Celtis 438270 225662085 2008-07-14T20:02:41Z Lars1965 7366209 /* Uses and ecology */ :''For the [[German Renaissance]] scholar, see [[Conrad Celtes]]. For the town, see [[Celtis, Missouri]]. For the [[tractor]] by [[CLAAS]], see [[Claas Celtis]]'' {{Taxobox | name = Hackberry | image = Celtis sinensis3.jpg | image_width = 240px | image_caption = [[Chinese Hackberry]] (''[[Celtis sinensis]]'') leaves and fruit | regnum = [[Plant]]ae | divisio = [[Magnoliophyta]] | classis = [[Magnoliopsida]] | subclassis = [[Rosidae]] | unranked_ordo = [[Eurosids I]] | ordo = [[Rosales]] | familia = [[Cannabaceae]] | genus = '''''Celtis''''' | genus_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]] | subdivision_ranks = [[Species]] | subdivision = Some 60-70, see text }} '''Hackberry''' ('''''Celtis''''') is a [[genus]] of about 60-70 [[species]] of [[deciduous]] [[tree]]s widespread in warm temperate regions of the [[Northern Hemisphere]], in southern [[Europe]], southern and eastern [[Asia]], and southern and central [[North America]], and south to central [[Africa]]. The genus is present in the [[fossil record]] at least since the [[Miocene]] of Europe.<ref>Keeler (1900): pp.249-252{{Verify source|date=December 2007}}<!-- ID needs to be checked; any plant fossil ID from 1900 is has a high chance to be wrong --></ref> Previously included either in the elm [[family (biology)|family]] ([[Ulmaceae]]) or a separate family [[Celtidaceae]], they are placed in the hemp family ([[Cannabaceae]]) in the [[APG II system]]. ==Description== They are generally medium-sized trees, reaching 10-25 m tall, rarely up to 40 m tall. The [[leaf|leaves]] are alternate, simple, 3-15 cm long, [[leaf shape|ovate-acuminate]], and evenly serrated margins. Small [[Plant sexuality|monoecious]] flowers appear in early spring while the leaves are still developing. Male flowers are longer and fuzzy. Female flowers are greenish and more rounded. The [[fruit]] is a small [[drupe]] 6-10 mm diameter, edible in many species, with a dryish but sweet, sugary consistency, reminiscent of a [[Date Palm|date]]. ==Uses and ecology== Several species are grown as [[ornamental tree]]s, valued for their [[drought]] tolerance. They possess the most bending tolerance of all species of wood. They are a regular feature of [[arboretum]]s and [[botanical garden]]s, particularly in [[North America]]. Especially [[Chinese Hackberry]] (''[[Celtis sinensis|C. sinensis]]'') is suited for [[bonsai]] culture, while a magnificent [[Pseudo-hackberry]] (''[[Celtis japonica|C. japonica]]'') in [[Daegu-myeon]] is one of the [[natural monuments of South Korea]]. Some, including [[Common Hackberry]] (''C. occidentalis'') and ''[[Celtis brasiliensis|C. brasiliensis]]'', are [[honey plant]]s and [[pollen]] source for [[honeybee]]s of lesser importance. The berries, as mentioned above, are often eaten locally. The [[Korea]]n [[tea]] ''gamro cha'' (감로차, 甘露茶) contains leaves of ''C. sinensis''. ''Celtis'' species are used as foodplants by the [[caterpillar]]s of certain [[Lepidoptera]]. These include mainly [[brush-footed butterflies]], most importantly the distinct genus ''[[Libythea]]'' (beak butterflies) and some [[Apaturinae]] (emperor butterflies): [[Image:Libythea celtis1.jpg|thumb|right|[[Common Beak]] (''Libythea lepita'') caterpillars like to feed on ''Celtis'']] * ''[[Acytolepis puspa]]'' (Common Hedge Blue) &ndash; recorded on [[Chinese Hackberry]] (''[[Celtis sinensis|C. sinensis]]'') * ''[[Automeris io]]'' (Io Moth) &ndash; recorded on [[Southern Hackberry]] (''C. laevigata'') * ''[[Asterocampa celtis]]'' ([[Hackberry Butterfly]], [[Hackberry Emperor]]) * A putative new [[taxon]] of the [[Two-barred Flasher]] (''Astraptes fulgerator'') [[cryptic species complex]], provisionally called "CELT", has hitherto only been found on ''[[Celtis iguanaea]]''.<ref>Hébert ''et al.'' (2004), Brower ''et al.'' (2006)</ref> * ''[[Libythea celtis]]'' ([[European Beak]]) * ''[[Libythea lepita]]'' (Common Beak) * ''[[Libythea myrrha]]'' (Club Beak) &ndash; recorded on ''[[Celtis tetranda|C. tetranda]]''{{Verify source|date=December 2007}}<!