Cesare Lombroso
178879
223479157
2008-07-04T06:59:01Z
Nihil novi
4062893
/* Criminology */
{{Infobox Scientist
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|image =Lombroso.JPG
|image_size =150px
|caption = {{PAGENAME}}
|birth_date = [[November 6]], [[1836]]
|birth_place = [[Verona]]
|death_date = [[October 19]], [[1909]]
|death_place = [[Turin]]
|residence = |citizenship =
|nationality = [[Italy|Italian]]
|ethnicity =
|field = [[medicine]]<br/>[[criminology]]
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|known_for = [[Italian school of criminology|Italian School of Positivist Criminology]]
|author_abbrev_bot =|author_abbrev_zoo =
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}}'''Cesare Lombroso''', born '''Ezechia Marco Lombroso''' ([[November 6]], [[1836]] – [[October 19]], [[1909]]) was an [[Italy|Italian]] [[criminology|criminologist]] and founder of the [[Italian school of criminology|Italian School of Positivist Criminology]]. Lombroso rejected the established [[Classical school|Classical School]], which held that [[crime]] was a characteristic trait of [[human nature]]. Instead, using concepts drawn from [[physiognomy]], early [[eugenics]], [[psychiatry]] and [[Social Darwinism]], Lombroso's theory of [[anthropological criminology]] essentially stated that criminality was [[heredity|inherited]], and that someone "born criminal"' could be identified by physical [[congenital disorder|defects]], which confirmed a criminal as [[savage]], or [[atavism|atavistic]].
==Life==
{{Crimin}}
Lombroso was born in [[Verona]] to a wealthy [[Jew]]ish family.[http://www.museocriminologico.it/lombroso_1_uk.htm] He studied literature, linguistics, and archæology, but changed his plans and became an army surgeon in [[1859]]. In [[1862]] he was appointed professor of diseases of the mind at [[Pavia]], and later took charge of the insane asylum at [[Pesaro]], eventually becoming professor of medical law and psychiatry at [[Turin]], where he died in 1909.
==Criminology==
{{see|Italian school}}
Lombroso popularized the notion of the ''born criminal'' through [[biological determinism]], claiming that criminals have particular [[physiognomy|physiognomic]] attributes or deformities. ''Physiognomy'' attempts to estimate character and [[personality psychology|personality]] traits from physical features of the face or the body. Whereas most individuals evolve, the [[violence|violent]] criminal had ''devolved'', and therefore criminals were societal, or evolutionary regressions. If criminality was [[heredity|inherited]], then the ''born criminal'' could be distinguished by physical ''[[atavism|atavistic stigmata]]'', such as:
* large [[jaw]]s, forward projection of jaw, low sloping [[forehead]]s
* high [[cheekbone]]s, flattened or upturned nose
* handle-shaped [[ear]]s
* large [[chin]]s, very prominent in appearance
* hawk-like [[nose]]s or fleshy [[lip]]s
* hard shifty eyes, scanty beard or baldness
* insensitivity to pain, long arms <ref name=York> [http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Terman/glossary.htm York University Classics in Psychiatry] {{en icon}}</ref><ref name=Deviance/>.
He attempted to construct a purported [[scientific method]]ology in order to predict criminal behavior and isolate individuals capable of the most violent types of criminal activity.
Lombroso advocated the study of individuals using [[measurement]]s and [[statistics|statistical]] methods in compiling [[anthropology|anthropological]], [[social]], and [[economic]] data <ref name=Overview> [http://www.crimetheory.com/Theories/Positivist.htm Overview of the Positivist School] {{en icon}}</ref>. Along with the natural origin of the crime and its [[social consequence]]s, various remedies can then be provided to the criminal, which would offer the greatest effects. <ref name=Overview/>
With successive research, he modified his theories with more thorough statistical analysis <ref name=Deviance>[http://www.d.umn.edu/~jhamlin1/lombroso.html Lombroso: Sociological Theories of Deviance] {{en icon}}</ref>.Lombroso continued to define additional ''atavistic stigmata'', as well as the degeneracy of effectiveness in the treatment of born criminals. He was an advocate for [[humane]] treatment of criminals by arguing for [[rehabilitation (penology)|rehabilitation]] and against [[capital punishment]]. <ref name=Overview/>
Lombroso's work, however, was hampered by his [[Social Darwinist]] assumptions, and especially by his pre-[[genetics|genetic]] conception of [[theory of evolution|evolution]] as "progress" from "lower life forms" to "higher life forms," and his assumption that the more "advanced" human traits would dispose their owners to living peacefully within a hierarchical, urbanized society far different from the conditions under which human beings evolved. In attempting to predict criminality by the shapes of the skulls and other physical features of criminals, he had in effect created a new [[pseudoscience]] of [[forensics|forensic]] [[phrenology]] and [[craniometry]]. While Lombroso was a pioneer of scientific criminology, and his work was one of the bases of the [[eugenics]] movement in the early twentieth century, his work is no longer considered one of the foundations of contemporary criminology.
[[Image:Cesare Lombroso's monument in Verona 3.JPG|right|thumb|350px|Monument to Lombroso in Cesare Lombroso Gardens, [[Verona]], [[Italy]]]]
Lombroso's criminology supported [[degeneration]] social theory, whereby it was believed the human species may negatively evolve into a criminal class. Lombroso claimed that the modern criminal was the savage throwback of "[[degeneration]]".{{ref_label | Herman1997 | 1 | a}} Lombroso concluded that skull and facial features were clues to genetic criminality. These features could be measured with craniometers and [[caliper]]s, and the measurements analyzed by quantitative research. Lombroso assumed that whites were superior to non-whites by heredity, and that Africans were the first human beings that evolved upwards and positively to yellow then white. Racial development was signified by social progress from primitive to modern, "only we white people have reached the ultimate symmetry of bodily form" Lombroso stated in [[1871]]{{ref_label | Herman1997 | 2 | a}}.
