Charles I of Austria 153477 224381677 2008-07-08T16:35:06Z Hughey 3903368 {{Infobox Monarch | name =Blessed Charles I | title =Emperor of Austria, Apostolic King of Hungary, etc. | image =[[Image:Emperor karl of austria-hungary 1917.png|200px]] | caption = | reign = [[21 November]] [[1916]] - November 1918 | coronation = [[December 30]] [[1916]] | othertitles =[[King of Bohemia]] </br> [[King of Croatia and Slavonia]] </br> [[Archduke of Austria]] | full name = | predecessor =[[Franz Joseph I of Austria|Franz Joseph I]] | successor =Dissolution of Empire | queen = [[Zita of Bourbon-Parma]] | issue = [[Otto von Habsburg|Otto]]</br>[[Archduchess Adelheid of Austria|Adelheid]]</br>[[Robert, Archduke of Austria-Este|Robert]]</br>[[Felix Habsburg|Felix]]</br>[[Archduke Karl Ludwig of Austria (1918-2007)|Karl Ludwig]]</br>[[Archduke Rudolf of Austria (b. 1919)|Rudolf]]</br>[[Archduchess Charlotte of Austria|Charlotte]]</br>Elisabeth | royal house = [[Habsburg-Lorraine]] | royal anthem =Gott erhalte, Gott beschütze | father =[[Archduke Otto Franz of Austria|Archduke Otto Franz]] | mother =[[Princess Maria Josepha of Saxony]] | date of birth =[[August 17]], [[1887]] | place of birth ={{flagicon|Austria-Hungary}} [[Persenbeug-Gottsdorf]] | date of death ={{death date and age|1922|4|1|1887|8|17}} | place of death ={{flagicon|POR}} [[Madeira]] | date of burial = | place of burial = [[Igreja Nossa Senhora do Monte]], [[Madeira]], [[Muri Abbey]], [[Switzerland]] (heart) |}} '''Charles I''' (''Karl Franz Josef Ludwig Hubert Georg Maria von Habsburg-Lothringen'') ([[17 August]] [[1887]] &ndash; [[1 April]] [[1922]]) (''Hungarian'': '''IV. Károly''' (''Károly Ferenc József'')) was (among other titles) the last [[Emperor]] of [[Austrian Empire|Austria]], the last [[Monarch|King]] of [[King of Bohemia|Bohemia]] as ''Charles III.'', [[King of Hungary|Hungary]] and [[King of Croatia and Slavonia|Croatia and Slavonia]], and the last monarch of the [[Habsburg|Habsburg dynasty]]. He reigned as Charles I as Emperor of Austria and Charles IV as King of Hungary from 1916 until 1918, when he "renounced participation" in state affairs, but did not abdicate. He spent the remaining years of his life attempting to restore the monarchy until his death in 1922. Following his [[beatification]], he has become commonly known as '''Blessed Charles'''. ==Life== ===Early life=== Charles was born on [[August 17]] [[1887]], in the Castle of Persenbeug in Lower Austria. He was the son of [[Archduke Otto Franz of Austria]] (1865&ndash;1906) and [[Princess Maria Josepha of Saxony]] (1867&ndash;1944); he was also a nephew of [[Archduke Franz Ferdinand|Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria-Este]]. As a child, Charles was reared a devout [[Roman Catholic|Catholic]]. In 1911, Charles married Princess [[Zita of Bourbon-Parma|Zita of Parma]]. Charles became heir-presumptive with the [[assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand]], his uncle, in [[Sarajevo]] in 1914, the event which precipitated [[World War I]]. Charles' reign began in 1916, when his great-uncle, [[Franz Joseph I of Austria|Francis Joseph I]] died. Charles also became a [[Generalfeldmarschall]] in the [[Austro-Hungarian Army]]. ===Reign=== On [[2 December]] [[1916]], he took over the title of Supreme Commander to a whole army from [[Archduke Friedrich, Duke of Teschen|Archduke Frederick]]. In 1917, Charles secretly entered into peace negotiations with France. Although his foreign minister, [[Ottokar Czernin]], was only interested in negotiating a general peace which would include Germany as well, Charles himself, in negotiations with the French with his brother-in-law, [[Prince Sixtus of Bourbon-Parma]], an officer in the Belgian army, as intermediary, went much further in suggesting his willingness to make a separate peace. When