Chalcid wasp
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2008-05-07T09:18:11Z
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{{Taxobox
| name = Chalcid wasp
| image =
| image_width = 250px
| image_caption = Chalcid wasp, ''[[Torymus]]'' sp.
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Arthropod]]a
| classis = [[Insect]]a
| ordo = [[Hymenoptera]]
| subordo = [[Apocrita]]
| superfamilia = '''Chalcidoidea'''
| familia =
| subdivision_ranks = Families
| subdivision =
See text.
}}
[[Image:IC Leucospis gigas.JPG|thumb|250px|''[[Leucospis gigas]]'', family [[Leucospidae]]]]
'''Chalcid wasps''' (superfamily '''Chalcidoidea''') belong to the [[insect]] order [[Hymenoptera]], and are one of the largest groups within the order, with some 22,000 known species, and an estimated total diversity of anywhere from 60,000 to more than 500,000 species, meaning the vast majority have yet to be discovered and described.
Most of the species are [[parasitoid]]s of other insects, attacking the egg or larval stage of their host, though many other life cycles are known. These hosts are to be found in at least 12 different insect orders including [[Lepidoptera]] (butterflies and moths), [[Diptera]] (true flies), [[beetle|Coleoptera]] (beetles), [[Hemiptera]] (true bugs), and other Hymenoptera, as well as two orders of [[Arachnida]], and even one family of [[nematode]]s.
A few species are [[phytophagous]] and the larvae feed inside seeds, stems, and [[gall]]s. Generally beneficial to humans as a group, chalcids keep various crop pests under control, and many species have been imported to control insect pests.
They can be found almost everywhere, particularly on flowers, foliage, and in leaf litter, but are often overlooked due to their very small size, which includes the smallest of all known insects (''see'' [[Dicopomorpha echmepterygis]]).
Chalcids are tiny, dark-coloured wasps, often metallic blue or green with complex sculpturing on the body. They are also recognized by the characteristic reduced wing venation, similar to that seen in other superfamilies of [[parasitic wasp]]s. They have a significant part to play in [[ecosystem]]s and their true importance must not be underestimated.
== Taxonomy ==
'''Chalcidoidea''' is a [[superfamily]] of [[Hymenoptera]], whose family constituency is in constant flux, as new hypotheses of relationships are constantly being proposed and rejected; with the advent of [[molecular systematics]], it seems that the future will see further revisions of the classification in use today.
There are nineteen extant families recognized at present:
*[[Agaonidae]] <small>[[Francis Walker (entomologist)|Walker]], 1846</small>
*[[Aphelinidae]] <small>[[Carl Gustaf Thomson|Thomson]], 1876</small>
*[[Chalcididae]] <small>[[Pierre André Latreille|Latreille]], 1817</small>
*[[Encyrtidae]] <small>[[Francis Walker (entomologist)|Walker]], 1837</small>
*[[Eucharitidae]] <small>[[Pierre André Latreille|Latreille]], 1809</small>
*[[Eulophidae]] <small>[[John Obadiah Westwood|Westwood]], 1829</small> (including Elasmidae)
*[[Eupelmidae]] <small>[[Francis Walker (entomologist)|Walker]], 1833</small>
*[[Eurytomidae]] <small>[[Francis Walker (entomologist)|Walker]], 1832</small>
*[[Leucospidae]] <small>[[Johan Christian Fabricius|Fabricius]], 1775</small>
*[[Mymaridae]] <small>[[Alexander Henry Haliday|Haliday]], 1833</small>
*[[Ormyridae]] <small>[[Arnold Förster|Förster]], 1856</small>
*[[Perilampidae]] <small>[[Pierre André Latreille|Latreille]], 1809</small>
*[[Pteromalidae]] <small>[[Johan Wilhelm Dalman|Dalman]], 1820</small>
*[[Rotoitidae]] <small>[[Bouček]] & [[Noyes]], 1987</small>
*[[Signiphoridae]] <small>[[Ashmead]], 1880</small>
*[[Tanaostigmatidae]] <small>Howard, 1890</small>
*[[Tetracampidae]] <small>[[Arnold Förster|Förster]], 1856</small>
*[[Torymidae]] <small>[[Francis Walker (entomologist)|Walker]], 1833</small>
*[[Trichogrammatidae]] <small>[[Alexander Henry Haliday|Haliday]], 1851</small>
There is also one extinct family, [[Khutelchalcididae]] <small>[[Alex Rasnitsyn|Rasnitsyn]], Basibuyuk & Quicke, 2004</small>.
Of these families, at least five are known to be artificial groups ([[paraphyletic]]), and are being - or will be - divided into several families, or perhaps fused with existing families. The most problematic, the Pteromalidae, is, in some classifications, supposed to contain as many as 8 independent lineages, grouped together because of superficial similarities.
==Identification==
* Key to families Grissell, E. E., and M. E. Schauff. 1990. ''A handbook of the families of Nearctic Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera).''Entomological Society of Washington (Washington, D.C.) Handbook 1:1-85.Online at [http://www.codex.begoniasociety.org/chalcidkey/]
==External links==
*[http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov/hym/chalcid.html Chalcidoidea]
*[http://www.nhm.ac.uk/research-curation/projects/chalcidoids/ Universal Chalcidoid Database]
*[http://morphbank.net/Browse/ByImage/index.php?keywords=&tsnKeywords=chalcidoidea&spKeywords=&viewKeywords=whole+body&localityKeywords=&listField1=imageId&orderAsc1=DESC&listField2=&orderAsc2=ASC&listField3=&orderAsc3=ASC&numPerPage=20&goTo=&resetOffset=&activeSubmit=2 Images of chacid wasps on MorphBank, a biological image database]
[[Category:Wasps]]
[[Category:Biological pest control agents]]
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