Charles Scott Sherrington 772653 222437263 2008-06-29T10:03:25Z SpellingBot 6773085 institue → institute {{Infobox Scientist |box_width = 300px |name = Charles Scott Sherrington |image = Charles_Scott_Sherrington.jpg |image_width = 220px |caption = |birth_date = {{BirthDeathAge|B|1857|11|27|1952|3|4|}} |birth_place = [[Islington]], [[London]], [[England]] |death_date = {{BirthDeathAge||1857|11|27|1952|3|4}} |death_place = [[Eastbourne]], [[Sussex]], [[England]] |residence = [[England]] |citizenship = <!--Not needed in this case. But keep as template placeholder.--> |nationality = [[England|English]] |ethnicity = |fields = [[Physiology]]<br/>[[Pathology]]<br/>[[Histology]]<br/>[[Neurology]]<br/>[[Bacteriology]] |workplaces = |alma_mater = [[Ipswich Grammar School]]<br/>[[Royal College of Surgeons of England]]<br/>[[Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge]] |employment = [[St Thomas' Hospital]]<br/>[[University of Liverpool]]<br/>[[Oxford University]] |notable_students = |notable books = Man on his nature<br/> |known_for = |author_abbrev_bot = <!--Not needed in this case. But keep as template placeholder.--> |author_abbrev_zoo = <!--Not needed in this case. But keep as template placeholder.--> |influences = [[Johannes Peter Müller|Johannes Müller]]<br/>Dr. Caleb Rose (step-father)<br/>[[Thomas Ashe (poet)|Thomas Ashe]]<br/>[[Michael Foster (physiologist)|Michael Foster]]<br/>[[W. H. Gaskell]]<br/>[[John Newport Langley]]<br/>[[David Ferrier]]<br/>[[Rudolf Virchow]] |influenced = [[John Carew Eccles|Sir John Eccles]]<br/>[[Ragnar Granit]]<br/>[[Howard Florey, Baron Florey|Howard Florey]]<br/>Derek Ernst Denny-Brown |awards = {{nowrap|[[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (1932) [[Image:Nobel prize medal.svg|20px]]}}<br/> |religion = |signature = |footnotes = <!--For any footnotes needed to clarify entries above--> }} '''Sir Charles Scott Sherrington''' ([[November 27]], [[1857]] - [[March 4]], [[1952]]) is most commonly remembered as an English [[neurophysiology|neurophysiologist]] of the late 19th century and, especially, of the first third of the 20th century. In the scientific fields, Sherrington may be labeled as a [[histology|histologist]], [[bacteriology|bacteriologist]], and a [[pathology|pathologist]]. Sherrington is also known for his philosophical and poetic works. In 1932, Sherrington was co-awarded the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] with [[Edgar Adrian, 1st Baron Adrian]]. From 1920 through 1925, Sherrington served as president of the [[Royal Society]]. ==Biography== ===Early years and education=== Charles Scott Sherrington was born in [[Islington]], [[London]], [[England]] on [[November 27]] [[1857]]. Sherrington's mother, Anne Brooks, was on a visit to Islington at the time. James Norton Sherrington, a county physician<ref>''Journal of Postgraduate Medicine'', September 2004. Vol 50 Issue 3</ref>, was Charles' father. James hailed from Caister, [[Great Yarmouth]] in [[Norfolk]] county, England. The couple had two other sons, William and George. James died while Charles was still young. Sherrington's mother re-married to Dr. Caleb Rose of [[Ipswich]]. Rose was to have a huge impact upon Sherrington. Rose was note-worthy as both a classical scholar and an archaeologist. At the family's Edgehill House <ref>''Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society'', Vol. 8, No. 21. (Nov., 1952), pg. 242</ref> in Ipswich one could find a fine selection of paintings, books, and geological specimens<ref>Eccles, J.; Gibson, W. : “Sherrington: His Life and Thought”, Springer International 1979. pg. 1</ref>. By way of Rose's interest in the English artists of the Norwich School, Sherrington gained a love of art<ref>"Sir Charles Sherrington: ." The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1932. 