Charleston, South Carolina
61024
move=sysop
226180006
2008-07-17T05:07:13Z
76.26.199.184
/* Schools, colleges, and universities */
{{Infobox Settlement
|official_name = City of Charleston
|motto = Aedes Mores Juraque Curat (She cares for her temples, customs, and rights)
|settlement_type = [[City]]
|nickname = "The Holy City", "The Palmetto City", "Chucktown," Carolopolis (Latin)
|image_skyline = United States Custom House.jpg
|image_size = 290px
|imagesize =
|image_caption = The United States Custom House in Charleston
|image_flag = Us-sc-ch.gif
|image_seal = CharlestonSCseal.jpg
|image_map = SCMap-doton-Charleston.PNG
|mapsize = 250px
|map_caption = Location of Charleston in [[South Carolina]].
|image_map1 =
|mapsize1 =
|map_caption1 =
|subdivision_type = [[List of countries|Country]]
|subdivision_type1 = [[Political divisions of the United States|State]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in South Carolina|Counties]]
|subdivision_name = [[United States]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[South Carolina]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Charleston County, South Carolina|Charleston]], [[Berkeley County, South Carolina|Berkeley]]
|government_type =
|leader_title = [[Mayor]]
|leader_name = [[Joseph P. Riley, Jr.]]
|established_date =
|area_magnitude = 1 E8
|area_total_sq_mi = 178.1
|area_land_sq_mi = 147.0
|area_water_sq_mi = 17.1
|area_total_km2 = 376.5
|area_land_km2 = 361.2
|area_water_km2 = 44.3
|population_footnotes =
|population_note =
|population_as_of = 2007
|population_metro = 603,178
|population_total = 118,492 (est.)
|population_density_km2 = 384.7
|population_density_sq_mi = 996.5
|timezone = [[North American Eastern Time Zone|EST]]
|utc_offset = -5
|timezone_DST = [[Eastern Daylight Time|EDT]]
|utc_offset_DST = -4
|postal_code_type =
|postal_code =
|area_code = [[Area code 843|843]]
|latd = 32 |latm = 47 |lats = 00 |latNS = N
|longd = 79 |longm = 56 |longs = 00 |longEW = W
|elevation_m = 4
|elevation_ft = 20
|website = http://www.charlestoncity.info/
|blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]]
|blank_info = 45-13330{{GR|2}}
|blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID
|blank1_info = 1221516{{GR|3}}
|footnotes =
}}
<!-- Infobox ends !-->
'''Charleston''' is a city in [[Berkeley County, South Carolina|Berkeley]] and [[Charleston County, South Carolina|Charleston]] counties in the [[U.S. state]] of [[South Carolina]]. It is the largest city and [[county seat]] of Charleston County.{{GR|6}} The city was founded as '''Charlestown''' or '''Charles Towne''', [[Province of Carolina|Carolina]] in 1670, and moved to its present location (Oyster Point) from a location on the west bank of the Ashley River in 1680; it adopted its present name in 1783. In 1690, Charleston was the fifth largest city in [[North America]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scottishritecalifornia.org/charleston_time_line.htm|title=Charleston Time Line|accessdate=2007-07-09}}</ref> and remained among the ten largest cities in the United States through the 1840 census.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/population/documentation/twps0027/tab07.txt|title=Population of the 100 Largest Urban Places: 1840}}</ref> Charleston is known as '''The Holy City''' due to the prominence of churches on the low-rise cityscape, particularly the numerous steeples which dot the city's skyline, and for the fact that it was one of the few cities in the original thirteen colonies to provide religious tolerance to the French [[Huguenot]] Church.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huguenotsociety.org/history.htm|title=History of the Huguenot Society}}</ref> In fact, it is still the only city in the U.S. with such a church.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.discoversouthcarolina.com/products/3407.aspx|title=French Huguenot Church in South Carolina Tourism webpage}}</ref> Charleston was also one of the first colonial cities to allow Jews to practice their faith without restriction. Kahal Kadosh Beth Elohim, founded in 1749, is the fourth oldest Jewish congregation in the continental United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kkbe.org/|title=Kahal Kadosh Beth Elohim}}</ref> Brith Shalom Beth Israel is the oldest Orthodox shul in the South, founded by Ashkenazic (German and central European) Jews in the mid 19th century.
The population was estimated to be 118,492 in 2007, making it the second most populous city in South Carolina closely behind the state capital [[Columbia, South Carolina|Columbia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.charlestoncity.info/shared/docs/0/2007_population_estimates.pdf|title=Century V City of Charleston Population Estimates}}</ref> Current trends put Charleston as the fastest growing central city in South Carolina. The [[Charleston-North Charleston metropolitan area|metropolitan area]] population of Charleston and [[North Charleston, South Carolina|North Charleston]], which includes the entire populations of Charleston, Berkeley, and Dorchester counties, was estimated to be 603,178 in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://209.85.165.104/search?q=cache:6GtNR2OjFQEJ:www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/releases/archives/cb07-51tbl2.pdf+charleston+metropolitan+area+603,178&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=4&gl=us&client=firefox-a |title=Population Estimates for the 100 Most Populous Metropolitan Statistical Areas Based on [[July 1]], [[2006]] Population Estimates|accessdate=2007-07-09}}</ref> This ranks Charleston-North Charleston as the second largest metropolitan statistical area in the state behind Columbia. Nearly 80% of the Charleston metro population lives inside the city and its surrounding urbanized area (2000 pop.: 423,410).
The city of Charleston is located just south of the mid-point of [[South Carolina]]'s [[coastline]], at the junction of the [[Ashley River (South Carolina)|Ashley]] and [[Cooper River (South Carolina)|Cooper]] Rivers. Charleston's name is derived from Charles Towne, named after King [[Charles II of England]].
America's most-published [[etiquette]] expert, [[Marjabelle Young Stewart]], has recognized the city since 1995 as the "best-mannered" city in the U.S,<ref>[http://edition.cnn.com/2004/US/01/17/best.manners.ap/ "Charleston best-mannered city"], ''CNN.com'', [[January 17]], [[2004]]. Accessed [[May 9]], [[2007]].</ref> a claim lent credibility by the fact that it has the first established [[Livability Court]] in the country.
== History ==
[[Image:charlestonhome.jpg|thumb|left|300px|A [[antique|historic]] home in [[Battery Park (Charleston)|The Battery]].]]