news of the overture leaked in April 1918, Charles denied involvement until the French prime minister [[Georges Clemenceau]] published letters signed by him. This led to Czernin's resignation, forcing Austria-Hungary into an even more dependent position with respect to its seemingly wronged German ally. The Austro-Hungarian Empire was wracked by inner turmoil in the final years of the war, with much tension between ethnic groups. As part of his [[Fourteen Points]], US President [[Woodrow Wilson]] demanded that the Empire allow for autonomy and self-determination of its peoples. In response, Charles agreed to reconvene the Imperial parliament and allow for the creation of a [[confederation]] with each national group exercising self-governance. However, the reforms quickly spiraled out of control, as the nationalities were now determined to pull away from Vienna at the earliest possible moment. Foreign Minister Baron Istvan Burián asked for an armistice based on the Fourteen Points on [[October 14]], and two days later Charles issued a proclamation transforming Austria into a federal union. However, [[United States Secretary of State|Secretary of State]] [[Robert Lansing]] replied four days later that the Allies were now committed to the causes of the Czechs, Slovaks and South Slavs (in fact, a [[Czechoslovakia|Czechoslovak provisional government]] had joined the Allies on [[October 14]]). Therefore, autonomy for the nationalities was no longer enough. The Lansing note effectively ended any efforts to keep the Empire together. One by one, the nationalities proclaimed their independence, and Charles' political future became uncertain. On [[October 31]], Hungary officially ended the [[personal union]] between Austria and Hungary, effectively ending the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Nothing remained of Charles' realm except the Danubian and Alpine provinces, and he was challenged even there by the [[German Austria]]n state council. His last prime minister, [[Heinrich Lammasch]], advised him that it was fruitless to stay on. On [[November 11]]--the same day as the armistice ending the war--Charles issued a [http://www.firstworldwar.com/source/abdication_karl.htm carefully worded proclamation] in which he recognized the Austrian people's right to determine the form of the state and "relinquish(ed) every participation in the administration of the State." He also released his officials from their oath of loyalty to him. On [[November 13]], he issued a similar proclamation for Hungary. Although it has widely been cited as an "abdication," that word was never mentioned in either proclamation. <ref>''Kings and Queens of Hungary & Princes of Transylvania'', by István Gombás published by Corvina, Budapest, 2002 (ISBN 963-13-5152-1)</ref> Charles deliberately avoided using the word "abdication" in hopes that the people of either Austria or Hungary would vote to recall him. Instead, the day after he issued his proclamation, German Austria proclaimed itself an independent republic. He then fled to [[Switzerland]], escorted by [[Edward Lisle Strutt]], and continued to pursue regaining power from exile. In 1919, the Austrian parliament passed a law which banished the Habsburgs from Austrian territory unless they renounced all intentions of reclaiming the throne and accepted the status of ordinary citizens. {{House of Habsburg-Lorraine after Francis I}} Encouraged by Hungarian nationalists, Charles sought twice in 1921 to reclaim the throne of Hungary, but failed due to various factors including the lack of support of the Hungarian Regent [[Miklós Horthy]]. Horthy's failure to support Charles' restoration attempts is often described as "treasonous" by monarchists. Critics suggest that Horthy's actions were more firmly grounded in political reality than the King of Hungary and his