1965. The Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1932/sherrington-bio.html</ref>. Intellectuals frequented the house regularly. It was this environment that fostered Sherrington's academic sense of wonder. Even before matriculation, the young Sherrington had read Johannes Müller's ''Elements of Physiology''. The book was given to Sherrington by his step-father. Sherrington entered [[Ipswich Grammar School]] in 1871<ref>''Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society'', Vol. 8, No. 21. (Nov., 1952), pg. 242</ref>. [[Thomas Ashe (poet)|Thomas Ashe]], a famous English poet, worked at the school. Ashe served as an inspiration to Sherrington, the former instilling a love of classics and a desire to travel in the latter. Rose had pushed Sherrington towards medicine. Sherrington first began to study with the [[Royal College of Surgeons of England]]. Sherrington also sought to study at Cambridge, but a bank failure had devastated the family's finances. Sherrington elected to enroll at [[St Thomas' Hospital]] in September 1876 as a "perpetual pupil<ref>''Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society'', Vol. 8, No. 21. (Nov., 1952), pg. 242</ref>." He did so in order to allow his two younger brothers to do so ahead of him. The two studied law there. Medical studies at St. Thomas's Hospital were intertwined with studies at [[Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge]]<ref>Eccles, J.; Gibson, W. : “Sherrington: His Life and Thought”, Springer International 1979. pg. 1</ref>. Physiology was Sherrington's chosen major at Cambridge. There, he studied under the "father of British physiology," [[Michael Foster|Sir Michael Foster]]<ref>''Journal of Postgraduate Medicine'', September 2004. Vol 50 Issue 3</ref>. Sherrington was quite the athlete. Rugby was the sport of choice for Sherrington at St. Thomas's, rowing at Oxford<ref>Eccles, J.; Gibson, W. : “Sherrington: His Life and Thought”, Springer International 1979. pg. 2</ref>. Previously, for his grammar school, Sherrington played soccer. He also played for [[Ipswich Town F.C.|Ipswich Town Football Club]]. It was said of him that: <blockquote> [t]hough Sherrington on all ordinary occasions was singularly gentle and courteous,<br/> he suddenly became a devil incarnate when the ball began to move at rugger. When<br/> the game was over he relapsed at once into his normal gentle, courteous self <ref>Granit, R.: “Charles Scott Sherrington: An Appraisal”, Double Day & Company, Inc. 1967. pg. 3</ref>.</blockquote> During June of 1875, Sherrington passed his preliminary examination in general education at the Royal College. This preliminary exam was required for Fellowship, and also exempted him from a similar exam for the Membership. In April 1878, he passed his Primary Examination for the Membership of the Royal College of Surgeons, and 12 months later the Primary for Fellowship. In October 1879, Sherrington entered Cambridge as a non-collegiate student<ref>''Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society'', Vol. 8, No. 21. (Nov., 1952), pg. 244</ref>. The following year he entered Gonville and Caius College. Sherrington was quite the student. [[W. H. Gaskell|Walter Holbrook Gaskell]], one of Sherrington's tutors, informed him in November 1881 that he had earned the highest marks for his year in botany, human anatomy, and physiology; second in zoology; and highest overall<ref>Eccles, J.; Gibson, W. : “Sherrington: His Life and Thought”, Springer International 1979. pg. 2</ref>. [[John Newport Langley]] was Sherrington's other tutor. The two were interested in how anatomical structure is expressed in physiological function<ref>''Journal of Postgraduate Medicine'', September 2004. Vol 50 Issue 3</ref>. Sherrington earned his [[Membership of the Royal College of Surgeons]] on August 4, 1884. In 1885, he obtained a First Class in the National Science Tripos with the mark of distinction. In the same year, Sherrington earned the degree of [[Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery|M.B., Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery]] from Cambridge. In 1886, Sherrington added the title of [[Licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians|L.R.C.P.,Licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians]]<ref>''Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society'', Vol. 