=== Early colonization ===
After [[Charles II of England]] (1630-1685) was restored to the [[Great Britain|British]] throne following [[Oliver Cromwell]]'s Protectorate, he granted the chartered Carolina territory to eight of his loyal friends, known as the Lords Proprietor, in 1663. It took seven years before the Lords could arrange for settlement, the first being that of Charles Town. The community was established by English settlers in 1670 on the west bank of the Ashley River, a few miles northwest of the present city. It was soon chosen by Anthony Ashley-Cooper, one of the Lords Proprietor, to become a "great port towne", a destiny which the city fulfilled. By 1680, the settlement had grown, joined by others from [[England]], [[Barbados]], and [[Virginia]], and relocated to its current peninsular location. The capital of the [[Province of Carolina|Carolina colony]], Charleston was the center for further expansion and the southernmost point of English settlement during the late [[17th century|1600s]].
The settlement was often subject to attack from sea and from land. Periodic assaults from [[Spain]] and [[France]], who still contested England's claims to the region, were combined with resistance from [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]], as well as [[pirate]] raids. Charleston's colonists erected a [[fortification wall]] around the small settlement to aid in its defense. Two buildings remain from the Walled City, the Powder Magazine, where the city's supply of gunpowder was stored, and the Pink House, believed to have been an old colonial tavern.<ref>[http://www.ccpl.org/content.asp?id=15669&action=detail&catID=6028&parentID=5747#17 "Chalmers Street,"] ''Charleston County Public Library'', Accessed [[June 11]], [[2007]].</ref>
A 1680 plan for the new settlement, the Grand Modell, laid out "the model of an exact regular town," and the future for the growing community. Land surrounding the intersection of Meeting and Broad Streets was set aside for a [[Town square|Civic Square]]. Over time it became known as the ''Four Corners of the Law'', referring to the various arms of governmental and religious law presiding over the square and the growing city. [[St. Michael's Episcopal Church]], Charleston's oldest and most noted church, was built on the southeast corner in 1752. The following year the Capitol of the colony was erected across the square. Because of its prominent position within the city and its elegant architecture, the building signaled to Charleston's citizens and visitors its importance within the British colonies. Provincial court met on the ground floor, the Commons House of Assembly and the Royal Governor's Council Chamber met on the second floor.
=== Ethnic and religious diversity ===
While the earliest settlers primarily came from England, colonial Charleston was also home to a mixture of ethnic and religious groups. In colonial times, [[Boston, Massachusetts]], and Charleston were sister cities, and people of means spent [[summer]]s in Boston and [[winter]]s in Charleston. There was a great deal of trade with [[Bermuda]] and the [[Caribbean]], and some people came to live in Charleston from these areas. [[French people|French]], [[Scottish people|Scottish]], [[Irish people|Irish]], and [[Germans]] migrated to the developing seacoast town, representing numerous [[Protestant]] denominations, as well as [[Roman Catholicism]] and [[Judaism]]. [[Sephardi|Sephardic Jews]] migrated to the city in such numbers that Charleston eventually was home to, by the beginning of the [[19th Century]] and until about 1830, the largest and wealthiest Jewish community in [[North America]]<ref>[http://www.harvardmagazine.com/on-line/0103137.html "A 'portion of the People',"] ''[[Harvard Magazine]]'', January - February 2003. Accessed [[June 11]], [[2007]].</ref><ref>[http://www.npr.org/programs/morning/features/2002/mar/southernjews/index.html "The Jews of South Carolina,"] ''[[NPR.org]]'', [[March 25]], [[2002]]. Accessed [[June 11]], [[2007]].</ref> The Jewish [[Coming Street Cemetery]], first established in 1762, attests to [[History of the Jews in Charleston, South Carolina|their long-standing presence in the community]]. The first [[Anglican]] church, [[St. Philip's Episcopal Church]], was built in 1682, although later destroyed by fire and relocated to its current location. [[Slaves]] also comprised a major portion of the population, and were active in the city's religious community. Free black Charlestonians and slaves helped establish the Old Bethel [[United Methodist Church]] in 1797, and the congregation of the Emanuel [[African Methodist Episcopal Church|A.M.E.]] Church stems from a religious group organized solely by African Americans, free and slave, in 1791. The first American [[museum]] opened to the public on [[January 12]], [[1773]] in Charleston.
From the mid-[[18th century]] a large amount of [[Immigration to the United States|immigration]] was taking place in the upcountry of [[the Carolinas]], some of it coming from abroad through Charleston, but also much of it a southward movement from Virginia, [[Maryland]] and [[Pennsylvania]], until the upcountry population was larger than the coastal population. The Upcountry people were viewed by Charlestonians as being unpolished in many ways,{{Fact|date=December 2007}} and had different interests, setting the stage for several generations of conflicts between the Upcountry and the Charleston elite.
=== Major Atlantic port ===
By the mid-18th century Charleston had become a bustling trade center, the hub of the Atlantic trade for the southern colonies, and the wealthiest and largest city south of [[Philadelphia]]. By 1770 it was the fourth largest port in the colonies, after only Boston, New York, and Philadelphia, with a population of 11,000, slightly more than half of that slaves. [[Rice]] and [[indigo dye|indigo]] had been successfully cultivated by slave-owning planters in the surrounding coastal low-country. Those and [[longleaf pine|naval stores]] were exported in an extremely profitable shipping industry. It was the cultural and economic center of the South.
=== American Revolution ===
As the relationship between the colonists and England deteriorated, Charleston became a focal point in the ensuing [[American Revolution]]. In protest of the [[Tea Act]] of 1773, which embodied the concept of [[taxation without representation]], Charlestonians confiscated [[tea]] and stored it in the Exchange and [[Custom House]]. Representatives from all over the colony came to the Exchange in 1774 to elect delegates to the [[Continental Congress]], the group responsible for drafting the [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]]; and South Carolina declared its independence from the crown on the steps of the Exchange. Soon, the church steeples of Charleston, especially St. Michael's, became targets for British warships causing rebel forces to paint the steeples black to blend with the night sky.
It was twice the target of British attacks. At every stage the British strategy assumed a large base of [[Loyalist (American Revolution)|Loyalist]] supporters who would rally to the King given some military support.{{Fact|date=December 2007}} On [[June 28]], [[1776]] General Henry Henry Clinton with 2000 men and a naval squadron tried to seize Charleston, hoping for a simultaneous Loyalist uprising in South Carolina. It seemed a cheap way of waging the war but it failed as the naval force was defeated by the Continental Army, specifically the [[2nd South Carolina Regiment]] at [[Fort Moultrie]] under the command of [[William Moultrie]]. When the fleet fired cannonballs, the explosives failed to penetrate the fort's unfinished, yet thick palmetto log walls. Additionally, no local Loyalists attacked the town from behind as the British had hoped. The loyalists were too poorly organized to be effective, but as late as 1780 senior officials in London, misled by Loyalist exiles, placed their confidence in their rising.