supporters. Charles left Hungary from the city of [[Baja, Hungary|Baja]] forever, and later in 1921 the Hungarian parliament formally dethroned the Habsburgs. (For a more detailed account of Charles' attempts to regain the throne, see ''[[Charles IV of Hungary's conflict with Miklós Horthy]]''.) ===Death=== Charles died of severe [[pneumonia]] (brought on after Charles, an already sickly man, walked into town on a freezing winter's day) on the [[Portugal|Portuguese]] island of [[Madeira]] in 1922. His remains except for his heart are still kept on the island, in the Church of Our Lady of the [[Monte (Funchal)|Monte]], in spite of several attempts to move them to the [[Imperial Crypt, Vienna|Habsburg Crypt]] in Vienna. His heart, and that of Empress Zita, repose in the Loreto Chapel of [[Muri Abbey]]. During his stay on the island, his personal chaplain was Priest [[Jorge de Faria e Castro]]. Charles' brief rule is considered by the [[Roman Catholic Church]] to have expressed [[Catholic social teaching]], and he created a social legal framework which survives in part to this day. After his failed attempts to regain the Hungarian Crown, he and his Queen were first imprisoned and then exiled to Madeira, together with their children, where they lived in impoverished conditions until his death.<ref>''Blessed Emperor Charles, Prince of Peace for a United Europe'', a Roman Catholic pamphlet, Nihil Obstat: Archdiocese of Vienna, 6.7.2005, K1238/05.</ref> ==Post-mortem== Historians have been mixed in their evaluations of Charles and his reign. One of the most critical has been [[Helmut Rumpler]], head of the Habsburg commission of the [[Austrian Academy of Sciences]], who has described Charles as "a dilettante, far too weak for the challenges facing him, out of his depth, and not really a politician." However, others have seen Charles as a brave and honorable figure who tried as emperor-king to halt [[World War I]]. The English writer, [[Herbert Vivian]], wrote: <blockquote>"Karl was a great leader, a prince of peace, who wanted to save the world from a year of war; a statesman with ideas to save his people from the complicated problems of his empire; a king who loved his people, a fearless man, a noble soul, distinguished, a saint from whose grave blessings come."</blockquote> Furthermore, [[Anatole France]], the French novelist, stated: <blockquote>"Emperor Karl is the only decent man to come out of the war in a leadership position, yet he was a saint and no one listened to him. He sincerely wanted peace, and therefore was despised by the whole world. It was a wonderful chance that was lost."</blockquote> All of these various viewpoints give weight to the words of Pope [[Saint Pius X]] during an audience with a young Charles: "I bless [[Archduke]] Charles, who will be the future Emperor of Austria and will help lead his countries and peoples to great honor and many blessings--but this will not become obvious until after his death." ==Beatification== Charles has been solemnly declared blessed in the ceremony of [[beatification]] by the [[Roman Catholic Church]]. The Church has praised Charles for putting his Christian faith first in making political decisions, and for his perceived role as a peacemaker during the war, especially after 1917. During the Mass of Beatification on [[3 October]] [[2004]], Pope John Paul II stated: <blockquote> The decisive task of Christians consists in seeking, recognizing and following God's will in all things. The Christian statesman, Charles of Austria , confronted this challenge every day. To his eyes, war appeared as "something appalling". Amid the tumult of the First World War, he strove to promote the peace initiative of my Predecessor, [[Benedict XV]].