8, No. 21. (Nov., 1952), pg. 246</ref>. ====Seventh International Medical Congress==== The conference was held in London in 1881. It was at this conference that Sherrington began his work in neurological research. At the conference controversy broke out. [[Friedrich Goltz]] of [[Strasbourg]] argued that localized function in the cortex did not exist. Goltz came to this conclusion after observing dogs who had parts of their brains removed. [[David Ferrier]], who became a hero of Sherrington's, disagreed. Ferrier maintained that there was localization of function in the brain. Ferrier's strongest evidence was a monkey who suffered from [[hemiplegia]], paralysis affecting one side of the body only, after a cerebral lesion. A committee, including Langley, was made up to investigate. Both the dog and the monkey were chloroformed. The right hemisphere of the dog was delivered to Cambridge for examination. Sherrington performed a histological examination of the hemisphere, acting as a junior colleague to Langley. In 1884, Langley and Sherrington reported on their findings in a paper. The paper was the first for Sherrington<ref>''Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society'', Vol. 8, No. 21. (Nov., 1952), pg. 244</ref>. ====Travel==== In the Winter of 1884-1885, Sherrington left England for Strasbourg. There, he worked with Goltz. Goltz, like many others, positively influenced Sherrington. Sherrington later said of Goltz that: "[h]e taught one that in all things only the best is good enough<ref>''Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society'', Vol. 8, No. 21. (Nov., 1952), pg. 245</ref>." A case of [[asiatic cholera]] had broken out in Spain in 1885. A Spanish physician claimed to have produced a vaccine to fight the outbreak. Under the auspices of Cambridge University, the Royal Society of London, and the Association for Research in Medicine, a group was put together to travel to Spain to investigate. C.S. Roy, J. Graham Brown, and Sherrington formed the group. Roy was Sherrington's friend and the newly elected professor of pathology at Cambridge. As the three traveled to [[Toledo, Spain|Toledo]], Sherrington was skeptical of the Spanish physician<ref>Eccles, J.; Gibson, W. : “Sherrington: His Life and Thought”, Springer International 1979. pg. 3</ref>. Upon returning, the three presented a report to the Royal Society. The report discredited the Spaniard's claim. It should be mentioned that Sherrington did ''not'' meet [[Santiago Ramón y Cajal]] on this trip. While Sherrington and his group remained in Toledo, Cajal was hundreds of miles away in [[Zaragoza]]<ref>Eccles, J.; Gibson, W. : “Sherrington: His Life and Thought”, Springer International 1979. pg. 4</ref>. Later that year Sherrington traveled to [[Rudolf Virchow]] in [[Berlin]] to inspect the cholera specimens he procured in Spain. Virchow later on sent Sherrington to [[Robert Koch]] for a six weeks' course in technique. Sherrington ended up staying with Koch for a year to do research in bacteriology. Under these two, Sherrington parted with a good foundation in physiology, [[morphology (biology)|morphology]], [[histology]], and [[pathology]]<ref>''Journal of Postgraduate Medicine'', September 2004. Vol 50 Issue 3</ref>. During this period he may have also studied with [[Heinrich Wilhelm Gottfried von Waldeyer-Hartz|Waldeyer]] and [[Nathan Zuntz|Zuntz]]<ref>’’Journal of Neurology’’, May 2005.</ref>. In 1886, Sherrington went to Italy to again investigate a cholera outbreak. While in Italy, Sherrington spent much time in art galleries. It was in this country that Sherrington's love for rare books became an addiction<ref>Eccles, J.; Gibson, W. : “Sherrington: His Life and Thought”, Springer International 1979. pg. 4</ref>. ===Employment=== In 1891, Sherrington was appointed as superintendent of the Brown Institute for Advanced Physiological and Pathological Research of the University of London <ref>Eccles, J.; Gibson, W. : “Sherrington: His Life and Thought”, Springer International 1979. pg. 5</ref><ref>"Sir Charles Sherrington: ." The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1932. 