Chancellor 214175 219314743 2008-06-14T17:10:23Z Tamfang 609725 /* Uruguay */ promote section: was erroneously under 'USA' {{otheruses|Chancellor (disambiguation)}} {{Unreferenced|date=May 2007}} {{executive}} '''Chancellor''' or '''chancellour''' (archaic) ([[Latin]]: ''cancellarius'') is an official [[title]] used in countries whose civilization has arisen directly or indirectly out of the [[Roman Empire]].{{Fact|date=August 2007}} At different times and in different countries it has stood for various duties and has been borne by officers of various degrees of dignity. Various [[government]]s have a chancellor who serves as some form of junior or senior [[Minister (government)|minister]]. The original chancellors were the [[Cancellarii]] of Roman courts of justice—ushers who sat at the ''cancelli'' or lattice work screens of a [[basilica]] or law court, which separated the judge and counsel from the audience. A Chancellor's office is called a [[chancellery]] or [[Court of Chancery|chancery]]. == Austria == <!-- [[2002 Austrian Grand Prix]] links here--> The [[Chancellor of Austria]], or ''Bundeskanzler'', is the title for the [[head of government]] in [[Austria]]. In [[Politics of Austria|Austrian politics]], the ''Bundeskanzler'' position is somewhat equivalent to that of a [[prime minister]]. == Argentina == In Argentina the Foreign Minister is mostly called ''Canciller'' (Chancellor) and he works at the ''Cancillería'' (chancellery).[http://www.pilkington.com/resources/bparg10.jpg] == Brazil == The Chancellor of Brazil, or ''Chanceler'', is the country's [[Brazilian Foreign Affairs Minister|foreign affairs minister]], whose office is located inside [[Itamaraty Palace]]. ==Chile== In [[Chile]], the Chancellor is the Foreign Affairs Minister. ==China== The [[Chancellor of China]] was the second highest rank after the [[Emperor of China]]. ==Colombia== In [[Colombia]], the Chancellor is the Foreign Affairs Minister. == Denmark == The office of chancellor (or royal chancellor) seems to have appeared in the 12th century, and until [[1660]] it was the title of the leader of the state administration (a kind of a "Home Office" but often with foreign political duties). Often he appeared to be the real leader of the government. From 1660&ndash;1848, the title continued as "Grand Chancellor" or "President of the Danish Chancellery," and was replaced in [[1848]] by the title "Minister of Domestic Affairs." == Egypt == There are two ancient Egyptian titles sometimes translated as chancellor. There is the "royal sealer" (xtmtj-bity or xtmw-bity), a title attested since the First Dynasty (about 3000 BC)<ref>Toby A. H. Wilkinson, ''Early Dynastic Egypt'', Routledge 1999, p.131</ref>. People holding the post include [[Imhotep]] and Hemaka<ref>Michael Rice, ''Who's Who in Ancient Egypt'', Routledge 2001, p.63</ref>. The other title translated as chancellor is "Keeper of the Royal Seal" (or ''overseer of the seal'' or ''treasurer''—imy-r xtmt <ref>''pBerlin 10035'' in U. Luft, ''Urkunden zur Chronologie der späten 12. Dynastie, Briefe aus Illahun'', Wien 2006, 69 ff.</ref><ref>''pLouvre 3230 B'' in E. Wente, ''Letters from Ancient Egypt'', Atlanta, 1990, 92</ref>). Officials holding the post include [[Chancellor Bay|Bay]] or [[Irsu]], Khety<ref>''Memoirs'', Egypt Exploration Society—1958, p.7</ref> [[Meketre]] <ref>[http://www.insecula.com/us/article/F0009782.html Serdab of the Chancellor Meketre]</ref>, and Nakhti <ref>Michael Rice, ''Who's Who in Ancient Egypt'', Routledge 2001</ref>. The first title (royal sealer) announced a certain rank at the royal court, the second (supervisor of the sealed goods, i.e. treasurer) was responsible for the state's income. This position appears around 2000 BC. == Estonia == In [[Estonia]] the [[Chancellor of Justice]] (''Õiguskantsler'', Currently [[Allar Jõks]]) supervises the legality of actions taken by the [[Government of Estonia|government]] and monitors the implementation of basic civil liberties. == Finland == In [[Finland]] the [[Chancellor of Justice]] (''Oikeuskansleri, Justitiekanslern'') supervises the legality of actions taken by the [[Government of Finland|government]] and monitors the implementation of basic civil liberties. In this special function the chancellor also sits in the Finnish [[Cabinet]], the [[Finnish Council of State]]. == France == For centuries, the [[King of France]] appointed a chancellor or ''Chancelier de France'', a [[Great Officers of the Crown of France|Great Officer of the Crown]], as an office associated with that of [[keeper of the seals]]. The ''chancelier'' was responsible for some judicial proceedings. During the