Clinton returned in 1780 with 14,000 soldiers. American General [[Benjamin Lincoln]] was trapped and surrendered his entire 5400 men force after a long fight, and the [[Siege of Charleston]] was the greatest American defeat of the war (see [[Henry Clinton (American War of Independence)#Commander in Chief|Henry Clinton "Commander in Chief" section]] for more). Several Americans escaped the carnage, and joined up with several [[militia]]s, including those of [[Francis Marion]], the 'Swampfox,' and [[Andrew Pickens (congressman)|Andrew Pickens]]. These militias used [[Hit-and-run tactics]]. Eventually, Clinton returned to [[New York]], leaving [[Charles Cornwallis]] with 8000 [[Redcoat]]s to rally Loyalists, build forts across the state, and demand oaths of allegiance to the King. Many of these forts were taken over by the outnumbered [[Guerrilla warfare|guerrilla]] militias. The British retained control of the city until December 1782. After the British left the city's name was officially changed to Charleston in 1783.
=== Commerce and Expansion ===
By 1788, Carolinians were meeting at the Capitol building for the Constitutional Ratification Convention, and while there was support for the Federal Government, division arose over the location of the new State Capital. A suspicious fire broke out in the Capitol building during the Convention, after which the delegates removed to the Exchange and decreed Columbia the new state capital. By 1792, the Capitol had been rebuilt and became the Charleston County [[Courthouse]]. Upon its completion, the city possessed all the public buildings necessary to be transformed from a colonial capital to the center of the [[antebellum]] [[Southern United States|South]]. The grandeur and number of buildings erected in the following century reflect the optimism, pride, and civic destiny that many Charlestonians felt for their community.
As Charleston grew, so did the community's cultural and social opportunities, especially for the elite merchants and planters. The first theater building in America was built in Charleston in 1736, but was later replaced by the 19th-century Planter's Hotel where wealthy planters stayed during Charleston's horse-racing season (now the Dock Street Theatre, known as the oldest active theatre in the United States{{Fact|date=December 2007}}). Benevolent societies were formed by several different ethnic groups: the South Carolina Society, founded by French [[Huguenot]]s in 1737; the German Friendly Society, founded in 1766; and the Hibernian Society, founded by Irish immigrants in 1801. The [[Charleston Library Society]] was established in 1748 by some wealthy Charlestonians who wished to keep up with the scientific and philosophical issues of the day. This group also helped establish the [[College of Charleston]] in 1770, the oldest college in South Carolina and the 13th oldest in the United States.
Charleston became more prosperous in the [[plantation]]-dominated economy of the post-Revolutionary years. The invention of the [[cotton gin]] in 1793 revolutionized this crop's production, and it quickly became South Carolina's major export. [[Cotton]] plantations relied heavily on slave labor. Slaves were also the primary labor force within the city, working as domestics, artisans, market workers or laborers. Many black Charlestonians spoke [[Gullah language|Gullah]], a language based on African American structures which combined African, French, German, Jamaican, English, Bahamian and Dutch words. In 1807 the Charleston Market was founded. It soon became a hub for the African-American community, with many slaves and free people of color staffing stalls.
By 1820 Charleston's population had grown to 23,000, with a black majority. When a massive slave revolt planned by [[Denmark Vesey]], a free black, was discovered in 1822, such hysteria ensued amidst white Charlestonians and Carolinians that the activities of free blacks and slaves were severely restricted. Hundreds of blacks, free and slave, and some white supporters involved in the planned uprising were held in the Old Jail. It also was the impetus for the construction of a new State Arsenal in Charleston. Recently, research published by historian Michael P. Johnson of [[Johns Hopkins University]] has cast doubt on the veracity of the accounts detailing Vesey's aborted slave revolt.
As Charleston's government, society and industry grew, commercial institutions were established to support the community's aspirations. The Bank of South Carolina, the second oldest building constructed as a bank in the nation, was established here in 1798. Branches of the First and Second Bank of the United States were also located in Charleston in 1800 and 1817. While the First Bank was converted to City Hall by 1818, the Second Bank proved to be a vital part of the community as it was the only bank in the city equipped to handle the international transactions so crucial to the export trade. By 1840, the Market Hall and Sheds, where fresh meat and produce were brought daily, became the commercial hub of the city. The slave trade also depended on the port of Charleston, where ships could be unloaded and the slaves sold at markets. Contrary to popular belief, slaves were never traded at the Market Hall areas.
=== Pre-Civil War Political Changes ===
In the first half of the 19th century, South Carolinians became more devoted to the idea that state's rights were superior to the Federal government's authority. Buildings such as the Marine Hospital ignited controversy over the degree in which the Federal government should be involved in South Carolina's government, society, and commerce. During this period over 90 percent of Federal funding was generated from import duties, collected by custom houses such as the one in Charleston. In 1832 South Carolina passed an ordinance of [[nullification]], a procedure in which a state could in effect repeal a Federal law, directed against the most recent tariff acts. Soon Federal soldiers were dispensed to Charleston's forts and began to collect tariffs by force. A compromise was reached by which the tariffs would be gradually reduced, but the underlying argument over state's rights would continue to escalate in the coming decades. Charleston remained one of the busiest port cities in the country, and the construction of a new, larger United States [[Custom House]] began in 1849, but its construction was interrupted by the events of the Civil War.
Prior to [[U.S. presidential election, 1860|the 1860 election]], the [[United States Democratic Party|National Democratic Convention]] convened in Charleston. Hibernian Hall served as the headquarters for the delegates supporting [[Stephen A. Douglas]], who it was hoped would bridge the gap between the northern and southern delegates on the issue of extending slavery to the territories. The convention disintegrated when delegates were unable to summon a two-thirds majority for any candidate. This divisiveness resulted in a split in the Democratic Party, and the election of [[Abraham Lincoln]], the Republican candidate.
=== American Civil War and Reconstruction ===
==== American Civil War ====
{{main|Charleston, South Carolina, in the Civil War}}
[[Image:charleston sc 1865.jpg|thumb|left|300px|The ruins of Mills House and nearby buildings, Charleston A shell-damaged carriage and the remains of a brick chimney in the foreground. 1865.]]
On [[December 20]], [[1860]], the [[South Carolina]] General Assembly made the state the first to ever secede from the [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]]. The cause was the election to the presidency of a man "whose opinions and purposes are hostile to slavery".