1965. The Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1932/sherrington-bio.html</ref>, a center for human and animal physiological and pathological research. Sherrington succeeded [[Victor Horsley|Sir Victor Alexander Haden Horsley]]<ref>"Sir Charles Scott Sherrington." Who Named It?. <http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/2266.html-30k->.</ref>. There, Sherrington worked on segmental distribution of the spinal dorsal and ventral roots, he mapped the sensory dermatomes, and in 1892 discovered that muscle spindles initiated the stretch reflex. The institute allowed Sherrington to study many animals, both small and large. The Brown Institute had enough space to work with large primates such as apes<ref>’’Journal of Neurology’’, May 2005.</ref>. ====Liverpool==== Sherrington's first job of full-professorship came with his appointment as Holt Professor of Physiology at Liverpool in 1895, succeeding Francis Gotch<ref>Eccles, J.; Gibson, W. : “Sherrington: His Life and Thought”, Springer International 1979. pg. 13</ref>. With his appointment to the Holt Chair, Sherrington ended his active work in pathology<ref>''Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society'', Vol. 8, No. 21. (Nov., 1952), pg. 257</ref>. Working on cats, dogs, monkeys, and apes that had been bereaved of their cerebral hemispheres, he found that reflexes must be considered integrated activities of the total organism, not just the result of activities of the so-called reflex-arcs, a concept then generally accepted<ref>"Sir Charles Scott Sherrington." Who Named It?. <http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/2266.html-30k->.</ref>. There he continued his work on reflexes and [[reciprocal innervation]]. His papers on the subject were synthesized into the Croonian lecture of 1898<ref>’’Journal of Neurology’’, May 2005.</ref>. Sherrington showed that muscle excitation was inversely proportional to the excitation of an opposing group of muscles. Speaking of the excitation-inhibition relationship, Sherrington said "desistence from action may be as truly active as is the taking of action." Sherrington continued his work on reciprocal innervation during his years at Liverpool. Come 1913, Sherrington was able to say that "the process of excitation and inhibition may be viewed as polar opposites [...] the one is able to neutralize the other." Sherrington's work on reciprocal innervation was a notable contribution to the knowledge of the spinal cord<ref>''Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society'', Vol. 8, No. 21. (Nov., 1952), pg. 251</ref>. ====Oxford==== As early as 1895, Sherrington had tried to gain employment at Oxford University. By 1913, the wait was over. Oxford offered Sherrington the [[Waynflete Professorships|Waynflete Chair of Physiology]]<ref>''Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society'', Vol. 8, No. 21. (Nov., 1952), pg. 258-59</ref>. The electors to that chair unanimously recommended Sherrington without considering any other canidates<ref>Eccles, J.; Gibson, W. : “Sherrington: His Life and Thought”, Springer International 1979. pg. 15</ref>. Sherrington enjoyed the honor of teaching many bright students at Oxford. Over a handful of his students were Rhodes' scholars and three went on to be Nobel laureates. The three are [[John Carew Eccles|Sir John Eccles]], [[Ragnar Granit]], and [[Howard Florey, Baron Florey|Howard Florey]]<ref>Gibson, W.C.: “Twentieth Century Neurology: The British Contribution”, Imperial College Press 2001. pg. 4</ref>. Sherrington's philosophy as a teacher can be seen in his response to the question of what was the real function of Oxford University in the world. Sherrington said: <blockquote> "after some hundreds of years of experience we think that we have learned here in Oxford how<br/> to teach what is known. But now with the undeniable upsurge