<br /> From the beginning, the Emperor Charles conceived of his office as a holy service to his people. His chief concern was to follow the Christian vocation to holiness also in his political actions. For this reason, his thoughts turned to social assistance. May he be an example for all of us, especially for those who have political responsibilities in Europe today!</blockquote> The ''cause'' or campaign began in 1949 when testimony of his holiness was collected in the [[Archdiocese]] of [[Vienna]]. In 1954, he was declared [[venerable]], the first step on the process beatification. The League of Prayers established for the promotion of his cause has created this [http://www.emperor-charles.org website.] [[Christoph Cardinal Schönborn]] of [[Vienna]] has been the Church's sponsor for his beatification. ==Recent milestones== *On [[14 April]] [[2003]], the [[Roman Curia|Vatican's]] [[Congregation for the Causes of Saints]] in the presence of [[Pope John Paul II]], promulgated Charles of Austria's "[[heroic virtue]]s." *On [[21 December]] [[2003]], the Congregation certified, on the basis of three expert medical opinions, that a miracle in 1960 occurred through the [[Intercession of saints|intercession]] of Charles. The miracle attributed to Charles was the scientifically-inexplicable healing of a Brazilian [[nun]] with debilitating [[varicose vein]]s; she was able to get out of bed after she prayed for his [[beatification]]. *On [[3 October]] [[2004]], he was beatified by Pope John Paul II. The Pope also declared [[21 October]], the date of Charles' marriage in 1911 to Princess Zita, as Charles' [[feast day]]. The beatification has caused controversy because of the mistaken belief that Charles authorized the [[Austro-Hungarian Army]]'s use of [[poison gas]] during [[World War I]][http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/3710810.stm], when in fact he was the first, and only, world leader during the war who banned its use. *On January 31, 2008, an ecclesiastic tribunal, after a 16 month investigation formally recognized a second miracle attributed to Charles I (required for his [[Canonization]] as a [[Saint]] in the Catholic Church); in an uncommon twist, the Florida woman claiming the miracle cure is not Catholic but Baptist. <ref>GOODMAN, TANYA {http://www.thefloridacatholic.org/orl/2008_orl/2008_orlarticles/20080208_orl_miracle_midst.php Miracle in our midst: Central Florida woman’s cure may lead to sainthood for Blessed Karl of Austria] Florida Catholic Feb. 8, 2008</ref> ==Quotes== * "Now, we must help each other to get to Heaven."<ref> James and Joanna Bogle, "A Heart for Europe," page 35.</ref> Addressing Empress Zita on [[October 22]], [[1911]], the day before their wedding. * "I am an officer with all my body and soul, but I do not see how anyone who sees his dearest relations leaving for the front can love war."<ref> Bogle, "A Heart for Europe," page 54.</ref> Addressing Empress Zita after the outbreak of [[World War I]]. * "I have done my duty, as I came here to do. As crowned King, I not only have a right, I also have a duty. I must uphold the right, the dignity and honor of the Crown.... For me, this is not something light. With the last breath of my life I must take the path of duty. Whatever I regret, Our Lord and Savior has led me."<ref> Bogle, "A Heart for Europe," page 137.</ref> Addressing [[János Cardinal Csernoch|Cardinal Csernoch]] after the defeat of his attempt to regain the Hungarian throne in 1921. The British Government had vainly hoped that the Cardinal would be able to persuade him to renounce his title as [[King of Hungary]]. * "I must suffer like this so my people will come together again."<ref> Bogle, "A Heart for Europe," page 143.</ref> Spoken in Madeira, during his last illness. * "I can't go on much longer... Thy will be done... Yes... Yes... As you will it... Jesus!"<ref>Bogle, "A Heart for Europe," page 144.