On [[January 9]], [[1861]], [[The Citadel (Military College)|Citadel]] cadets fired shots of the [[American Civil War]] when they opened fire on the unarmed Union ship ''[[Star of the West]]'' entering Charleston's harbor. On [[April 12]], [[1861]], shore batteries under the command of General [[Pierre G. T. Beauregard]] opened fire on the Union-held [[Fort Sumter]] in the harbor. After a 34-hour bombardment, Major [[Major Robert Anderson|Robert Anderson]] surrendered the fort. Officers and Cadets from The Citadel were assigned to various Confederate batteries during the bombardment of Fort Sumter. Although The Citadel continued to operate as an academy during the Civil War, cadets were made a part of the South Carolina military department along with the cadets from the Arsenal Academy in Columbia, to form the Battalion of State Cadets. Cadets from both institutions continued to aid the Confederate army by helping drill recruits, manufacture ammunition, protect arms depots, and guard Union prisoners. In December 1864 Citadel and Arsenal Cadets were ordered to join Confederate forces at Tullifinny Creek, South Carolina where they engaged in pitched battles with advancing units of General [[William Tecumseh Sherman|W. T. Sherman]]'s army, suffering eight casualties. [[Image:charleston ruins.jpg|thumb|300px|Ruins seen from the Circular Church, Charleston, South Carolina, 1865.]]In all, The Citadel Corps of Cadets earned eight battle streamers and one service streamer for its service to South Carolina during the War. The city under siege took control of Fort Sumter, became the center for blockade running, and was the site of the first successful submarine warfare on [[February 17]], [[1864]] when the ''[[H. L. Hunley (submarine)|H.L. Hunley]]'' made a daring night attack on the {{USS|Housatonic|1861|6}}.<ref>[http://www.history.navy.mil/branches/org12-3.htm "''H. L. Hunley'', Confederate Submarine,"] ''Department of the Navy – Naval Historical Center'', Accessed [[June 13]], [[2007]].</ref> In 1865, [[Union Army|Union]] troops moved into the city, and took control of many sites, such as the United States Arsenal, which the Confederate army had seized at the outbreak of the war. The War department also confiscated the grounds and buildings of the Citadel Military Academy, which was used as a federal garrison for over 17 years, until its return to the state and reopening as a military college in 1882.
==== Reconstruction ====
After the defeat of the Confederacy, Federal forces remained in Charleston during the city's reconstruction. The war had shattered the prosperity of the antebellum city. Freed slaves were faced with poverty and discrimination. Industries slowly brought the city and its inhabitants back to a renewed vitality and growth in population. As the city's commerce improved, Charlestonians also worked to restore their community institutions. [[Image:Charleston King Street c1910 1920 LOC 4a24156u.jpg|thumb|left|300px|King Street circa 1910-1920]]In 1867 Charleston's first free secondary school for blacks was established, the Avery Institute. General [[William Tecumseh Sherman|William T. Sherman]] lent his support to the conversion of the United States Arsenal into the Porter Military Academy, an educational facility for former soldiers and boys left orphaned or destitute by the war. Porter Military Academy later joined with Gaud School and is now a [[K–12 education|K-12]] [[University-preparatory school|prep school]], [[Porter-Gaud School]]. The William Enston Homes, a planned community for the city's aged and infirmed, was built in 1889. An elaborate public building, the United States Post Office and Courthouse, was completed in 1896 and signaled renewed life in the heart of the city.
On [[August 31]], [[1886]], [[Charleston earthquake|Charleston was nearly destroyed]] by an [[earthquake]] measuring 7.5 on the [[Richter magnitude scale|Richter scale]] that was felt as far away as [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]] and [[Bermuda]]. It damaged 2,000 buildings and caused $6 million worth of damage ($133 million(2006 [[United States dollar|USD]])), while in the whole city the buildings were only valued at approximately $24 million($531 million(2006 [[United States dollar|USD]]).
Yet, through many fires, hurricanes, tornadoes, several wars, and [[urban renewal]] in the 20th century, many of Charleston's historic buildings remain intact to this day.
=== Modern-day ===
[[Image:ConfederateMemorialC.JPG|thumb|left|Confederate Memorial at Battery Park.]]
[[Image:CharlestonSC RainbowRow 500px.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Rainbow Row]]]]
[[Image:Charleston Ironwork.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Daughters of the Confederacy Building, near Charleston's downtown open market.]]
Charleston is a major [[tourism|tourist]] destination, with a considerable number of luxury hotels, hotel chains, inns, and [[bed and breakfasts]] and a large number of award-winning restaurants. The city is well-known for its streets lined with grand [[Southern live oak|live oaks]] draped with [[Spanish moss]], and the ubiquity of the [[Sabal palmetto|Cabbage Palmetto]], which is the state tree of South Carolina. Along the waterfront in an area known as [[Rainbow Row]] are many beautiful and historic pastel-colored homes. The city is also an important port, boasting the second largest container seaport on the East Coast and the fourth largest container seaport in North America.<ref name="North American Container Port Traffic">[http://www.aapa-ports.org/pdf/2005_NORTH_AMERICAN_CONTAINER_TRAFFIC.pdf North American Container Traffic (2005), Port Ranking by TEUs] as reported by the American Association of Port Authorities.</ref> It is also the second most productive port in the world behind [[Hong Kong]]. Charleston is becoming a prime location for information technology jobs and corporations, most notably [[Blackbaud]], Modulant, CSS, Benefitfocus, and [[Google]]. The aerospace industry is beginning to establish itself in the city with the joint venture plant of [[Vought]] and [[Alenia Aeronautica]], where two of the five sections of the [[Boeing 787]] fuselage are fabricated and assembled.
Charleston is the primary medical center for the eastern portion of the state. The city has several major hospitals located in the downtown area alone: [[MUSC Medical Center|Medical University of South Carolina Medical Center]] (MUSC), [http://www.charleston.va.gov/ Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center], and [http://www.ropersaintfrancis.com/roper/ Roper Hospital]. [[Medical University of South Carolina|MUSC]] is the state's first school of medicine, the largest medical university in the state, and the sixth oldest continually operating school of medicine in the United States. The downtown medical district is experiencing rapid growth of [[biotechnology]] and [[medical research]] industries coupled with substantial expansions of all the major hospitals. Additionally, more expansions are planned or underway at several other major hospitals located in other portions of the city and metropolitan area: [http://www.carealliance.com/bssf/default.asp/ Bon Secours-St Francis Xavier Hospital], [http://www.tridenthealthsystem.com/ Trident Medical Center], and [http://www.eastcoopermedctr.com/CWSContent/eastcoopermedctr/ East Cooper Regional Medical Center].