of scientific research, we cannot<br/> continue to rely on the mere fact that we have learned how to teach what is known. We must learn<br/> to teach the best attitude to what is not yet known. This also may take centuries to acquire but we<br/> cannot escape this new challenge, nor do we want to<ref>Eccles, J.; Gibson, W. : “Sherrington: His Life and Thought”, Springer International 1979. pg. 24</ref>." </blockquote> Sherrington's teachings at Oxford were interrupted by [[World War I]]. When the war started, it left his classes with only nine students. During the war, Sherrington worked at a shell factory to both support the war and to study fatigue in general, but specifically industrial fatigue. There, he worked from 7:30 a.m. till 8:30 p.m. on weekdays and from 7:30 a.m. till 6:00 p.m. on the weekends<ref>Eccles, J.; Gibson, W. : “Sherrington: His Life and Thought”, Springer International 1979. pg. 25</ref>. It should also be noted that in March 1916, Sherrington fought for women to be able to be admitted to the medical school at Oxford. ===Retirement=== Charles Sherrington retired from Oxford in the year of 1936<ref>''Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society'', Vol. 8, No. 21. (Nov., 1952), pg. 258</ref>. He then moved to his boyhood town of Ipswich, where he built a house<ref>''Journal of Postgraduate Medicine'', September 2004. Vol 50 Issue 3</ref>. There, he kept up a large correspondence with pupils and others from around the world . He also continued to work on his poetic, historical, and philosophical interests<ref>Gibson, W.C.: “Twentieth Century Neurology: The British Contribution”, Imperial College Press 2001. pg. 6</ref>. Sherrington's mental faculties were crystal clear up to the time of his death, which was caused by a sudden heart failure and ended his life instantly. His bodily health, however, did suffer in old age. Rheumatoid arthritis was a major burden of his<ref>''Journal of Postgraduate Medicine'', September 2004. Vol 50 Issue 3</ref>. Speaking of his condition, Sherrington said "old age isn't pleasant[,] one can't do things for oneself<ref>''Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society'', Vol. 8, No. 21. (Nov., 1952), pg. 261</ref>." The arthritis put Sherrington in a nursing home as late as 1951<ref>Gibson, W.C.: “Twentieth Century Neurology: The British Contribution”, Imperial College Press 2001. pg. 6</ref>. ===The man and his personal life=== On August 27, 1891, Sherrington married Ethel Mary Wright . Wright was the daughter of John Ely Wright of Preston Manor, Suffolk, England. Sherrington and Wright had one child, a son named Carr E.R. Sherrington who was born in 1897 <ref>''Journal of Postgraduate Medicine'', September 2004. Vol 50 Issue 3</ref>. Wright was both loyal and lively. She was a great host. On weekends during the Oxford years the couple would frequently host a large group of friends and acquaintances at their house for an enjoyable afternoon<ref>''Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society'', Vol. 8, No. 21. (Nov., 1952), pg. 260</ref>. <br/> In personality, Sherrington was a joyous man. He will be remembered by close friends for his warmth of affection, his generosity of advice and time<ref>''Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society'', Vol. 8, No. 21. (Nov., 1952), pg. 260</ref>. Sherrington was a humble man. He enjoyed spending his time with students, where he acted as an equal, not as their superior<ref>''Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society'', Vol. 8, No. 21. (Nov., 1952), pg. 261</ref>. ==Notable publications== ===''The Integrative Action of the Nervous System''=== Published in 1906, ''The Integrative Action of the Nervous System'' was the written version of Sherrington's Silliman lectures. He performed these lectures at [[Yale University]] in 1904. In the book, Sherrington pointed out that reflexes had to be goal-directive, purposive<ref>’’Journal of Neurology’’, May 2005.