-- monophagous? --> * ''[[Nymphalis xanthomelas]]'' (Scarce Tortoiseshell) &ndash; recorded on [[European Hackberry]] (''C. australis'') * ''[[Sasakia charonda]]'' (Great Purple Emperor) &ndash; recorded on [[Japanese Hackberry]] (''C. jessoensis'') and [[Pseudo-hackberry]] (''[[Celtis japonica|C. japonica]]'') The [[plant pathogen]]ic [[basidiomycete]] [[fungus]] ''[[Perenniporia celtis]]'' was first described from a ''Celtis'' hostplant. Some species of ''Celtis'' are threatened by [[habitat destruction]]. ==Selected species== [[Image:Celtis aetnensis.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Celtis aetnensis]]'' with mature fruit]] [[Image:Celtis-caucasica-fruit.JPG|thumb|right|[[Caucasian Hackberry]] (''[[Celtis caucasica]]'') with immature fruit]] [[Image:Celtis integrifolia.jpg|thumb|right|[[African Hackberry]] (''[[Celtis integrifolia]]'')]] * ''[[Celtis aetnensis]]'' * ''[[Celtis africana]]'' <small>Burm.f.</small> &ndash; [[White Stinkwood]] * ''[[Celtis australis]]'' &ndash; [[European Hackberry]], European Nettle Tree, Lote tree * ''[[Celtis balansae]]'' * ''[[Celtis brasiliensis]]'' <small>[[Planch.]]</small> * ''[[Celtis bungeana]]'' &ndash; [[Bunge's Hackberry]] * ''[[Celtis caucasica]]'' &ndash; [[Caucasian Hackberry]] * ''[[Celtis cinnamonea]]'' * ''[[Celtis durandii]]'' <small>Engl.</small> (= ''C. gomphophylla'' <small>Bak.</small>) * ''[[Celtis ehrenbergiana]]'' * ''[[Celtis glabrata]]'' * ''[[Celtis hypoleuca]]'' * ''[[Celtis iguanaea]]'' <small>(Jacq.) Planch.</small> * ''[[Celtis integrifolia]]'' &ndash; [[African Hackberry]] * ''[[Celtis japonica]]'' &ndash; [[Pseudo-hackberry]], ''Nakai'' or ''[[Paeng-na-mu]]'' (Korea) - sometimes considered a [[variety (botany)|variety]] of ''C. sinensis'' * ''[[Celtis jessoensis]]'' &ndash; [[Japanese Hackberry]] * ''[[Celtis koraiensis]]'' &ndash; [[Korean Hackberry]] * ''[[Celtis labilis]]'' &ndash; [[Hubei Hackberry]] * ''[[Celtis laevigata]]'' &ndash; [[Southern Hackberry]], Sugar Hackberry, (Southern/Texas) Sugarberry * ''[[Celtis lindheimeri]]'' * ''[[Celtis luzonica]]'' * ''[[Celtis mildbraedii]]'' <small>Engl.</small> * ''[[Celtis occidentalis]]'' &ndash; [[Common Hackberry]], Northern Hackberry, False Elm * ''[[Celtis pallida]]'' &ndash; [[Spiny Hackberry]], ''[[granjeno]]'' ([[Spanish language|Spanish]]) * ''[[Celtis paniculata]]'' * ''[[Celtis reticulata]]'' &ndash; [[Net-leaved Hackberry]] * ''[[Celtis sinensis]]'' &ndash; [[Chinese Hackberry]] * ''[[Celtis tala]]'' &ndash; Tala * ''[[Celtis tenuifolia]]'' &ndash; [[Dwarf Hackberry]] * ''[[Celtis tetranda]]'' <small>Roxb.</small> * ''[[Celtis tournefortii]]'' &ndash; [[Oriental Hackberry]] * ''[[Celtis trinervia]]'' ==See also== * [[Lotophagi]] * [[William N. Barron]] ==Footnotes== {{Reflist}} ==References== {{commonscat}} * {{aut|Brower, Andrew V.Z.}} (2006): Problems with DNA barcodes for species delimitation: ‘ten species’ of ''Astraptes fulgerator'' reassessed (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae). ''Systematics and Biodiversity'' '''4'''(2): 127–132. <small>{{doi|10.1017/S147720000500191X}}</small> [http://www.bolinfonet.org/pdf/Brower_2006SYSTBIODIVERSITY%5B1%5D.pdf PDF fulltext] * {{aut|Keeler, Harriet L.}} (1900): ''Our Native Trees and How to Identify Them''. Charles Scriber's Sons, New York. * {{aut|[[Paul D. N. Hebert|Hébert, Paul D.N.]]; Penton, Erin H.; Burns, John M.; Janzen, Daniel H. & Hallwachs, Winnie}} (2004): Ten species in one: DNA barcoding reveals cryptic species in the semitropical skipper butterfly ''Astraptes fulgerator''. ''[[PNAS]]'' '''101'''(41): 14812-14817. <small>{{doi|10.1073/pnas.0406166101}}</small> [http://www.pnas.org/cgi/reprint/101/41/14812.pdf PDF fulltext] [http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/0406166101/DC1 Supporting Appendices] <!-- [[Category:Flora of Georgia (country)]] [[Category:Flora of Caucasus]] --> [[Category:Celtis|*]] [[Category:Flora of Armenia]] [[Category:Flora of Argentina]] [[ca:Celtis]] [[da:Nældetræ]] [[de:Zürgelbäume]] [[es:Celtis]] [[fr:Micocoulier]] [[ko:팽나무속]] [[ka:აკაკი (მცენარე)]] [[nl:Netelboom]] [[pt:Celtis]] [[ru:Каркас (каменное дерево)]] [[vi:Chi Cơm nguội]] [[tr:Çitlembik]]