[[Hurricane Hugo]] hit Charleston in 1989, and though the worst damage was in nearby McClellanville, the storm damaged three-quarters of the homes in Charleston's historic district. The hurricane caused over $2.8 billion in damage.
In 1993, a squadron of the [[C-17 Globemaster III]] aircraft was established at Charleston Air Force base.
In 2004, the [[United States Navy|US Navy]] [[Space and Naval Warfare Systems Command]] (SPAWAR) became the largest employer in the Charleston metropolitan area. Until 2004, the [[Medical University of South Carolina]] was the largest employer.
Charleston is the home of a [[Consolidated Mail Outpatient Pharmacy]] (CMOP). It is part of an initiative by the Department of Veterans Affairs to provide mail order prescriptions to veterans using computerization at strategic locations throughout the United States.
== Government ==
[[Image:charlestonSCseal.jpg|right|160px]]
Charleston has a [[mayor-council government|strong mayor-council government]], with the mayor acting as the chief administrator and the executive officer of the municipality. The mayor also presides over [[city council]] meetings and has a vote, the same as other council members.
===Emergency services===
====City of Charleston Fire Department====
[[Image:Charlestonfd.JPG||thumb|right|Fire department station houses for Engines 2 and 3 of the Charleston Fire Department.]]
The [[City of Charleston Fire Department]] consists of 237 firefighters in 19 companies located throughout the city.<ref>[http://www.ksla.com/Global/story.asp?S=6677598 "Investigation examining Charleston firefighters' handling of deadly blaze,"] ''KSLA News 12'', Accessed [[June 21]], [[2007]].</ref> The department operates on a 24/48 schedule, and has a Class I ISO rating.<ref>[http://www.charlestoncity.info/dept/content.aspx?nid=114&cid=411 "Fire department overview,"] City of Charleston Official Website, Accessed [[June 20]], [[2007]].</ref> Russell (Rusty) Thomas serves as the chief of the fire department.
=====June 2007 Warehouse Tragedy=====
{{main|Charleston Sofa Super Store fire}}
In an unprecedented tragedy for the [[City of Charleston Fire Department]], 9 [[firefighter]]s were killed on [[June 18]], [[2007]] in a furniture warehouse fire, while searching for possible trapped occupants and attempting to extinguish the blaze.<ref>Bruce Smith, [http://cms.firehouse.com/web/online/In-The-Line-Of-Duty/Nine-Charleston-Firefighters-Perish-in-Blaze/39$55141 "Nine Charleston Firefighters Perish in Blaze,"] ''[[Associated Press]]'' article at ''[[Firehouse.com]]'', [[June 19]], [[2007]]. Accessed [[June 19]], [[2007]].</ref> It was the greatest single loss of firefighters in the [[United States]] since 343 firefighters were lost in the [[collapse of the World Trade Center]] which resulted from the [[September 11, 2001 attacks|terrorist attacks of [[September 11]], [[2001]]]], and the greatest loss of firefighters in the history of the Charleston Fire Department. One station lost all but one of its firefighters.
====Police Department====
The [[City of Charleston Police Department]], with a total of 382 sworn officers, 137 civilians and 27 reserve police officers, is South Carolina's largest police department. Their procedures on cracking down on drug use and gang violence in the city are used as models to other cities to do the same. According to the final 2005 FBI Crime Reports, Charleston crime level is worse than the national average in almost every major category.<ref>[http://charlestonsc.areaconnect.com/crime1.htm "2005 FBI Crime Reports"]</ref> Greg Mullen, the former Deputy Chief of Police in the City of [[Virginia Beach, Virginia]], serves as the current police chief. The former Charleston police chief was Reuben Greenberg who resigned [[August 12]], [[2005]]). Greenberg was credited with creating a polite police force that kept [[police brutality]] well in check even as it developed a visible presence in community policing and a significant reductions in crime rates.<ref>[[Michael Ledeen]], [http://www.nationalreview.com/ledeen/ledeen200508180822.asp "Hail to the Chief,"] ''[[National Review Online]]'', [[August 18]], [[2005]]. Accessed [[June 18]], [[2007]].</ref>
====EMS====
[[Emergency medical services]] for the City of Charleston are provided by Charleston County Emergency Medical Services (CCEMS) & Berkeley County Emergency Medical Services (BCEMS). The city is served by both [[Charleston, South Carolina|Charleston]] & [[Berkeley County, South Carolina|Berkeley]] counties EMS and 911 services since the city is part of both counties.
== Infrastructure and economy ==
=== Transportation ===
====Airport====
[[Image:NPS map symbol airport.png|right|20px]] The Charleston area is served by [[Charleston International Airport]] {{airport codes|CHS|KCHS}}, which is the busiest passenger airport in the state of [[South Carolina]].
====Interstates and highways====
[[Interstate 26]] enters the city from the [[north]]-[[Ordinal directions|northwest]], and connects the city to its airport, [[Interstate 95 in South Carolina|Interstate 95]], and [[Columbia, South Carolina]]. It ends at the [[Septima Clark]] Expressway downtown, which travels across two-thirds of the peninsula before merging into the [[Arthur Ravenel, Jr. Bridge]]. The bridge and Septima Clark Expressway are part of [[U.S. Route 17|U.S. Highway 17]], which travels [[east]]-[[west]] through the cities of Charleston and [[Mount Pleasant, South Carolina|Mount Pleasant]]. [[Interstate 526]], or the [[Mark W. Clark|Mark Clark]] Expressway, forms a half-circle around the city. [[U.S. Route 52|U.S. Highway 52]] is Meeting Street and its [[U.S. Route 52 Spur (Charleston, South Carolina)|spur]] is Morrison Drive, which becomes East Bay Street after leaving the Eastside. This highway merges with King Street in the city's Neck area (Industrial District) to form Rivers Avenue. [[U.S. Route 78|U.S. Highway 78]] is King Street in the downtown area, eventually merging with Meeting Street to form Rivers Avenue.
The metropolitan area is served by several other U.S. highways. [[U.S. Route 17 Alternate (South Carolina)|U.S. Highway 17A]] travels through the upper portions of the urban area, going [[Ordinal directions|southwest]]-[[Ordinal directions|northeast]] through the suburban cities of [[Summerville, South Carolina|Summerville]] and [[Goose Creek, South Carolina|Goose Creek]]. [[U.S. Route 176|U.S. Highway 176]] begins in Goose Creek and leaves the city to the northwest.
