international inquest can identify the culprit.<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2005/03/25/international/middleeast/25hariri.html?pagewanted=all&position= The New York Times > International > Middle East > U.N. Cites Syria as Factor in Lebanese Assassination<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> The Lebanese government has agreed to this inquiry, though calling for the full participation, not supremacy, of its own agencies and the respect of Lebanese sovereignty.<ref name="BBC 4383321">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4383321.stm BBC NEWS | Middle East | Lebanon agrees to Hariri inquiry<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> (See international reaction below.) On [[February 21]] [[2005]] tens of thousands of Lebanese protestors held a rally at the site of the assassination calling for an end of Syrian occupation and blaming Syria and the pro-Syrian president [[Emile Lahoud]] for the murder. In the subsequent weeks, nearly every Monday, a demonstration has been held at Beirut's Martyrs Square (also referred to by protestors as "Liberty Square"), in addition to the constant daily gathering of Lebanese there.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/4283543.stm BBC NEWS | World | Middle East | Beirut protesters denounce Syria<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Similar demonstrations by Lebanese immigrants have also taken place in several cities across the world, including [[Sydney]] - [[Australia]] (where over 10,000 people demonstrated in the city), [[San Francisco, California|San Francisco]], [[Paris]], [[Düsseldorf]], [[Montreal]], and [[London]]. ==Government resigns== {{Politics of Lebanon}} Daily protests against the Syrian occupation attracted 25,000 people. While in the 1990s most [[anti-Syrian]] demonstrations were predominantly [[Christian]] and were put down by force, the new demonstrations were distinctly non-sectarian and the government did not respond with force or intimidation.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4315223.stm BBC NEWS | Middle East | Lebanon finds unity in street rallies<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> On [[February 28]] the government of pro-Syrian prime minister [[Omar Karami]] resigned, calling for a new election to take place. Karami said in his announcement: "I am keen the government will not be a hurdle in front of those who want the good for this country". The tens of thousands gathered at Beirut's Martyrs' Square cheered the announcement, then chanted "Karami has fallen, your turn will come, Lahoud, and yours, Bashar".<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4305927.stm BBC NEWS | Middle East | Lebanese ministers forced to quit<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Opposition MPs were not satisfied with only Karami's resignation, and kept pressing for full Syrian withdrawal. Former minister and MP [[Marwan Hamadeh]], who survived a similar car bomb attack on [[October 1]] [[2004]], said "I accuse this government of incitement, negligence and shortcomings at the least, and of covering up its planning at the most... if not executing". On [[March 23]], Michel Abu Arraj, the Lebanese magistrate responsible for the internal Lebanese investigation of the assassination asked to be excused, citing a heavy court schedule. The Judicial Council of Lebanon is expected to rule on his request shortly.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/4375835.stm BBC NEWS | World | Middle East | Hariri inquiry judge 'may resign'<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> His resignation and the consequent need to replace him may result in a delay in the investigation. ==International reaction== Hariri's murder triggered increased international pressure on Syria. In a joint statement, U.S. [[President of the United States|President]] [[George W. Bush]] and French president [[Jacques Chirac]] condemned the killing and called for full implementation of [[UN Security Council Resolution 1559]], which requires the withdrawal of Syrian troops from Lebanon and the disarming of the Hezbollah group thriving in southern Lebanon. At one point there seemed to be confusion about the extent to which Syria was willing to withdraw from Lebanon. [[Arab League]] head [[Amr Moussa]] declared that Syrian president [[Bashar Assad|Assad]] promised him a phased withdrawal over a two-year period, but the Syrian Information Minister [[Mahdi Dakhlallah]] said that Moussa had misunderstood the Syrian leader. Dakhlallah said that Syria will merely move its troops to eastern Lebanon. Since then, Syria has declared that Resolution 1559 will be fully complied with, and in a matter of months rather than years. On [[March 15]], upon hearing purportedly leaked information that the United Nations' special investigation may have found that the Lebanese authorities covered up evidence of the murder, [[Columnist]] [[Robert Fisk]] alleges that [[Rafik Hariri|Hariri]]'s two sons fled Lebanon, reportedly after being warned that they too were in danger of assassination.