reigns of [[Louis XVIII of France|Louis XVIII]], [[Charles X of France|Charles X]] and [[Louis Philippe of France|Louis Philippe]], the Chancellor of [[France]] presided over the Chamber of Peers, the upper house of the royal French parliament. == Germany == As in Austria, the [[Chancellor of Germany]] or ''Bundeskanzler'' (meaning "[[Federal republic|Federal]] Chancellor"), is the title for the head of government in [[Germany]]. ''Bundeskanzlerin'' is the [[Grammatical gender|feminine]] form. In [[Politics of Germany|German politics]] the ''Bundeskanzler'' position is somewhat equivalent to that of a [[prime minister]] and is elected by the ''[[Bundestag]]'', the German Parliament, every four years, but can be replaced at any time by the parliament. After the [[unification of Germany]], in the year [[1871]], the Chancellor of the [[Reich]] or ''Reichskanzler'' (meaning "[[Imperial]] Chancellor"), served not only as [[head of government]], but also as presiding officer of the [[Bundesrat (Germany)|Bundesrat]], the [[upper house]] of the German imperial [[parliament]]. After the abdication of [[Kaiser]] [[Wilhelm II]] in [[1918]], the German chancellor no longer presided over the upper house of parliament, but was head of the [[Weimer Republic|republic]]'s government. [[Adolf Hitler]] was appointed to the chancellorship in [[1933]] by President [[Paul von Hindenburg|Hindenburg]]. On [[March 23]] [[1933]], after the [[Reichstag fire]], the parliament passed the [[Enabling Act of 1933|Enabling Act]], which gave to Hitler legal right to pass [[legislation]] without the approval or consent of the parliament: he was made a legal [[dictator]]. The office of "Chancellor" was combined with that of the "President" and called the ''Führer und Reichskanzler'' (meaning "Leader and Imperial Chancellor") after President Hindenburg's death in the year [[1934]]. Since the [[World War II|defeat]] of [[Nazi Germany]] and the formation of the [[Federal Republic of Germany|Federal Republic]] in [[1949]], the chancellorship has adhered to its role as prescribed by the [[Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany|Basic Law]]. It differs from the chancellorship of [[Weimar Germany]] primarily in that the office is not appointed by the president, but through a [[majority]] [[Bundestag]] [[vote]]. == Lithuania == See Poland below. ==Japan== The [[Daijō Daijin]] or '''Chancellor of the Realm''' was the head of the ''[[Daijō-kan]]'', or Department of State in [[Heian period|Heian]] [[Japan]] and briefly under the [[Meiji Constitution]]. == Peru == In [[Peru]], the Chancellor is the Foreign Affairs Minister. == Poland == {{details|kanclerz}} In the [[Kingdom of Poland of the Jagiellons|Kingdom of Poland]] from the [[14th century]], there was a royal chancellor. In the [[Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth]] ([[1569]]–[[1795]]), the four chancellors were among the ten highest officials of the state. [[Poland]] and [[Lithuania]] each had a Grand Chancellor and a Deputy Chancellor, each entitled to a senatorial seat, responsible for the affairs of the whole Kingdom, each with his own chancery. See [[Offices in Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth]]. == Russia == In the [[Russian Empire]], the chancellor was the highest rank of civil service as defined by the [[Table of Ranks]] and on the same grade as [[field marshal]] and [[General Admiral]]. Only the most distinguished government officials were promoted to this grade, such as [[foreign minister]]s [[Alexander Gorchakov]] and [[Aleksei Petrovich Bestuzhev-Ryumin|Alexey Bestuzhev-Ryumin]]. == Spain == The [[Spanish language|Spanish]] word “canciller” is the equivalent to the [[English language|English]] chancellor. However, in [[Spain]], the term refers to a [[civil servant]] responsible for technical issues relating to [[foreign affairs]]. Chancellors work in the embassies and consulates of Spain. Other Spanish speaking countries use the term “canciller” to refer to the [[Foreign Minister]]. == Sweden == In [[Sweden]] the [[Chancellor of Justice]] or ''Justitiekanslern'' acts as the [[Solicitor|Solicitor General]] for the [[Government of Sweden|Swedish Government]]. The office was introduced by [[Charles XII of Sweden]] in [[1713]]. Historically there was also a [[Lord High Chancellor of Sweden|Lord High Chancellor]] or ''Rikskansler'' as the most senior member of the [[Privy Council of Sweden]]. There is in addition to this a University Chancellor or ''Universitetskansler'', who leads the National Agency for [[List of colleges and universities in Sweden|Higher Education]]. == Switzerland == In [[Switzerland]], the [[Federal Chancellor of Switzerland|Federal Chancellor]] (''Bundeskanzler, Chancelier fédéral, Cancelliere della Confederazione'') is elected by the Swiss [[parliament]]. He or she heads the Federal Chancellery, the general staff of the seven-member executive [[Federal Council of Switzerland|Federal Council]], the Swiss government. The Chancellor participates in the meetings of the seven Federal Councilors with a consultative vote and prepares the reports on policy and activities of the council to parliament. The chancellery is responsible for the publication of all federal laws. == United Kingdom == In the [[United Kingdom]], a number of cabinet ministers hold offices containing the word ''chancellor''. *The [[Lord Chancellor]] (''Lord High Chancellor'', ''King's Chancellor'') is the occupant of one of the oldest offices of state, dating back to the [[Kingdom of England]], and older than [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|Parliament]] itself. Theoretically, the Lord Chancellor is the "Chancellor of Great Britain"; there was formerly an office of "Chancellor of Ireland" which was abolished in [[1922]], when all but [[Northern Ireland]] left the United Kingdom. The Lord Chancellor, the second highest non-royal subject in precedence (after the [[Archbishop of Canterbury]]), fulfils a threefold role: **The Lord Chancellor was the head of the English, but not Scottish, judiciary. Previously, the Lord Chancellor was the sole judge in the [[Court of Chancery]]. Since that court has been combined with others to form the [[High Court of England and Wales|High Court]], the Lord Chancellor has served as the head of the Chancery division, but that role has been delegated to the Vice-Chancellor. The Lord Chancellor was also permitted to participate in judicial sittings of the House of Lords; he also chooses the committees that hear appeals in the Lords. The latter role was in practice fulfilled by the [[Senior Lord of Appeal in Ordinary]]. All judicial functions have since been moved to the new Supreme Court under the Constitutional Reform Act of 2005. **Head of the [[Ministry of Justice]], which was created in May 2007 from the [[Department for Constitutional Affairs]] (which was created in 2003 from the [[Lord Chancellor's Department]]) as the head of which he sits in the Cabinet. **He was also formerly the ''de facto'' speaker of the [[House of Lords]]. However, [[as of 2006]], following [[Constitutional Reform Act 2005|reforms]] made by the Labour government these duties are now undertaken by the [[Lord Speaker]]. The current Lord Chancellor, [[Jack Straw]], is the first in history to sit in the [[British House of Commons|House of Commons]] rather than the House of Lords. *[[Chancellor of the Exchequer]], the minister with overall responsibility for the Exchequer or Treasury. This, too, is an ancient title dating back to the [[England|Kingdom of England]]. It is roughly the equivalent of the [[Minister of Finance]] or [[Secretary of the Treasury]] in other governmental systems. In recent years, when the term ''chancellor'' is used in British politics, it is taken as referring to the Chancellor of the Exchequer. As ''Second Lord of the Treasury'', the Chancellor has an official residence at 11 [[Downing Street]], next door to the ''First Lord of the Treasury'', the [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]], at 10 Downing Street, in [[London]]. *[[Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster]], another ancient office of state, the Chancellor being the Minister of the Crown responsible in theory for the running of the Duchy of Lancaster, a duchy in England belonging to the Crown but historically maintained separately from the rest of the kingdom, whose net revenues personally belong to the monarch. In reality, the post of Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, effectively like a chairman of trustees, carries minimal work and responsibilities, so it is used in effect as a [[minister without portfolio]] position, often given to the chairman of the party in power to give him or her a seat in the [[cabinet]]. == United States == In the [[United States]], the only "chancellor" established by the federal government is the Chancellor of the [[Smithsonian Institution]], a largely ceremonial office held by the [[Chief Justice of the United States]]. As the Smithsonian is a research and museum system, its use of the title is perhaps best thought of as akin to a [[Chancellor (education)|university's chancellor]]. ===State Chancellors=== Some [[U.S. state]]s, like [[Delaware]], still maintain a separate [[Court of Chancery]] with jurisdiction