The Charleston area is also served by several state highways including:
* SC 7 - Sam Rittenberg Boulevard
* SC 30 - James Island Expressway
* [[South Carolina Highway 61|SC 61]] - St. Andrews Boulevard/Ashley River Road
* SC 41
* SC 171 - Old Towne Road
* SC 517 - Clyde Moultrie Dangerfield Highway ([[Isle of Palms, South Carolina|Isle of Palms]] Connector)
* SC 642 - Dorchester Road
* SC 700 - Maybank Highway
* SC 703 - Jasper Boulevard/Palm Boulevard
====Arthur Ravenel, Jr. Bridge====
The [[Arthur Ravenel, Jr. Bridge]] across the Cooper River opened on [[July 16]], [[2005]], and is the largest cable-stayed bridge in [[the Americas]]. The bridge links [[Mount Pleasant, South Carolina|Mount Pleasant]] with downtown Charleston, and has eight lanes and a 12-foot lane shared by pedestrians and bicycles. It replaced the [[Silas N. Pearman Bridge]] (built in 1966) and the [[John P. Grace Memorial Bridge|Grace Memorial Bridge]] (built in 1929). They were considered two of the more dangerous bridges in America and were demolished after the Ravenel Bridge opened.
[[Image:Arthur Ravenel Bridge (from water).jpg|thumb|center|800px|The new Arthur Ravenel Jr. bridge, constructed in 2005, is the longest [[cable-stayed bridge]] in the Western Hemisphere.]]
====Charleston Area Regional Transportation Authority====
[[Image:CARTAlogo.jpg|thumb|left|75px|The logo of CARTA.]]
The city is also served by a [[bus]] system, operated by the [[Charleston Area Regional Transportation Authority]] (CARTA). The majority of the urban area is served by regional fixed route buses which are also equipped with bike racks as part of the system's Rack & Ride program. CARTA offers connectivity to historic downtown attractions and accommodations with DASH (Downtown Area Shuttle) trolley buses, and it offers curbside pickup for disabled passengers with its Tel-A-Ride buses.
Rural parts of the city and metropolitan area are served by a different [[bus]] system, operated by Berkeley-Charleston-Dorchester Rural Transportation Management Association (BCD-RTMA).
==== The Port ====
[[Image:Charleston-ColumbusSt-port-terminal.jpg||thumb|right|220px|Columbus Street Terminal viewed from the southwest.]]
The Port of Charleston consists of five terminals. Three are on the Harbor and the other two are on the Cooper River just north of Charleston's bustling harbor. The port is ranked number one in North America by Supply Chain Execs.<ref>http://port-of-charleston.com/community/press_room/pressroom.asp?PressRelease=162</ref> Port activity, behind tourism, is the leading source of Charleston's revenue.
===== Piers =====
* Columbus Street Terminal
* North Charleston Terminal
* Union Pier Terminal
* Veterans Terminal
* Wando Welch Terminal
A new terminal is being planned on the former Naval Shipyard Grounds to accommodate the growing needs of the port.
==== Industry ====
* [[Hess Corporation|Hess]] - Distribution Center
* [[Nucor]] - Plant
* [[Verizon Wireless]] - Southeast Corporate Center
* [[Vought]] - Plant for assembling fuselage of [[Boeing 787]] Dreamliner
* [[American LaFrance]] - Emergency vehicle manufacturing plant and corporate headquarters
== Geography and Climate ==
[[Image:Charlestonriversmap.png|right|300px|thumb|Map showing the major rivers of Charleston and the Charleston Harbor watershed.]]
The city proper consists of six distinct areas: the Peninsula/Downtown, [[West Ashley]], [[Johns Island, South Carolina|Johns Island]], [[James Island (South Carolina)|James Island]], [[Daniel Island]], and the Cainhoy Peninsula.
====Coordinates====
Charleston is located at {{coor d|32.78|N|79.93|W|region:US}}.{{GR|1}}
====Demographics====
The racial/Ethnic makeup of Charleston is 65.2% [[White Americans]], 31.6% [[African Americans]], 1.6% [[Asian Americans]], and 2.4% [[Hispanics in the United States|Hispanics]] or [[Latino]] (who may be of any race)[http://www.census.gov/prod/2006pubs/smadb/smadb-06.pdf]
====Topography====
According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the city has a total area of {{convert|347.5|km2|sqmi|1|sp=us|lk=on}}. {{convert|251.2|km2|sqmi|1|abbr=on}} of it is land and {{convert|44.3|km2|sqmi|1|abbr=on}} (15%) of it is water. The old city is located on a [[peninsula]] at the point where, as Charlestonians say, "The Ashley and the Cooper Rivers come together to form the Atlantic Ocean." The entire peninsula is very low, some of it is landfill material, and as such, it frequently floods during heavy rains, storm surges and unusually high tides. The city limits have expanded across the [[Ashley River]] from the peninsula encompassing the majority of West Ashley as well as James Island and some of Johns Island. The city limits also have expanded across the [[Cooper River (South Carolina)|Cooper River]] encompassing Daniel Island and the Cainhoy area. North Charleston blocks any expansion up the peninsula, and Mount Pleasant occupies the land directly east of the Cooper River.
The tidal rivers (Wando, Cooper, Stono, and Ashley) are evidence of a [[Submergent coastline|submergent]] or drowned coastline. In other words, the original rivers had a lower [[base line]], but as the ocean rose or the land sank, the landform was changed. There is a submerged [[river delta]] off the mouth of the [[Charleston Harbor|harbor]], and the rivers are deep, affording a good location for a [[port]]. The rising of the ocean may be due to melting of [[glacier|glacial]] ice during the end of the [[ice age]].
In recent decades, the urban area of the city has become elongated along [[Interstate 26]], while being fairly short from east to west. Today areas with a population density of over 1,000 people per square mile extends continuously from the tip of the peninsula out to the Summerville area.
=== Climate ===
Charleston has a [[humid subtropical climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''Cfa''), with mild winters, hot, humid summers, and significant rainfall all year long. Summer is the wettest season; almost half of the annual rainfall occurs during the summer months in the form of thundershowers, which is an effect similar to the [[monsoons]] found in [[Southern Asia]]. Fall remains relatively warm through November. Winter is short and mild, and is characterized by occasional rain. Snow flurries seldom occur. The highest temperature recorded (inside city limits at the Customs House on E. Bay St.) was {{convert|104|°F|°C|0|lk=on}}, on [[June 2]], [[1985]], and the lowest temperature recorded was {{convert|10|°F|°C|0}} on [[January 21]], [[1985]].<ref name="maxmintemps">Maximum and minimum temperatures from [http://weather.yahoo.com/forecast/USSC0051.html Yahoo! Weather]</ref> Hurricanes are a major threat to the area during the summer and early fall, with several severe hurricanes hitting the area - most notably [[Hurricane Hugo]] in 1989 (a [[Saffir-Simpson hurricane scale|Category 4]] storm).