</ref> Reciting his last words while contemplating a [[crucifix]] held by Empress Zita. ==Official grand title== His Imperial and Royal [[Apostolic Majesty]], Charles the First, [[By the Grace of God]], Emperor of [[Austrian Empire|Austria]], Apostolic King of [[Kingdom of Hungary|Hungary]], of this name the Fourth, King of [[Bohemia]], [[Kingdom of Dalmatia|Dalmatia]], [[Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia|Croatia]], [[Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia|Slavonia]], and [[Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria|Galicia]], [[Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria|Lodomeria]], and [[Kingdom of Illyria|Illyria]]; King of [[Kingdom of Jerusalem|Jerusalem]] etc., Archduke of [[Archduchy of Austria|Austria]]; Grand Duke of [[Grand Duchy of Tuscany|Tuscany]] and [[Grand Duchy of Cracow|Cracow]], Duke of [[Lorraine (province)|Lorraine]] and of [[Archbishopric of Salzburg|Salzburg]], of [[Duchy of Styria|Styria]], of [[Duchy of Carinthia|Carinthia]], of [[Duchy of Carniola|Carniola]] and of the [[Bukovina]]; Grand Prince of [[Principality of Transylvania|Transylvania]]; Margrave of [[March of Moravia|Moravia]]; Duke of [[Upper Silesia|Upper]] and [[Lower Silesia|Lower]] [[Silesia]], of [[Duchy of Modena|Modena]], [[Duchy of Parma|Parma]], [[Piacenza]] and [[Guastalla]], of [[Duchy of Auschwitz|Auschwtiz]] and [[Duchy of Zator|Zator]], of [[Duchy of Teschen|Teschen]], [[Duchy of Friuli|Friuli]], [[Dubrovnik|Ragusa]] and [[Zadar|Zara]]; Princely Count of [[Habsburg]] and [[Tyrol]], of [[Kyburg]], [[Gorizia and Gradisca|Gorizia]] and [[Gorizia and Gradisca|Gradisca]]; Prince of [[Bishopric of Trent|Trent]] and [[Bishopric of Brixen|Brixen]]; Margrave of Upper and Lower [[March of Lusatia|Lusatia]] and in [[March of Istria|Istria]]; Count of [[Hohenems]], [[Feldkirch, Vorarlberg|Feldkirch]], [[Bregenz]], [[Sonnenberg]], etc.; Lord of [[Trieste]], of [[Kotor|Cattaro]], and in the [[Wendish Mark]]; [[Grosswojwod|Grand Voivode]] (Grand Duke) of the [[Voivodship of Serbia and Tamiš Banat|Voivodship (Duchy) of Serbia]] etc. etc. ==Children== {| class="wikitable" ! Name || Birth || Death || Notes |- | Crown Prince '''[[Otto von Habsburg|Otto]]''' || [[November 20]] [[1912]]|| || married (1951) [[Regina, Crown Princess of Austria|Princess Regina of Saxe-Meiningen and Hildburghausen]] (b. [[January 6]] [[1925]]) and has seven children. |- | *Archduchess '''[[Archduchess Adelheid of Austria|Adelheid]]''' || [[January 3]] [[1914]] || [[October 2]] [[1971]] |- | *Archduke '''[[Robert, Archduke of Austria-Este|Robert]]''' || [[February 8]] [[1915]] || [[February 7]] [[1996]] || married (1953) [[Margherita, Archduchess of Austria-Este|Princess Margherita of Savoy-Aosta]] (b. [[April 7]] [[1930]]) and had five children. |- | *Archduke '''[[Archduke Felix of Austria|Felix]]''' || [[May 31]] [[1916]] || || married (1952) Princess Anna-Eugénie of Arenberg (b. [[July 5]] [[1925]] d. [[June 9]] [[1997]]) and had seven children. |- | *Archduke '''[[Archduke Carl Ludwig of Austria (1918-2007)|Carl Ludwig]]''' || [[March 10]] [[1918]] || [[December 11]] [[2007]] || married (1950) Princess Yolanda of [[Prince of Ligne|Ligne]] (b. [[May 6]] [[1923]]) and had four children. |- | *Archduke '''[[Archduke Rudolf of Austria (b. 1919)|Rudolf]]''' || [[September 5]] [[1919]] || || married (1953) Countess Xenia Tschernyschev-Besobrasoff (b. [[June 11]] [[1929]] d. [[September 20]] [[1968]]) and had four children. Married (secondly) (1971) Princess Anna Gabriele of Wrede (b. [[September 11]] [[1940]]) and has one child. |- | *Archduchess '''[[Archduchess Charlotte of Austria|Charlotte]]''' || [[March 1]] [[1921]] || [[July 23]] [[1989]] || married (1956) [[Duke Georg of Mecklenburg]] (b. {{OldStyleDate|5 October|1899|22 September}} d. [[July 6]] [[1963]]). |- | *Archduchess '''Elisabeth''' || [[May 31]] [[1922]] || [[January 7]] [[1993]] || married (1949) Prince Heinrich of [[House of Liechtenstein|Liechtenstein]] (b. [[August 5]] [[1916]] d. [[April 17]] [[1991]]) and had five children. |} == Gallery == <center><gallery> Image:Karloath.jpg|King Charles taking his oath as part of the coronation ceremonies<br><small>[[Budapest]], 30 December 1916 Image:Karlfamily.jpg|King Charles IV of Hungary, with [[Zita of Bourbon-Parma|Zita]] and Crown Prince [[Otto von Hapsburg|Otto]]. Coronation portrait [[Budapest]], 1916 Image:Tomb of blessed carl.JPG|Tomb of Charles I </gallery> </center> ==Ancestors== {{ahnentafel top|width=100%}} {{ahnentafel-compact5 |style=font-size: 90%; line-height: 110%; |border=1 |boxstyle=padding-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0; |boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc; |boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9; |boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc; |boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc; |boxstyle_5=background-color: #9fe; |1= 1. '''Charles I of Austria''' |2= 2. [[Archduke Otto Franz of Austria]] |3= 3. [[Princess Maria Josepha of Saxony]] |4= 4. [[Archduke Carl Ludwig of Austria]] |5= 5. [[Princess Maria Annunciata of the Two Sicilies]] |6= 6. [[George of Saxony]] |7= 7. [[Maria Anna of Portugal]] |8= 8. [[Archduke Franz Karl of Austria]] |9= 9. [[Princess Sophie of Bavaria]] |10= 10. [[Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies]] |11= 11. [[Maria Theresa of Austria (1816-1867)|Maria Theresa of Austria]] |12= 12. [[John of Saxony]] |13= 13. [[Amalie Auguste of Bavaria]] |14= 14. [[Ferdinand II of Portugal]] |15= 15. [[Maria II of Portugal]] |16= 16. [[Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor]] |17= 17. [[Maria Teresa of the Two Sicilies]] |18= 18. [[Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria]] |19= 19. [[Caroline of Baden]] |20= 20. [[Francis I of the Two Sicilies]] |21= 21. [[Maria Isabella of Spain]] |22= 22. [[Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen]] |23= 23. [[Princess Henrietta of Nassau-Weilburg]] |24= 24. [[Prince Maximilian of Saxony]] |25= 25. [[Princess Caroline of Parma]] |26= 26. [[Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria]] (= 18) |27= 27. [[Caroline of Baden]] (= 19) |28= 28. [[Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, 4th Prince of Kohary]] |29= 29. Maria Antonia Koháry de Csábrág |30= 30. [[Pedro I of Brazil]] |31= 31. [[Maria Leopoldina of Austria]] }}</center> {{ahnentafel bottom}} ==See also== *[[Otto von Habsburg]], Charles' oldest son and head of the [[Habsburg]] family *[[Austria-Hungary]] {{Military of Austria-Hungary}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==External links== {{commonscat-inline|Karl I of Austria}} *[http://www.geocities.com/veldes1/karl.html Karl von Habsburg-Lothringen] *[http://72.18.130.10/~jidosxyr/index.html] blessed Emperor Charles {{s-start}} {{s-hou|[[Habsburg|House of Habsburg-Lorraine]]|17 August|1887|1 April|1922|}} |- {{s-reg|}} {{s-bef|rows=8|before=[[Franz Joseph I of Austria|Franz Joseph I]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Emperor of Austria]]</br>[[Archduke of Austria]]|years=21 November 1916 – 12 November 1918}} {{s-aft|after=[[Karl Seitz]]|as=[[President of Austria]]}} |- {{s-ttl|title=[[List of Hungarian rulers|King of Hungary]]|years=21 November 1916 – 13 November 1918}} {{s-aft|after=[[Mihály Károlyi]]|as=[[Heads of state of Hungary|Provisional President of Hungary]]}} |- {{s-ttl|title=[[List of rulers of Bohemia|King of Bohemia]]|years=21 November 1916 – 28 October 1918}} {{s-aft|after=[[Tomáš Masaryk]]|as=[[List of Presidents of Czechoslovakia|President of Czechoslovakia]]}} |- {{s-ttl|title=[[List of rulers of Croatia|King of Croatia, Dalmatia, and