over [[Equity (law)|equity]] cases. Judges who sit on those courts are called chancellors. Among the states that once had the judicial office of chancellor, but have now abolished it, is New York State. In 1789, after [[George Washington]] had been elected the first President of the United States, he traveled to the temporary national capital, New York City, to be sworn in to office. By tradition, the presidential oath is administered by the [[Chief Justice of the United States]] except in cases of emergency. Of course, at the time Washington took office there was no chief justice or any other federal judges, as there was not yet a president to appoint them. Therefore, the oath of office was administered to Washington by the highest-ranking judge available, [[Robert Livingston (1746-1813)|Robert Livingston]], the chancellor of New York State. ===Educational usage=== The title chancellor has several uses in U.S. educational institutions. In government, it is title of the heads of the [[New York City Department of Education]] and the [[District of Columbia Public Schools]], who run the municipally-operated public schools in those jurisdictions. New York State also has a chancellor of the [[University of the State of New York]], a "university" as a fiction of law in that it is the body that licenses and regulations all educational and research institutions in the state and many professions (it is not to be confused with the State University of New York, an actual institution of higher learning). Many public and private universities and university systems are headed by chancellors who function as the chief executive officer of the school or systems of schools. In a few instances, the term chancellor is used for a student or faculty member within a high school or an institution of higher learning being either appointed or elected as chancellor in order to preside on the highest ranking [[judicial]] [[board]] or [[tribunal]]. They handle non-academic matters such as violations of behavior code, harassment, or violation of the school's created [[constitution]].<ref>[http://www.k-state.edu/osas/sga/judicialboards.htm Judicial Boards<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> == Uruguay == In [[Uruguay]], Chancellor (Spanish: Canciller) is the title given to the Foreign Affairs Minister. ==Other Organizations== === Catholic Church === The chancellor is the principal record-keeper of a [[diocese]] or [[eparchy]], or their equivalent. The chancellor is a notary, so that he may certify official documents, and often has other duties at the discretion of the bishop of the diocese: he may be in charge of some aspect of finances or of managing the personnel connected with diocesan offices, although his delegated authority cannot extend to vicars of the diocesan bishop, such as [[vicars general]], episcopal vicars or judicial vicars. His office is within the "chancery." Vice-chancellors may be appointed to assist the chancellor in busy chanceries. Normally, the chancellor is a priest or deacon, although in some circumstances a layperson may be appointed to the post.<ref>[[CIC]] 482; [[CCEO]] 252—§1.</ref> In the eparchial curia a chancellor is to be appointed who is to be a presbyter (priest) or deacon and whose principal obligation, unless otherwise established by the particular law, is to see that the acts of the curia are gathered and arranged as well as preserved in the archives of the eparchial curia.<ref>See, [[Thomas Kuzhinapurath]]</ref> <ref>§2. If it seems necessary the chancellor can be given an assistant whose title is vice-chancellor. §3. The chancellor as well as the vice-chancellor are by the law itself notaries of the eparchial curia. In the 1983 Code of [[Canon Law]] for the Latin rite of the Catholic Church, the chancellor may be a layperson, and not necessarily a presbyter or deacon. The office of the Chancellor is mandatory in all diocessan (eparchial) curia. The primary function of the Chancellor is to keep the curial records properly.Beal, ''New Commentary on the Code of Canon Law'', Paulist Press, Mahwah, NJ, 2000, p.635</ref> == See also == * [[Logothete]] == External Link == [http://www.scribd.com/kuzhinapurath, CCEO 1990] ==References== {{reflist}} {{Heads of government}} [[Category:Chancellors (government)| ]] [[Category:Titles of national or ethnic leadership]] [[ca:Canceller]] [[da:Kansler]] [[de:Kanzler]] [[el:Καγκελάριος]] [[es:Canciller]] [[fi:Kansleri]] [[fr:Chancelier]] [[it:Cancelliere]] [[ja:宰相]] [[lt:Kancleris]] [[nl:Kanselier]] [[pl:Kanclerz]] [[pt:Chanceler]] [[ro:Cancelar]] [[ru:Канцлер]] [[simple:Chancellor]] [[tr:şansölye]] [[ur:چانسلر]] [[zh:宰相]]