Charleston was hit by a large [[tornado]] in 1761, which temporarily emptied the Ashley River, and sank five offshore warships.<ref>Lane, F.W. ''The Elements Rage'' (David & Charles 1966), p. 49</ref>
<center>
{| class="wikitable" "text-align:center;font-size:90%;"|
| colspan="13" style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;"|Monthly Normal and Record High and Low Temperatures
|-
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color: #000000" height="17" | Month
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | Jan
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | Feb
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | Mar
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | Apr
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | May
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | Jun
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | Jul
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | Aug
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | Sep
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | Oct
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | Nov
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | Dec
|-
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" height="16;" | Rec High °F
| style="text-align:center; background: #E8EAFA; color:#000000;" | 83
| style="text-align:center; background: #E8EAFA; color:#000000;" | 87
| style="text-align:center; background: #E8EAFA; color:#000000;" | 90
| style="text-align:center; background: #E8EAFA; color:#000000;" | 95
| style="text-align:center; background: #E8EAFA; color:#000000;" | 98
| style="text-align:center; background: #E8EAFA; color:#000000;" | 104
| style="text-align:center; background: #E8EAFA; color:#000000;" | 103
| style="text-align:center; background: #E8EAFA; color:#000000;" | 103
| style="text-align:center; background: #E8EAFA; color:#000000;" | 102
| style="text-align:center; background: #E8EAFA; color:#000000;" | 94
| style="text-align:center; background: #E8EAFA; color:#000000;" | 88
| style="text-align:center; background: #E8EAFA; color:#000000;" | 83
|-
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" height="16;" | Norm High °F
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 58.9
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 62.3
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 69.3
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 76.1
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 82.9
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 87.9
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 90.9
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 89.4
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 85
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 77
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 69.6
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 61.6
|-
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" height="16;" | Norm Low °F
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 36.9
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 39.1
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 46
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 52.2
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 61.3
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 68.5
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 72.5
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 71.6
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 67.1
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 55.3
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 46.4
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 39.3
|-
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" height="16;" | Rec Low °F
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 10
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 17
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 22
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 29
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 44
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 53
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 65
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 56
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 42
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 36
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 27
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 16
|-
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" height="16;" | Precip (in)
| style="text-align:center; background: #E8EAFA; color:#000000;" | 4.08
| style="text-align:center; background: #E8EAFA; color:#000000;" | 3.08
| style="text-align:center; background: #E8EAFA; color:#000000;" | 4
| style="text-align:center; background: #E8EAFA; color:#000000;" | 2.77
| style="text-align:center; background: #E8EAFA; color:#000000;" | 3.67
| style="text-align:center; background: #E8EAFA; color:#000000;" | 5.92
| style="text-align:center; background: #E8EAFA; color:#000000;" | 6.13
| style="text-align:center; background: #E8EAFA; color:#000000;" | 6.91
| style="text-align:center; background: #E8EAFA; color:#000000;" | 5.98
| style="text-align:center; background: #E8EAFA; color:#000000;" | 3.09
| style="text-align:center; background: #E8EAFA; color:#000000;" | 2.66
| style="text-align:center; background: #E8EAFA; color:#000000;" | 3.24
|-
| colspan="13" style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;"|''Source: USTravelWeather.com [http://www.ustravelweather.com/weather-south-carolina/charleston-weather.asp]''
|}
</center>
=== Metropolitan area ===
The [[Charleston-North Charleston Metropolitan Statistical Area]] consists of three counties: [[Charleston County, South Carolina|Charleston]], [[Berkeley County, South Carolina|Berkeley]], and [[Dorchester County, South Carolina|Dorchester]]. As of 2006, it was estimated that the metropolitan area had a total population of about 603,178 people.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://209.85.165.104/search?q=cache:6GtNR2OjFQEJ:www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/releases/archives/cb07-51tbl2.pdf+charleston+metropolitan+area+603,178&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=4&gl=us&client=firefox-a |title=Population Estimates for the 100 Most Populous Metropolitan Statistical Areas Based on [[July 1]], [[2006]] Population Estimates|accessdate=2007-07-09}}</ref> Charleston has several large suburbs. North Charleston is nearly as populated as Charleston itself and ranks as the third largest city in the state; Mount Pleasant and Summerville are the next largest suburbs. The traditional parish system persisted until the Reconstruction, when counties were imposed. Nevertheless, traditional parishes still exist in various capacities, mainly as public service districts. The city of Charleston proper, which was originally defined by the limits of the Parish of St. Philip & St. Michael. It now also includes parts of St. James' Parish, St. George's Parish, St. Andrew's Parish, and St. John's Parish, although the last two are mostly still incorporated rural parishes.
In the more detailed results of Census 2000, the Charleston-North Charleston [[metropolitan area]] had a population of 549,033, of which about 78% lived inside the central city and its surrounding urban area. At that time, the Charleston-North Charleston Urbanized Area proper consisted of 423,410 people (including the suburbs listed below). This population makes Charleston-North Charleston and Columbia essentially tied as the two largest individual urbanized areas within the state. The Charleston MSA also includes a separate and much smaller urban area within Berkeley County, [[Moncks Corner, South Carolina|Moncks Corner]] (2000 pop.: 9,123).
== Culture ==
Charleston is well-known across the United States and beyond for its unique culture, which blends West African, traditional southern American and French elements.
=== Dialect ===
Charleston's unique but vanishing dialect has long been noted in the South and elsewhere, for the singular attributes it possesses. Alone among the various regional Southern dialects, Charlestonian speakers inglide long mid vowels, such as the raising for /ay/ and /aw/. Some attribute these unique features of Charleston's speech to its early settlement by the [[French Huguenots]] and [[Sephardic Jews]], both of which played influential parts in Charleston's development and history. However, given Charleston's high concentration of African-Americans that spoke the [[Gullah language]], the speech patterns were more influenced by the dialect of the [[Gullah]] African-American community.
Today, the [[Gullah language]] and dialect is still spoken among African-American locals. However, rapid development, especially on the surrounding sea islands, is slowly diminishing its prominence.