Slavonia]]|years=21 November 1916 – 1918}} {{s-aft|rows=2|after=[[Peter I of Serbia|Peter I]]|as=[[Kingdom of Yugoslavia|King of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes]]}} |- {{s-ttl|title=[[Duchy of Carniola|Duke of Carniola]]|years=21 November 1916 – 1918}} |- {{s-ttl|title=[[Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria|King of Galicia]]|years=21 November 1916 – 1918}} {{s-aft|after=[[Józef Piłsudski]]|as=[[List of Polish heads of state (1918–present)|President of the<br>Polish Second Republic]]}} |- {{s-ttl|title=[[Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria|King of Lodomeria]]|years=21 November 1916 – 1918}} {{s-non|rows=2|reason=Monarchy abolished}} |- {{s-ttl|title=[[Kingdom of Illyria|King of Illyria]]|years=21 November 1916 – 1918}} |- {{s-bef|before=[[Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria|Archduke Franz Ferdinand]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Austria-Este|Archduke of Austria-Este]]|years=28 June 1914 – 16 April1 1917}} {{s-aft|after=[[Robert, Archduke of Austria-Este|Archduke Robert]]}} |- {{s-pre|}} |- {{s-bef|before=[[Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria|Archduke Franz Ferdinand]]}} {{s-tul|title=[[List of Dukes of Ferrara and of Modena#Habsburg - Este Dukes of Modena and Reggio, 1814-1860|Duke of Modena]]|years=28 June 1914 – 16 April 1917|reason=[[Italian unification|Title abolished in 1860]]}} {{s-aft|after=[[Robert, Archduke of Austria-Este|Archduke Robert]]}} |- {{s-bef|before=[[Franz Joseph I of Austria|Franz Joseph I]]}} {{s-tul|title=[[Kings of Jerusalem|King of Jerusalem]]|title2=[[Habsburg]] [[pretender]]|years=21 November 1916 – 1 April 1922|reason=Kingdom conquered in 1291}} {{s-aft|rows=2|after=[[Otto von Habsburg|Crown Prince Otto]]}} |- {{s-non|reason=Monarch abolished|reason2=Dissolution of Austria-Hungary}} {{s-tul|title=[[Emperor of Austria]]<br>[[Archduke of Austria]]<br>[[List of Hungarian rulers|King of Hungary]]<br>[[List of rulers of Bohemia|King of Bohemia]]<br>[[List of rulers of Croatia|King of Croatia, Dalmatia, and Slavonia]]<br>[[Duchy of Carniola|Duke of Carniola]]<br>[[Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria|King of Galicia]]<br>[[Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria|King of Lodomeria]]<br>[[Kingdom of Illyria|King of Illyria]]|years=1918 – 1 April 1922}} {{end}} [[Category:1887 births]] [[Category:1922 deaths]] [[Category:Austrian Field Marshals]] [[Category:Austrian Roman Catholics]] [[Category:Beatified people]] [[Category:Bohemian monarchs]] [[Category:Charles University alumni]] [[Category:Emperors of Austria]] [[Category:Field Marshals of Germany]] [[Category:House of Austria-Este]] [[Category:House of Habsburg-Lorraine]] [[Category:Hungarian monarchs]] [[Category:Hungarian Roman Catholics]] [[Category:Knights of the Golden Fleece]] [[Category:Recipients of the Military Order of Max Joseph]] [[Category:Knights of Malta]] [[Category:Roman Catholic monarchs]] [[be-x-old:Карл І Габсбург]] [[bg:Карл I (Австро-Унгария)]] [[ca:Carles I d'Àustria i IV d'Hongria]] [[cs:Karel I.]] [[da:Karl 1. af Østrig]] [[de:Karl I. (Österreich-Ungarn)]] [[et:Karl I (Austria-Ungari)]] [[es:Carlos I de Austria y IV de Hungría]] [[eo:Karolo la 1-a (Aŭstrio)]] [[fr:Charles Ier d'Autriche]] [[hr:Karlo I. Austrijski]] [[it:Carlo I d'Austria-Ungheria]] [[lt:Karolis I]] [[hu:IV. Károly magyar király]] [[nl:Karel I van Oostenrijk]] [[ja:カール1世 (オーストリア皇帝)]] [[no:Karl I av Østerrike-Ungarn]] [[pl:Karol I Habsburg]] [[pt:Carlos I da Áustria]] [[ro:Carol I al Austriei]] [[ru:Карл I (император Австрии)]] [[sk:Karol I. (rakúsky cisár)]] [[sl:Karel I. Habsburško-Lotarinški]] [[sr:Карло I од Аустрије]] [[fi:Kaarle I (Itävalta)]] [[sv:Karl I av Österrike]] [[th:สมเด็จพระจักรพรรดิคาร์ลที่ 1 แห่งออสเตรีย]] [[vi:Karl I của Áo]] [[zh:卡爾一世 (奧匈帝國)]]