<ref>[http://news.independent.co.uk/world/fisk/story.jsp?story=619657 Independent Online Edition - Robert Fisk - Independent.co.uk<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> UN Secretary-General [[Kofi Annan]], in response to a request by the [[United Nations Security Council|Security Council]], sent a team of Irish, Egyptian and Moroccan specialists, led by Ireland's deputy police commissioner, [[Peter FitzGerald]], to investigate the assassination. Even before the [[FitzGerald Report]] was published, Annan has said a further, more comprehensive investigation may be necessary. FitzGerald thanked the Lebanese government for its cooperation before departing.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/4375325.stm BBC NEWS | World | Middle East | Annan considers new Hariri probe<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> The report cites the Syrian presence in Lebanon as a factor contributing to the instability and polarization that preceded the assassination. The report also criticizes the Lebanese government and intelligence agencies for the handling of their own investigation into the affair, calling it flawed and inconclusive. The Lebanese government in turn has described the report as "alien to reality" and criticized the UN team for not seeking broader government participation in the investigation. The government has agreed to a further, more comprehensive international inquiry, but insisted that any future inquiry would have to work with the government. At a press conference on [[March 25]], Lebanese Foreign Minister [[Mahmoud Hammoud]] said the inquiry would be expected to work within an established framework "in co-operation with the state".<ref name="BBC 4383321"/> ==Syrian reaction== [[Image:Truckslineleb.JPG|thumb|Trucks waiting in line after [[Syria]] closed its northern border with Lebanon following its withdrawal.<ref>[http://beirut-online.net/portal/article.php?id=1359 Beirut-Online News .: Syria's closure of northern Lebanon border tragic for truckers :<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>]]On [[March 2]], 2005, Syrian leader [[Bashar Assad]] announced that his troops would leave Lebanon completely "in the next few months". Responding to the announcement, opposition leader [[Walid Jumblatt]] said that he wanted to hear more specifics from Damascus about any withdrawal: "It's a nice gesture but 'next few months' is quite vague - we need a clear-cut timetable".<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4310699.stm BBC NEWS | Middle East | Assad pledges Lebanon withdrawal<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> The closure and evacuation of most Syrian military and intelligence offices and checkpoints in and around the capital and elsewhere, along with substantial troop movements, may indicate concrete moves towards full withdrawal. No actual complete pullout has yet been certified by the UN, although U.S. [[United States Secretary of State|Secretary of State]] [[Condoleezza Rice]] expressed cautious optimism on signs of some Syrian withdrawals. On [[March 3]], [[Germany]] and [[Russia]] (Syria's [[Cold War]] ally) joined those calling for Syria to comply with Resolution 1559. German Chancellor [[Gerhard Schröder]] said: "Lebanon should be given an opportunity for sovereignty and development and this can only be achieved by complying with Security Council resolutions that stipulate immediate Syrian withdrawal from Lebanon."<ref>[http://www.dailystar.com.lb/article.asp?edition_id=1&categ_id=2&article_id=13156 The Daily Star - Politics - Saudi ruler demands rapid Syrian withdrawal<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> The Russian Foreign Minister, [[Sergei Lavrov]], stated that "Syria should withdraw from Lebanon, but we all have to make sure that this withdrawal does not violate the very fragile balance which we still have in Lebanon, which is a very difficult country ethnically."