Celtis
438270
225662085
2008-07-14T20:02:41Z
Lars1965
7366209
/* Uses and ecology */
:''For the [[German Renaissance]] scholar, see [[Conrad Celtes]]. For the town, see [[Celtis, Missouri]]. For the [[tractor]] by [[CLAAS]], see [[Claas Celtis]]''
{{Taxobox
| name = Hackberry
| image = Celtis sinensis3.jpg
| image_width = 240px
| image_caption = [[Chinese Hackberry]] (''[[Celtis sinensis]]'') leaves and fruit
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| divisio = [[Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
| subclassis = [[Rosidae]]
| unranked_ordo = [[Eurosids I]]
| ordo = [[Rosales]]
| familia = [[Cannabaceae]]
| genus = '''''Celtis'''''
| genus_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]
| subdivision_ranks = [[Species]]
| subdivision =
Some 60-70, see text
}}
'''Hackberry''' ('''''Celtis''''') is a [[genus]] of about 60-70 [[species]] of [[deciduous]] [[tree]]s widespread in warm temperate regions of the [[Northern Hemisphere]], in southern [[Europe]], southern and eastern [[Asia]], and southern and central [[North America]], and south to central [[Africa]]. The genus is present in the [[fossil record]] at least since the [[Miocene]] of Europe.<ref>Keeler (1900): pp.249-252{{Verify source|date=December 2007}}<!-- ID needs to be checked; any plant fossil ID from 1900 is has a high chance to be wrong --></ref>
Previously included either in the elm [[family (biology)|family]] ([[Ulmaceae]]) or a separate family [[Celtidaceae]], they are placed in the hemp family ([[Cannabaceae]]) in the [[APG II system]].
==Description==
They are generally medium-sized trees, reaching 10-25 m tall, rarely up to 40 m tall. The [[leaf|leaves]] are alternate, simple, 3-15 cm long, [[leaf shape|ovate-acuminate]], and evenly serrated margins.
Small [[Plant sexuality|monoecious]] flowers appear in early spring while the leaves are still developing. Male flowers are longer and fuzzy. Female flowers are greenish and more rounded.
The [[fruit]] is a small [[drupe]] 6-10 mm diameter, edible in many species, with a dryish but sweet, sugary consistency, reminiscent of a [[Date Palm|date]].
==Uses and ecology==
Several species are grown as [[ornamental tree]]s, valued for their [[drought]] tolerance. They possess the most bending tolerance of all species of wood. They are a regular feature of [[arboretum]]s and [[botanical garden]]s, particularly in [[North America]]. Especially [[Chinese Hackberry]] (''[[Celtis sinensis|C. sinensis]]'') is suited for [[bonsai]] culture, while a magnificent [[Pseudo-hackberry]] (''[[Celtis japonica|C. japonica]]'') in [[Daegu-myeon]] is one of the [[natural monuments of South Korea]]. Some, including [[Common Hackberry]] (''C. occidentalis'') and ''[[Celtis brasiliensis|C. brasiliensis]]'', are [[honey plant]]s and [[pollen]] source for [[honeybee]]s of lesser importance.
The berries, as mentioned above, are often eaten locally. The [[Korea]]n [[tea]] ''gamro cha'' (감로차, 甘露茶) contains leaves of ''C. sinensis''.
''Celtis'' species are used as foodplants by the [[caterpillar]]s of certain [[Lepidoptera]]. These include mainly [[brush-footed butterflies]], most importantly the distinct genus ''[[Libythea]]'' (beak butterflies) and some [[Apaturinae]] (emperor butterflies):
[[Image:Libythea celtis1.jpg|thumb|right|[[Common Beak]] (''Libythea lepita'') caterpillars like to feed on ''Celtis'']]
* ''[[Acytolepis puspa]]'' (Common Hedge Blue) – recorded on [[Chinese Hackberry]] (''[[Celtis sinensis|C. sinensis]]'')
* ''[[Automeris io]]'' (Io Moth) – recorded on [[Southern Hackberry]] (''C. laevigata'')
* ''[[Asterocampa celtis]]'' ([[Hackberry Butterfly]], [[Hackberry Emperor]])
* A putative new [[taxon]] of the [[Two-barred Flasher]] (''Astraptes fulgerator'') [[cryptic species complex]], provisionally called "CELT", has hitherto only been found on ''[[Celtis iguanaea]]''.<ref>Hébert ''et al.'' (2004), Brower ''et al.'' (2006)</ref>
* ''[[Libythea celtis]]'' ([[European Beak]])
* ''[[Libythea lepita]]'' (Common Beak)
* ''[[Libythea myrrha]]'' (Club Beak) – recorded on ''[[Celtis tetranda|C. tetranda]]''{{Verify source|date=December 2007}}<!-- monophagous? -->
* ''[[Nymphalis xanthomelas]]'' (Scarce Tortoiseshell) – recorded on [[European Hackberry]] (''C. australis'')
* ''[[Sasakia charonda]]'' (Great Purple Emperor) – recorded on [[Japanese Hackberry]] (''C. jessoensis'') and [[Pseudo-hackberry]] (''[[Celtis japonica|C. japonica]]'')
The [[plant pathogen]]ic [[basidiomycete]] [[fungus]] ''[[Perenniporia celtis]]'' was first described from a ''Celtis'' hostplant. Some species of ''Celtis'' are threatened by [[habitat destruction]].