</ref>. As mentioned earlier, Ferrier was a hero of Sherrington's. Out of respect, Sherrington dedicated this book to him<ref>''Journal of Postgraduate Medicine'', September 2004. Vol 50 Issue 3</ref>. The British clinician F.M.R. Walsh said of the book: "[i]n [p]hysiology it holds a position similar to that of Newton's ''Principia'' in physics. Here is the imprint of a scientific genius<ref>''Journal of Postgraduate Medicine'', September 2004. Vol 50 Issue 3</ref>." According to the Journal of Postgraduate Medicine, in the book Sherrington expresses his theory that the nervous system acts as the coordinator of various parts of the body and that the reflexes are the simplest expressions of the interactive action of the nervous system, enabling the entire body to function toward one definite end at a time. In the book, Sherrington established the nature of postural reflexes and their dependence on the anti-gravity stretch reflex and traced the afferent stimulus to the proprioceptive end organs, which he had already shown to be sensory in nature. ===''Man on His Nature''=== ''Man on His Nature'' reflected Sherrington's philosophical personality. Sherrington had long studied the 16th century French physician Jean Fernel. Sherrington pondered long on Fernel's thoughts and sayings. Sherrington grew so familiar with Fernel that he considered him a friend. In the years of 1937 and 1938, Sherrington delivered the Gifford lectures at the University of Edinburgh. The lectures focused on Fernel and his times. These lectures came to be the major content of ''Man on His Nature.'' The book was released in 1940 and a revised edition came out in 1951. These quotes give a glimpse into the content of the book<blockquote> The principle of life, it may turn out, is no more than a useful human convention. But what of the<br/> Mind? Mind knows itself and knows the world: chemistry and physics, explaining so much, cannot<br/> undertake to explain Mind itself. It can intensify knowledge of Nature but it cannot be shown that<br/> Mind has hitherto directed the operations of Nature. In that sense Mind and Nature are different. </blockquote> Speaking of dualism: "Some people think that Thinking is all electric currents...Man's analysis of his sensible world seems to have outstripped his analysis of his own mind<ref>''Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society'', Vol. 8, No. 21. (Nov., 1952), pg. 260</ref>." ===''The Assaying of Brabantius and other Verse''=== ''The Assaying of Brabantius and other Verse'' was a collection of previously published war-time poems. This was Sherrington's first major poetic release. ''The Assaying'' was published in 1925. Sherrington's poetic side was inspired by [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]]. Sherrington was fond of Goethe the poet, but not Goethe the scientist. Speaking of Goethe's scientific writings, Sherrington said "to appraise them is not a congenial task<ref>''Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society'', Vol. 8, No. 21. (Nov., 1952), pg. 259</ref>." ===''Mammalian Physiology: a Course of Practical Exercises''=== The textbook was released in 1919 at the first possible moment after Sherrington's coming to Oxford and the end of the War<ref>''Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society'', Vol. 8, No. 21. (Nov., 1952), pg. 258</ref>. ==Honors and associations== In 1899, Sherrington received the Royal College of Physicians of London's Baly gold medal "...for the person who shall be deemed to have most distinguished himself in the science of physiology, especially for the two years immediately preceding the award<ref>Eccles, J.; Gibson, W. : “Sherrington: His Life and Thought”, Springer International 1979. pg. 15</ref>." <br/> In 1905, Sherrington was awarded with the [[Royal Medal]].<br/> In 1922, Sherrington earned the title of Knight or Sir. He was officially made [[Knight Grand Cross]] of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire.<br/> In 1924, Sherrington received the [[Order of Merit]].