<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4315107.stm BBC NEWS | Middle East | Syria looks to Riyadh for support<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> On [[March 5]] Syrian leader Assad declared in a televised speech that Syria would withdraw its forces to the [[Bekaa Valley]] in eastern Lebanon, and then to the border between Syria and Lebanon. He did not provide a timetable for a complete withdrawal of Syrian forces from Lebanon. On the weekend of April 9th and 10th, on the anniversary of the ignition of the Lebanese Civil war, the last remaining Syrian troops left Lebanon, ending their 30 year presence.<ref>http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/common/story_page/0,5744,12813616%255E2703,00.html</ref> ==Response from the Arab world== Arab states have also joined in with the withdrawal demands. As Al-Assad arrived in [[Saudi Arabia]] for emergency consultation with Crown Prince [[Abdullah of Saudi Arabia|Abdullah bin Abdel-Aziz]], Assad was told in no uncertain terms that Syria must comply with UN Security Council demands immediately. It was reported by the opposition Lebanese newspaper ''The Daily Star'' that Assad offered to remove most of the 15,000 troops Syria has stationed in Lebanon during the talks, but insisted on leaving a force of 3,000 in the country.<ref>[http://www.dailystar.com.lb/article.asp?edition_id=1&categ_id=2&article_id=13156 The Daily Star - Politics - Saudi ruler demands rapid Syrian withdrawal<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> This has not been independently corroborated. The annual Arab summit, which took place on March 23 in [[Algeria]], did not ask Syria to withdraw, which would have given the pullback an Arab endorsement as envisaged in the 1989 [[Taif Agreement]] rather than making it dependent on Resolution 1559. Algerian Foreign Minister Abdel-Aziz Belkhadem discussed the consensus ahead of the summit, stating that "we all agreed to demand the implementation of the Taif Accord with respect to international legitimacy". Controversially, the crisis in Lebanon was not included on the agenda for the summit,<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4376599.stm BBC NEWS | Middle East | Summits that showcase Arab disunity<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> which almost half of the Arab leaders did not attend. ==Pro-Syrian demonstration== [[Hezbollah]] leader [[Hassan Nasrallah]] called for a "massive popular gathering" on [[March 8]] supporting Syria and accusing Israel and the United States of meddling in internal affairs. Nasrallah also criticized UN Resolution 1559 saying "The resistance will not give up its arms ... because Lebanon needs the resistance to defend it", and added "all the articles of U.N. resolution give free services to the Israeli enemy who should have been made accountable for his crimes and now finds that he is being rewarded for his crimes and achieves all its demands."<ref>http://story.news.yahoo.com/news?tmpl=story&ncid=721&e=1&u=/nm/20050306/wl_nm/lebanon_hizbollah_dc</ref> This Beirut rally called by [[Hezbollah]] dwarfed the earlier anti-Syrian events; ''[[CNN]]'' noted some news agencies estimated the crowd at 200,000,<ref>[http://www.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/meast/03/08/lebanon.syria/index.html CNN.com - Hezbollah rallies Lebanese to support Syria - Mar 8, 2005<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> the ''[[Associated Press]]'' news agency estimated that there were more than 500,000 pro-Syrian protestors, while the ''[[New York Times]]'' and ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' simply estimated "hundreds of thousands".<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2005/03/08/international/middleeast/08cnd-beirut.html The New York Times > International > Middle East > Hezbollah Leads Huge Pro-Syrian Protest in Central Beirut<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>http://www.aljazeera.com/me.asp?service_ID=7326</ref> ''[[Al Jazeera]]'' reported a figure of 1.5 million. The predominantly [[Shi'ite]] protestors held pictures of Syrian President [[Bashar Assad]] and placards reading, in English, "No for the American Intervention". A couple of anti-Syrian media sources noted that it was likely that many of Lebanon's approximately 500,000 Syrian guest workers participated in the rally.<ref>http://www.washingtontimes.com/world/20050309-120527-4599r.htm</ref><ref>[http://www.cjr.org/behind_the_news/who_are_those_guys_anyway.php CJR: Who Are Those Guys, Anyway?