==Selected species==
[[Image:Celtis aetnensis.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Celtis aetnensis]]'' with mature fruit]]
[[Image:Celtis-caucasica-fruit.JPG|thumb|right|[[Caucasian Hackberry]] (''[[Celtis caucasica]]'') with immature fruit]]
[[Image:Celtis integrifolia.jpg|thumb|right|[[African Hackberry]] (''[[Celtis integrifolia]]'')]]
* ''[[Celtis aetnensis]]''
* ''[[Celtis africana]]'' <small>Burm.f.</small> – [[White Stinkwood]]
* ''[[Celtis australis]]'' – [[European Hackberry]], European Nettle Tree, Lote tree
* ''[[Celtis balansae]]''
* ''[[Celtis brasiliensis]]'' <small>[[Planch.]]</small>
* ''[[Celtis bungeana]]'' – [[Bunge's Hackberry]]
* ''[[Celtis caucasica]]'' – [[Caucasian Hackberry]]
* ''[[Celtis cinnamonea]]''
* ''[[Celtis durandii]]'' <small>Engl.</small> (= ''C. gomphophylla'' <small>Bak.</small>)
* ''[[Celtis ehrenbergiana]]''
* ''[[Celtis glabrata]]''
* ''[[Celtis hypoleuca]]''
* ''[[Celtis iguanaea]]'' <small>(Jacq.) Planch.</small>
* ''[[Celtis integrifolia]]'' – [[African Hackberry]]
* ''[[Celtis japonica]]'' – [[Pseudo-hackberry]], ''Nakai'' or ''[[Paeng-na-mu]]'' (Korea) - sometimes considered a [[variety (botany)|variety]] of ''C. sinensis''
* ''[[Celtis jessoensis]]'' – [[Japanese Hackberry]]
* ''[[Celtis koraiensis]]'' – [[Korean Hackberry]]
* ''[[Celtis labilis]]'' – [[Hubei Hackberry]]
* ''[[Celtis laevigata]]'' – [[Southern Hackberry]], Sugar Hackberry, (Southern/Texas) Sugarberry
* ''[[Celtis lindheimeri]]''
* ''[[Celtis luzonica]]''
* ''[[Celtis mildbraedii]]'' <small>Engl.</small>
* ''[[Celtis occidentalis]]'' – [[Common Hackberry]], Northern Hackberry, False Elm
* ''[[Celtis pallida]]'' – [[Spiny Hackberry]], ''[[granjeno]]'' ([[Spanish language|Spanish]])
* ''[[Celtis paniculata]]''
* ''[[Celtis reticulata]]'' – [[Net-leaved Hackberry]]
* ''[[Celtis sinensis]]'' – [[Chinese Hackberry]]
* ''[[Celtis tala]]'' – Tala
* ''[[Celtis tenuifolia]]'' – [[Dwarf Hackberry]]
* ''[[Celtis tetranda]]'' <small>Roxb.</small>
* ''[[Celtis tournefortii]]'' – [[Oriental Hackberry]]
* ''[[Celtis trinervia]]''
==See also==
* [[Lotophagi]]
* [[William N. Barron]]
==Footnotes==
{{Reflist}}
==References==
{{commonscat}}
* {{aut|Brower, Andrew V.Z.}} (2006): Problems with DNA barcodes for species delimitation: ‘ten species’ of ''Astraptes fulgerator'' reassessed (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae). ''Systematics and Biodiversity'' '''4'''(2): 127–132. <small>{{doi|10.1017/S147720000500191X}}</small> [http://www.bolinfonet.org/pdf/Brower_2006SYSTBIODIVERSITY%5B1%5D.pdf PDF fulltext]
* {{aut|Keeler, Harriet L.}} (1900): ''Our Native Trees and How to Identify Them''. Charles Scriber's Sons, New York.
* {{aut|[[Paul D. N. Hebert|Hébert, Paul D.N.]]; Penton, Erin H.; Burns, John M.; Janzen, Daniel H. & Hallwachs, Winnie}} (2004): Ten species in one: DNA barcoding reveals cryptic species in the semitropical skipper butterfly ''Astraptes fulgerator''. ''[[PNAS]]'' '''101'''(41): 14812-14817. <small>{{doi|10.1073/pnas.0406166101}}</small> [http://www.pnas.org/cgi/reprint/101/41/14812.pdf PDF fulltext] [http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/0406166101/DC1 Supporting Appendices]
<!-- [[Category:Flora of Georgia (country)]]
[[Category:Flora of Caucasus]] -->
[[Category:Celtis|*]]
[[Category:Flora of Armenia]]
[[Category:Flora of Argentina]]
[[ca:Celtis]]
[[da:Nældetræ]]
[[de:Zürgelbäume]]
[[es:Celtis]]
[[fr:Micocoulier]]
[[ko:팽나무속]]
[[ka:აკაკი (მცენარე)]]
[[nl:Netelboom]]
[[pt:Celtis]]
[[ru:Каркас (каменное дерево)]]
[[vi:Chi Cơm nguội]]
[[tr:Çitlembik]]