Lombroso's studies of female criminality began with measurements of females' skulls and photographs in his search for "atavism". He concluded that female criminals were rare and showed few signs of "degeneration" because they had “evolved less than men due to the inactive nature of their lives”.<ref>Burke, R.(2001) ''An Introduction to Criminological Theory.'' Willan Publishing, Devon</ref> Lombroso argued it was the females' natural passivity that withheld them from breaking the law, as they lacked the intelligence and initiative to become criminal.
Lombroso published in 1902 "The Last Brigand" in the magazine ''La Nuova Antologia'', which had as main subject the recently arrested Calabrian outlaw, [[Giuseppe Musolino]]. He concluded that Mussolino was halfway between a "born criminal" and a "criminaloid," and made of him the archetype of an Italian "Southern type race," opposed to a "Northern race" <ref> [http://www.historycooperative.org/cgi-bin/justtop.cgi?act=justtop&url=http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/ahr/109.2/br_186.html Book review of Mary Gibson, ''Born to Crime: Cesare Lombroso and the Origins of Biological Criminology'']. (Italian and Italian American Studies.) Westport, Conn.: Praeger. 2002. Published in ''[[The American Historical Review]]'', vol. 109, n°2, April 2004 {{en icon}}</ref>
==Psychiatric art==
Lombroso published ''The Man of Genius'' in 1889, a book which argued that artistic [[genius]] was a form of hereditary insanity. In order to support this assertion, he began assembling a large collection of "[[psychiatric art]]". He published an article on the subject in 1880 in which he isolated thirteen typical features of the "art of the insane." Although his criteria are generally regarded as outdated today, his work inspired later writers on the subject, particularly [[Hans Prinzhorn]].
==See also==
*[[Arnold Aletrino]]
*[[Anthropological criminology]]
*[[Family studies in eugenics]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
<!-- PROBLEMS IN REF FORMAT : PLEASE SEE [[WP:FOOTNOTES]]
# <Cite id="endnote_Smith1989_a" style="font-style: normal;">[[#ref Smith1989 a|'''^''']]</cite> <cite style="font-style:normal">A. Herman (1997). "The Idea of Decline in Western History". 110–113.</cite>
# <Cite id="endnote_Smith1989_a" style="font-style: normal;">[[#ref Smith1989 a|'''^''']]</cite> <cite style="font-style:normal">Lombroso cited in A. Herman (1997). "The Idea of Decline in Western History". 116.</cite> -->
== Further reading ==
*[[Stephen Jay Gould|Gould, Stephen J.]] (rev. ed. 1996) ''[[The Mismeasure of Man]]''. W. W. Norton, ISBN 0-393-31425-1
*Lombroso, Cesare (1876) ''L'Uomo Delinquente''. Milan: Hoepli.
*____ (1895) ''L'Homme Criminel''. Felix: Alcan. (two volumes).
*____ With Gina Lombroso-Ferrero (1911) ''Criminal Man, According to the Classification of Cesare Lombroso''. New York: Putnam; (1972) Montclair, N.J.: Patterson Smith.
*_____ (1980) ''The Female Offender''. Littleton, Colorado: Fred Rothman, (1980).
==Bibliography==
* ''Ricerche sul cretinismo in Lombardia'', (1859)
* ''Genio e follia'', (1864)
* ''Studi clinici sulle mallatie mentali'' (1865)
* ''Sulla microcefala e sul cretinismo con applicazione alla medicina legale'' (1873)
* ''L'uomo delinquente'', (1876)
* ''L'amore nel suicidio e nel delitto'', (1881)
* ''L'uomo di genio in rapporto alla psichiatria'', (1889, English translation, ''Man of Genius'', London, 1891)
* ''Sulla medicina legale del cadavere'', (second edition, 1890)
* ''Palimsesti del carcere'', (1891)
* ''Trattato della pellagra'', (1892)
* ''Le più recenti scoperte ed applicazioni della psichiatria ed antropologia criminale'', (1894)
* ''L'antisemitismo e le scienze moderne'', (1894)
* ''Genio e degenerazione'', (1897)
* ''Les Coquêtes récentes de la psychiatrie'', (1898)
* ''Le crime; causes et remédes'', (1899, English translation, ''Crime, its Causes and Remedies'', Boston, 1911)
* ''Lezioni de medicina legale'', (1900)
* ''Delitti vecchi e delitti nuovi'', (1902)
* After Death-What? (English Translation, Boston, 1909)
* Hans Kurella, ''Cesare lombroso, a Modern Man of Science'', translated from German by M. E. Paul, (London, 1911)
A collection of papers on Lombroso was published under the title ''L'opera di Cesare Lombroso nella scienza e nelle sue applicazioni'', (Turin, 1906).
==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
*[http://faculty.ncwc.edu/toconnor/301/301lect03.htm Anthropological Criminology] [[North Carolina Wesleyan College]]
*[http://faculty.ncwc.edu/TOConnor/428/428lect01.htm History of profiling] [[North Carolina Wesleyan College]]
*[[Renato M.E. Sabbatini|Sabbatini, R.M.E.]] - [http://www.cerebromente.org.br/n01/frenolog/lombroso.htm Cesare Lombroso. A Brief Biography]. ''Brain and Mind Magazine'', 1997.
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[[Category:1835 births]]
[[Category:1909 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Verona]]
[[Category:Italian criminologists]]
[[Category:History of neuroscience]]
[[Category:Italian non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Italian Jews]]
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