<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> In addition to demonstrating the extent of popular support for Syria in Lebanon, the demonstration reiterated Hezbollah's rejection of Resolution 1559, whose call for the disbanding of all Lebanese militias threatens the continued existence of its military wing, the force widely credited for the liberation of south Lebanon. Nasrallah also held demonstrations in Tripoli and Nabatiyé on 11 and 13 March. Ten days after his resignation, Omar Karami was reappointed Prime Minister and called on the opposition to participate in government until the elections slated for April 2005. On [[March 13]], tens of thousands protested in the southern city of Nabatiyé in support of Syria and opposition to UNSCR 1559, according to reports. The Tripoli protests were canceled. ==Resurgent counter-demonstrations== [[Image:Cedarrevolutionmarch14.jpg‎|right|thumbnail|180px|On March 14, 2005, up to one million protesters demanded an end to the [[Syrian occupation of Lebanon]].]] On [[March 14]], the one-month memorial of the assassination of former Prime Minister [[Rafik Hariri]], hundreds of thousands of Lebanese rallied in central Beirut on Monday chanting "Freedom, Sovereignty, Independence" and carrying a huge Lebanese flag. They flocked from throughout the country, many unable to even enter the city due to heavy traffic. The peaceful rally was considered to be "the largest demonstration ever seen in Lebanon",<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2005/03/14/international/middleeast/14cnd-beir.html?hp&ex=1110862800&en=87531eefaf13446e&ei=5094&partner=homepage The New York Times > International > Middle East > Hundreds of Thousands Jam Beirut in Rally Against Syria<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> with estimations of a turnout ranging from 1.2 million to 1.5 million people; the international news media also estimated that it was considerably larger than the earlier pro-Syrian rally. The demonstration was called by the different factions of the anti-Syrian opposition (including the Hariri family and other groupings) and was trumpeted by the different private media, namely ''Future TV'', a private enterprise that is part of the huge media empire controlled by Hariri's family and the ''Lebanese Broadcasting Corporation LBCI'', generally aligned with the Lebanese Forces Christian party. The demonstration occurred in Martyrs' Square, the site of Hariri's grave and a center of the newly reconstructed city rebuilt in large part through Hariri's efforts. During the Lebanese civil war, factional infighting between the groups united in Martyrs' Square had turned the area into an impassable moonscape. The Lebanese protestors demanded an international inquiry into Hariri's murder, the firing of Syrian-backed security chiefs in the Lebanese government, and a total Syrian pullout from Lebanon.<ref>http://www.nytimes.com/reuters/international/international-lebanon.html</ref><ref>http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A33571-2005Mar14.html?nav=headlines</ref> ==Violent repercussions== [[Image:Pierreaminegemayel.jpg|thumb|right|140px|On [[November 21]], [[2006]], [[Member of Parliament|MP]] [[Pierre Amine Gemayel]] was shot in broad daylight by 3 to 4 gunmen, in [[Beirut]]'s northern suburbs.]] ===Bombings and assassinations=== Beginning in March 2005 and continuing throughout the year, a [[2005 Lebanon bombings|series of bombings and assassinations]] rocked Lebanon. Several anti-Syrian figures, including [[Samir Kassir]], [[George Hawi]], and [[Gebran Tueni]] were killed. In addition, Christian areas were targeted by bombs. These bombings remain unsolved. The attacks did not end in 2005. The next year, gunmen killed anti-Syrian MP [[Pierre Amine Gemayel]], and in 2007, [[Walid Eido]] was killed by a car bomb in Beirut. Most recently, politician [[Antoine Ghanem]] was assassinated when a car bomb exploded, killing him on [[September 19]] [[2007]]. He is the 6th Anti-Syrian minister assassinated since Hariri's death. ===Killing of Syrians=== According to [[Amnesty International]], dozens of Syrian workers have been killed and scores of others beaten, shot, threatened or robbed in Lebanon since the assassination of former Lebanese Prime Minister Rafiq al-Hariri on 14 February 2005. Lebanese assailants set fire to tents and other temporary housing of Syrian workers. ==Withdrawal of Syrian troops== On [[April 26]], [[2005]] international news agencies and the UN reported the last Syrian troops and intelligence agents had crossed the border in withdrawal from Lebanon. The Syrian government officially notified the [[United Nations]] that it had withdrawn its troops in line with [[UN Security Council Resolution 1559]], adopted in September 2004. In a letter to the UN, Syrian Foreign Minister Farouq al-Shara said his country "would like to officially inform you that the Syrian Arab forces stationed in Lebanon, at the request of Lebanon and under an Arab mandate, have fully withdrawn all their military, security apparatus and assets." On [[April 27]] [[2005]],<ref>[http://www.democracyinlebanon.org/Press/PR04.htm DEMOCRACY IN LEBANON CELEBRATES LIBERATION - Press Release - عيد الجلاء: 27 نيسان<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> the Lebanese People celebrated for the first time their first FREE-FROM-SYRIA day.