<br/> In 1932, Sherrington was co-awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine with Edgar Adrian<ref>''Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society'', Vol. 8, No. 21. (Nov., 1952), pg. 260</ref>. Sherrington had been recommended for the award as early as 1902<ref>Gibson, W.C.: “Twentieth Century Neurology: The British Contribution”, Imperial College Press 2001. pg. </ref>.<br/> At the time of his death, Sherrington held an honorary Degree of Doctorate at 22 universities: Oxford, [[University of Paris|Paris]], [[University of Manchester|Manchester]], [[University of Strasbourg|Strasbourg]], [[University of Leuven|Louvain]], [[Uppsala University|Uppsala]], [[University of Lyon|Lyon]], [[Eötvös Loránd University|Budapest]], [[National and Kapodistrian University of Athens|Athens]], [[University of London|London]], [[University of Toronto|Toronto]], [[Harvard University|Harvard]], [[University of Dublin|Dublin]], [[University of Edinburgh|Edinburgh]], [[Université de Montréal|Montreal]], [[University of Liverpool|Liverpool]], [[University of Brussels|Brussels]], [[University of Sheffield|Sheffield]], [[University of Bern|Bern]], [[University of Birmingham|Birmingham]], [[University of Glasgow|Glasgow]], and the [[University of Wales]]<ref>''Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society'', Vol. 8, No. 21. (Nov., 1952), pg. 260</ref>. ==Associated eponyms <ref>"Sir Charles Scott Sherrington." Who Named It?. <http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/2266.html-30k->.</ref>== ===Liddell-Sherrington reflex=== Associated with: Edward George Tandy Liddell and Charles Scott Sherrington<br/> Description: Tonic contraction of the muscles in response to its being stretched. When a muscle lengthens beyond a certain point, the myotatic reflex causes it to tighten and attempt to shorten. This is the tension you feel during stretching exercises. ===Schiff-Sherrington reflex=== Associated with: Moritz Schiff and Charles Scott Sherrington<br/> Description: A grave sign in animals: rigid extension of the forelimbs after damage to the spine. It may be accompanied by paradoxical respiration - the intercostal muscles are paralysed and the chest is drawn passively in and out by the diaphragm. ===Sherrington's law I=== Description: Every posterior spinal nerve root supplies a particular area of the skin, with a certain overlap of adjacent dermatomes. ===Sherrington's law II=== Description: The law of reciprocal innervation. When contraction of a muscle is stimulated, there is a simultaneous inhibition of its antagonist. It is essential for coordinated movement. ===Vulpian-Heidenhain-Sherrington phenomenon=== Associated with: [[Rudolf Heidenhain|Rudolf Peter Heinrich Heidenhain]], [[Alfred Vulpian|Edmé Félix Alfred Vulpian]], and Charles Scott Sherrington<br/> Description: Slow contraction of denervated skeletal muscle by stimulating autonomic cholinergic fibres innervating its blood vessels. == Notes == {{reflist|2}} == External links == * [http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/2266.html-30k- Sir Charles Scott Sherrington (WhoNamedIt.com)]<br> * [http://www.worldscibooks.com/medsci/etextbook/p210/p210_chap1.pdf Sir Charles Sherrington (TWENTIETH CENTURY NEUROLOGY)] <br/> * [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1932/sherrington-bio.html Sir Charles Sherrington: The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1932 (Nobelprize.org)] {{Royal Society presidents 1900s}} [[Category:1857 births]] [[Category:1954 deaths]] [[ar:تشارلس شرينغتون]] [[ca:Charles Scott Sherrington]] [[cs:Charles Scott Sherrington]] [[de:Charles Scott Sherrington]] [[es:Charles Scott Sherrington]] [[fr:Charles Scott Sherrington]] [[hr:Charles Scott Sherrington]] [[io:Charles Scott Sherrington]] [[it:Charles Scott Sherrington]] [[sw:Charles Sherrington]] [[nl:Charles Scott Sherrington]] [[ja:チャールズ・シェリントン]] [[oc:Charles Scott Sherrington]] [[pl:Charles Sherrington]] [[pt:Charles Scott Sherrington]] [[ro:Charles Scott Sherrington]] [[ru:Шеррингтон, Чарлз Скотт]] [[sk:Charles Scott Sherrington]] [[sv:Charles Sherrington]] [[zh:查尔斯·斯科特·谢灵顿]]