Chalcogen 5905 224425185 2008-07-08T20:03:27Z 77.79.168.50 {| style="float: right; border: 1px solid #ccc; margin: 0.5em 0pt 0.8em 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; width: 75px;" ! [[Group (periodic table)|Group]]&nbsp;→!! 16 |- ! ↓&nbsp;[[Period (periodic table)|Period]] |- ! [[Period 2 element|2]] | {{element cell| 8|Oxygen|O| |Gas|Nonmetals|Primordial}} |- ! [[Period 3 element|3]] | {{element cell|16|Sulfur|S| |Solid|Nonmetals|Primordial}} |- ! [[Period 4 element|4]] | {{element cell|34|Selenium|Se| |Solid|Nonmetals|Primordial}} |- ! [[Period 5 element|5]] | {{element cell|52|Tellurium|Te| |Solid|Metalloids|Primordial}} |- ! [[Period 6 element|6]] | {{element cell|84|Polonium|Po| |Solid|Metalloids|Natural radio}} |- ! [[Period 7 element|7]] | {{element cell|116|Ununhexium|Uuh| |Solid|Poor metals|Synthetic}} |} The '''chalcogens''' are the name for the [[periodic table group]] 16 (old-style: VIB or VIA) in the [[periodic table]]. It is sometimes known as the '''oxygen family'''. It consists of the [[chemical element|elements]] [[oxygen]] ('''O'''), [[sulfur]] ('''S'''), [[selenium]] ('''Se'''), [[tellurium]] ('''Te'''), the radioactive [[polonium]] ('''Po'''), and the synthetic [[ununhexium]] ('''Uuh'''). The compounds of the heavier chalcogens (particularly the [[sulfide]]s, [[selenide]]s, and [[telluride (chemistry)|telluride]]s) are collectively known as '''chalcogenides'''. Unless grouped with a heavier chalcogen, [[oxide]]s are not considered chalcogenides.<ref>{{Ref patent|country=US |number=2007092648 |status= application |title=Chalcogenide solar cells |pubdate=2007-04-26 |fdate=2005-11-29 |invent1= Jeroen K. J. Van Duren |assign1= Nanosolar, Inc.}}</ref> The name is generally considered to mean "ore former" from the [[Greek language|Greek]] ''chalcos'' "''ore''" and ''-gen'' "formation". <ref>[http://jchemed.chem.wisc.edu/Journal/Issues/2001/Oct/abs1333_1.html A Second Note on the Term "Chalcogen"]</ref> Oxygen and sulfur are [[nonmetal]]s, and polonium, selenium and tellurium are [[metalloid]] [[semiconductor]]s (i.e., their electrical properties are between those of a metal and an [[electrical insulation|insulator]]). Nevertheless, tellurium, as well as selenium, is often referred to as a metal when in elemental form. Chalcogens are quite common as minerals. For example, [[pyrite]] (FeS<sub>2</sub>) is an [[iron ore]] and AuTe<sub>2</sub> gave its name to the gold rush town of [[Telluride, Colorado]], in the [[United States]]. The formal [[oxidation number]] of the chalcogens is generally −2 in a chalcogenide but other values, such as −1 in [[pyrite]], can be attained. The highest formal oxidation number +6 is found in [[sulfate]]s, [[selenate]]s and [[tellurate]]s, such as in sodium selenate (Na<sub>2</sub>SeO<sub>4</sub>). Modern chemical understanding based on [[quantum chemistry|quantum theory]] supersedes the use of formal oxidation numbers in favour of a [[Hartree-Fock|many-electron wavefunction]] approach allowing detailed computer simulation. The former concept, while flawed, is still useful in thought experiments.{{Fact|date=April 2008}} {|style="text-align: center;" border="0" cellpadding="2" |+ '''Explanation of above periodic table slice:''' ! bgcolor="{{element color/Nonmetals}}" | [[Nonmetal]]s ! bgcolor="{{element color/Metalloids}}" | [[Metalloid]]s ! bgcolor="{{element color/Poor metals}}" | [[Poor metal]]s | Atomic numbers in <font color="{{element color/Gas}}">{{element color/Gas}}</font> are gases | Atomic numbers in <font color="{{element color/Solid}}">{{element color/Solid}}</font> are solids | style="border:{{element frame/Primordial}};" | Solid borders indicate [[primordial element]]s (older than the [[Earth]]) | style="border:{{element frame/Natural radio}};" | Dashed borders indicate [[radioactive decay|radioactive]] natural elements | style="border:{{element frame/Synthetic}};" | Dotted borders indicate radioactive [[synthetic element]]s |} {{PeriodicTablesFooter}} == See also == * [[Gold chalcogenides]] * [[Periodic table]] == External links == {{reflist}} [[Category:Periodic table]] [[Category:Chalcogens|*]] {{Link FA|lmo}} [[ar:مجموعة كالكوجين]] [[ast:Elementos del grupu 16]] [[bs:Halkogeni elementi]] [[bg:Халкоген]] [[ca:Calcogen]] [[cs:Chalkogen]] [[de:Chalkogene]] [[es:Anfígeno]] [[eo:Elemento de grupo 16]] [[eu:Anfigeno]] [[fr:Chalcogène]] [[ko:16족 원소]] [[it:Elementi del gruppo 16]] [[sw:Kundi la Halkojeni]] [[la:Chalcogenica]] [[lmo:Calcògen]] [[nl:Zuurstofgroep]] [[ja:第16族元素]] [[nn:Chalkogen]] [[nds:Chalkogen]] [[pl:Tlenowce]] [[pt:Calcogênio]] [[ru:Халькогены]] [[qu:Ch'uqichaq]] [[sk:Chalkogény]] [[sl:Halkogen]] [[sr:16. група хемијских елемената]] [[sh:16. grupa hemijskih elemenata]] [[fi:Happiryhmä]] [[sv:Syregruppen]] [[th:แชลโคเจน]] [[vi:Nhóm nguyên tố 16]] [[tr:Kalkojen]] [[zh:氧族元素]]