<ref>[http://www.democracyinlebanon.org/Documents/CDL-Exclusives/PostLiberation.htm DEMOCRACY IN LEBANON - Post-Liberation Address - خطاب الجلاء<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Also on [[April 27]], [[2005]], the [[Washington Post]] reported that "Syria has not withdrawn a significant part of its intelligence presence in Lebanon, undermining its claim yesterday to have ended its 29-year intervention in its western neighbor, U.S., European and U.N. officials said."<ref>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/04/26/AR2005042601264.html Syrian Intelligence Still in Lebanon<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> This claim was reiterated by US Secretary of State, [[Condoleezza Rice]] on May 25.<ref>[http://www.smh.com.au/news/World/Cedar-Revolution-moves-towards-free-democracy/2005/05/27/1117129897892.html?oneclick=true Cedar Revolution moves towards free democracy - World - smh.com.au<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> ==Wave of democracy?== Both participants and observers of the Cedar Revolution demonstrations have asked if the movement was influenced by recent local and regional events supporting [[democracy]]. Recent elections in [[Afghanistan]], [[Iraq]], and by the [[Palestinian Authority]], a recent announcement that [[Egypt]]ian President [[Hosni Mubarak]] will allow multiparty elections, and recent limited municipal elections in the Kingdom of [[Saudi Arabia]], as well as the [[Orange Revolution]] in [[Ukraine]], may have provided examples of movement toward democratic governance. Lebanese Druze leader [[Walid Jumblatt]] remarked to a reporter of the ''[[Washington Post]]'', "It's strange for me to say it, but this process of change has started because of the American invasion of Iraq. I was cynical about Iraq. But when I saw the Iraqi people voting three weeks ago, 8 million of them, it was the start of a new Arab world". In this sense, the Cedar Revolution may also prove to be a [[dividend]] of the [[George W. Bush|Bush]] administration's global [[war on terror]]. Other views maintain that Lebanese anger against perceived Syrian hegemony had been simmering for decades, and the assassination of a popular leader was the spark that gave birth to the movement, independently of foreign and regional developments. Lebanese opposition leader and newspaper columnist [[Samir Kassir]], for example, wrote that "democracy is spreading in the region not because of George Bush but despite him." He gave far more credit to the Palestinian uprising as an inspiration to Lebanese activists.<ref>http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-co/hotcontent/index.html?section=world/mideast</ref> Others caution that very little has actually changed, apart from the mainly "cosmetic" disappearance of Syrian Soldiers from their presence on the outskirts of Lebanese cities, and that Syrian control of Lebanese foreign affairs and trade may yet endure. Some critics argue that the rush to celebrate a supposed 'Revolution' was far too premature.<ref>[http://www.dailystar.com.lb/article.asp?edition_id=10&categ_id=5&article_id=14143 The Daily Star - Opinion Articles - Cosmetic change does not a revolution make<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> When Omar Karami failed to form a government, he resigned for good on [[April 13]], [[2005]], and [[Lebanese general election, 2005|elections]] were called for the period of [[May 29]] through [[June 19]], [[2005]]. Saad al-Hariri formed an anti-Syrian bloc that, ultimately, won 72 of the 128 available seats in the unicameral [[National Assembly of Lebanon|National Assembly]]. Following the outbreak of the [[2006 Lebanon war|Israel-Lebanon war]] in July 2006, the position of the [[United States]] was under scrutiny with regard to its professed strong support for the [[Lebanese government of July 2005|Siniora Government]] which eventually emerged from the so-called Cedar Revolution. The US, while having engaged in dialogue with the Syrian [[Muslim Brotherhood]], reproached [[Syria]] for its contacts with [[Hezbollah]], while expecting [[Syria]] to use its good offices to rein in [[Hezbollah]], but refusing in turn to rein in [[Israel]]. This underlined the fragility of the [[Lebanese government