Cephalic disorder
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205053621
2008-04-12T02:37:09Z
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/* Less common cephalies */
{{DiseaseDisorder infobox |
Name = Cephalic disorder |
ICD10 = Q00-Q07, Q67, Q75 |
ICD9 = {{ICD9|740}}-{{ICD9|742}} |
}}
'''Cephalic disorders''' (from the [[Greek language|Greek]] word ''κεφάλη'', meaning "head") are [[Congenital disorder|congenital]] conditions that stem from damage to, or abnormal development of, the budding [[nervous system]]. Cephalic is a term that means "[[head (anatomy)|head]]" or "head end of the body."
Cephalic disorders are not necessarily caused by a single factor, but may be influenced by [[heredity|hereditary]] or [[genetics|genetic]] conditions, [[nutrition]]al deficiencies, or by environmental exposures during [[pregnancy]], such as [[medication]] taken by the mother, maternal infection, or exposure to [[radiation]] (such disorders are more common in areas of the former [[Soviet Union]] affected by nuclear waste disposal problems, such as the area around the [[Mayak]] plant in [[Chelyabinsk]], [[Russia]].) Some cephalic disorders occur when the cranial sutures (the fibrous joints that connect the [[bone]]s of the [[skull]]) join prematurely. Most cephalic disorders are caused by a disturbance that occurs very early in the development of the [[fetus|fetal]] nervous system.
The human nervous system develops from a small, specialized plate of [[cell (biology)|cells]] on the surface of the [[embryo]]. Early in development, this plate of cells forms the neural tube, a narrow sheath that closes between the third and fourth weeks of [[pregnancy]] to form the brain and [[spinal cord]] of the embryo. Four main processes are responsible for the development of the nervous system: cell proliferation, the process in which [[nerve]] cells divide to form new generations of cells; cell migration, the process in which nerve cells move from their place of origin to the place where they will remain for life; cell differentiation, the process during which cells acquire individual characteristics; and cell death, a natural process in which cells die.
Damage to the developing nervous system is a major cause of chronic, disabling disorders and, sometimes, death in infants, children, and even adults. The degree to which damage to the developing nervous system harms the mind and body varies enormously. Many [[disability|disabilities]] are mild enough to allow those afflicted to eventually function independently in society. Others are not. Some infants, children, and adults die, others remain totally disabled, and an even larger population is partially disabled, functioning well below normal capacity throughout life.
==More common cephalic disorders==
Where known, the [[ICD|ICD-10]] code is listed below.
* [[Anencephaly]] (Q00.0)
* [[Colpocephaly]] (ICD10 unknown)
* [[Holoprosencephaly]] (Q04.2)
* [[Ethmocephaly]] (ICD10 unknown)
* [[Hydranencephaly]] (Q04.3)
* [[Iniencephaly]] (Q00.2)
* [[Lissencephaly]] (Q04.3)
* [[Megalencephaly]] (Q04.5)
* [[Microcephaly]] (Q02)
* [[Porencephaly]] (Q04.6)
* [[Schizencephaly]] (Q04.6)
==Less common cephalies==
* [[Acephaly (medicine)|Acephaly]] (Q00.0)
* [[Exencephaly]] (ICD10 unknown)
* [[Macrocephaly]] (Q75.3)
* [[Micrencephaly]] (Q02)
* [[Otocephaly]] (Q18.2)
* [[Craniostenosis]] (ICD10 unknown)
**[[Brachycephaly]] (ICD10 unknown)
**[[Oxycephaly]] (Q75.0)
**[[Plagiocephaly]] (Q67.3
**[[Scaphocephaly]] (ICD10 unknown)
**[[Trigonocephaly]] (Q75.0)
*[[Polycephaly]]
==See also==
*[[MOMO syndrome]]
*[[Positional plagiocephaly]]
*[[Encephalocele]]
*[[Cyclopia]]
==External links==
*[http://craniofacial.seattlechildrens.org/conditions/pos_plagi.asp Positional Plagiocephaly information] from Seattle Children's Hospital Craniofacial Center
*[http://www.jpgmonline.com/article.asp?issn=0022-3859;year=2003;volume=49;issue=2;spage=173;epage=4;aulast=Thomas Holoprosencephaly] Article from Journal of Postgraduate Medicine
==References==
<references/>
==Notes==
* <cite id="fn1">[[#fn1b|Note 1:]]</cite> http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/cephalic_disorders/cephalic_disorders.htm
''Portions of this article were based on the page: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/cephalic_disorders/detail_cephalic_disorders.htm at the [[National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke]]'s [[public domain resource]].''
[[Category:Nervous system]]
[[Category:Congenital disorders]]
[[ca:Trastorns encefàlics]]
[[es:Trastornos encefálicos]]
[[fr:Malformations congénitales du système nerveux central]]
[[he:מיקרוצפליה]]
[[nl:Anencefalie]]
[[pt:Más-formações cefálicas congênitas]]