of July 2005|Siniora Government]]. Some would argue that the US's passivity vis-a-vis Israel in July 2006 demonstrated the limited extent of its commitment to the survival of the Siniora Government. It is arguable also that failure to support [[Fouad Siniora|Siniora]] by diplomatically restraining Israel could create a vacuum into which the Syrian influence, which the US professes to wish to counter, could re-emerge. Others, including the [[Neo-Conservatives]] particularly identified with US support for the Cedar Revolution, would argue that the US's role in [[Lebanon]] is wholly benign. ==Two-Year Anniversary== On [[February 14]], [[2007]], hundreds of thousands of defiant Lebanese gathered peacefully in [[Place des Martyrs, Beirut|Martyr’s Square]] to commemorate the second anniversary of former Prime Minister [[Rafik Hariri]]'s assassination. The large number proved that the Cedar Revolution was still going on, especially when the crowds turned the commemoration into a defiant opportunity to blame Syria and [[Hezbollah]] for Lebanon's political woes.<ref>http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L14444450.htm</ref> The demonstrators fell silent at exactly 12:55 PM, the time of the explosion that killed Hariri on Feb. 14, 2005. Only the [[muezzin]] making the Islamic call to prayer and the solemn tolling of [[church bell]]s could be heard.<ref>http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20070214/ap_on_re_mi_ea/lebanon</ref> The [[February 13, 2007 Bikfaya bombings|Bikfaya bombings]] had taken place the day before, killing three people. [[Fatah al-Islam]] was blamed. == Three Year Anniversary == On the 14th of February, exactly three years from the day Premier Hariri was assassinated on the Beirut seafront, throngs of protesters rallied in Martyr's Square to commemorate the occasion. The crowd came from all over Lebanon. The rally witnessed the largest crowd since the protests of 2005. An estimated 1.5 million protesters filled the square and its immediate surrounding. The crowd was so unexpectedly huge that the square couldn't contain it, as such outlets of human bodies sprang along every nearby street and alley in Down Town Beirut. In the mountainous areas, the weather conditions prevented several processions from reaching Beirut. Also, processions closed all roads east, north & south Beirut leading to Martyr's Square. Hundreds of boats embarked on a ride from the Jounieh port in the coast of Mount Lebanon to the Beirut Marina defying the winter waves. The rally was reaching its end while thousands of vehicles carrying protesters were still trapped in traffic in the Eastern Suburbs of Beirut. In the end and after the crowds have stood for four consecutive hours under the pouring rain, the rally was concluded and the area was evacuated.<ref name="gp">{{cite newsgroup | author = | title = Cedar Revolution Revival-- One Million Rally At Martyr's Square | newsgroup = BBC, AP, REUTERS | date = February 2008 1995 | url = http://gatewaypundit.blogspot.com/2008/02/massive-crowds-turn-out-for-opposing.html | accessdate = 2008-07-07}}</ref> ==See also== {{Wikinews|Category:Lebanon}} * [[Color revolution]]s - as a series of related movements * [[2007 Lebanon conflict]] * Kurt Schock, ''Unarmed Insurrections: People Power Movements in Nondemocracies,'' University of Minnesota Press, 2005. ==References== {{reflist|2}} ==External links== * [http://www.cedarsrevolution.net World Council for the Cedars Revolution] * [http://www.14march.org Lebanese March 14 Movement] * [http://www.gs.14march.org Lebanese March 14 Movement's General Secretariat] * [http://www.futuremovement.org Future Movement Official website] * [http://www.lebanese-forces.org Lebanese Forces Official website] *[http://www.tajaddod-youth.com Tajaddod/Democratic Renewal Youth's Blog] * [http://yalibnan.com/site/gallery/#id=millioncedarmarch&num=1 Cedar Revolution Photo Gallery] * [http://www.aranes.com/demonstration8march.html Pictures of the pro-Syrian demonstration] * [http://www.tayyar.org Free Patriotic Movement] * [http://www.march14forces.org Lebanese March 14 Emigrant Assembly] {{Lebanese political parties}} [[Category:Conflicts in 2005]] [[Category:Revolutions]] [[Category:History of Lebanon]] [[Category:History of Syria]] [[Category:Politics of Lebanon]] [[Category:Political alliances in Lebanon]] [[Category:2005 in Lebanon]] [[ar:ثورة الأرز]] [[de:Zedernrevolution]] [[es:Revolución de los Cedros]] [[fr:Révolution du Cèdre]] [[he:מהפכת הארזים]] [[nl:Cederrevolutie]] [[ja:杉の革命]] [[pl:Cedrowa rewolucja]] [[ru:Революция кедров]] [[sv:Cederrevolutionen]] [[uk:Кедрова революція]] [[zh:雪杉革命]]