Two important works which shed light on Charleston's early dialect are ''"Charleston Provincialisms"'' and ''"The Huguenot Element in Charleston's Provincialisms,"'' both written by [[Sylvester Primer]]. Further scholarship is needed on the influence of Sephardic Jews to the speech patterns of Charleston.
=== Religion ===
[[Image:FrenchProtestantChurch.jpg|left|thumb|250px|French Protestant (Huguenot) Church]]
The city has long been noted for its numerous churches and denominations. It is the seat of both the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Charleston]] and the [[Episcopal Diocese of South Carolina]]. One of the few remaining [[Huguenot]] congregations in America is located in the city. The city is home to many well known churches, [[cathedral]]s, and synagogues. The churchtower spotted skyline is one of the reasons for the city's nickname, "The Holy City." Historically, Charleston was one of the most religiously tolerant cities in the New World. Recently, the conservative Episcopal diocese of South Carolina, headquartered in Charleston, has been one of the key players in potential schism of the Anglican Church. Charleston is home to the only African-American Seventh Day Baptist Church congregation in the Seventh Day Baptist General Conference of the United States and Canada. The First Baptist Church of Charleston is the oldest Baptist church in the South and the first Southern Baptist Church in existence. It is also used as a private K-12 school.
Charleston also has a large and historic Jewish population. The American branch of the Reform Jewish movement was founded in Charleston at [[Synagogue]] Kahal Kadosh Beth Elohim. It is the fourth oldest Jewish congregation in the continental United States (after New York, Newport and Savannah).
=== Annual cultural events and fairs ===
[[Image:Charleston place.jpg|thumb|right|Charleston Place on King Street]]
Charleston annually hosts [[Spoleto Festival USA]], a 17-day [[art]] [[festival]] featuring over 100 performances by individual artists in a variety of disciplines.
Charleston's "other" festival is the [http://www.mojafestival.com/ MOJA Arts Festival], which is a major, two-week celebration of African-American and Caribbean arts, music, and culture.
The [http://www.sewe.com/ Southeastern Wildlife Exposition] is also held in the city, as well as the [http://www.charlestonfoodandwine.com/Charleston Food + Wine Festival], [http://www.familycirclecup.com/ Family Circle Tennis Cup], [[Cooper River Bridge Run]] and the [http://www.charlestonmaritimefestival.com/Charleston Maritime Festival], which is held annually in May and features tall ships, boatbuilding, and the Charleston to Bermuda Race. In 2007 Charleston Fashion Week made its first appearance and was a huge success. It is held by the fashion publication Charleston Magazine and now will be an annual event in the city. It is like most of the major fashion weeks in other major cities.
=== Museums and historical attractions ===
[[Image:BooneHall1.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Boone Hall]]
As an old colonial city, Charleston has a wide variety of museums and historical attractions. The Old Exchange and Customs House in downtown Charleston, finished in 1771, is arguably the third most important Colonial building in the nation (behind [[Faneuil Hall]] in [[Boston, Massachusetts]] and [[Independence Hall (United States)|Independence Hall]] in [[Philadelphia]], [[Pennsylvania]]). The building features a dungeon which held various signers of the [[Declaration of Independence]], and also hosted events for [[George Washington]] in 1791, and the ratification of the [[U.S. Constitution]] in 1788. It has also served as a U.S. post office, the first Confederate post office, and was used by the [[United States Coast Guard]].
Not far from Charleston is the location of [[Fort Moultrie]], which was instrumental in delivering a critical defeat to the British in the [[American Revolutionary War]], and [[Fort Sumter]], the reputed site of the "first shot" of the [[American Civil War]]. [[Patriot's Point]], located across the river in nearby [[Mount Pleasant, South Carolina]], is also home to the aircraft carrier [[USS Yorktown (CV-10)|USS Yorktown]] as well as several other naval vessels. There are also several former [[plantation]]s in the area, including [[Boone Hall Plantation]], [[Drayton Hall]], [[Magnolia Plantation and Gardens|Magnolia Plantation]], and [[Middleton Place]]. The Charleston Tea Plantation is located just south of the city on Wadmalaw Island, and is a true working tea farm. Charleston's premier art museum is the [[Gibbes Museum of Art]], one of the country's oldest art organizations and home to over 10,000 works of fine art. Also the [[Charleston Museum]] was the first Museum in the [[Americas]]. Other attractions include the [[South Carolina Aquarium]], the [[Audubon Swamp Garden]], [[Cypress Gardens (South Carolina)|Cypress Gardens]], and [http://www.charlestowne.org Charles Towne Landing]which is also the original settlement area of Charles Towne and the birthplace of what is now considered modern Charleston.
=== Sports ===
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Charleston is home to a number of professional minor league and amateur sports teams:
* The [[Charleston Battery]], a professional [[soccer]] team, plays in the [[USL First Division]]. The Charleston Battery play at [[Blackbaud Stadium]].
* The [[Charleston RiverDogs]], a [[Minor League Baseball]] team, play in the [[South Atlantic League]], and are an affiliate of the [[New York Yankees]]. The RiverDogs play at [[Joseph P. Riley, Jr. Park]].
*The [[South Carolina Stingrays]] are an [[ice hockey]] team that play in the [[ECHL]] and are an affiliate of the [[Washington Capitals]]. The Stingrays play at the [[North Charleston Coliseum]].
*The [[Charleston Outlaws RFC]] is a [[Rugby Union]] Football Club founded in 1973. The Club is in good standing with the Palmetto Rugby Union, USA Rugby South, and USARFU. The club competes for honors in Men's Division II against the Cape Fear, Columbia, Greenville, and Charlotte "B" clubs. The club also hosts a Rugby Sevens tournament during Memorial Day weekend.
Other notable sports venues in the Charleston area include [[Family Circle Magazine Stadium]] (home of the [[WTA Tour]] affiliated professional [[tennis]] tournament for women, the [[Family Circle Cup]]) and [[Johnson Hagood Stadium]] (home of the [[The Citadel (military college)|The Citadel Bulldogs]] [[American football|football]] team). Construction of the Palmetto Bowl was expected to begin in 2006 or 2007, but due to an [[NCAA]] boycott on sporting events being held in the state due to a [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] flag issue, and a lack of funds, the plan to build a 35,000 seat stadium was scrapped. However, [[Johnson Hagood Stadium]] is almost finished with a major renovation, and the new West Stands will open up for the [[Sertoma]] [[American football|Football]] Classic, a local high school football exhibition, in mid August 2007. The entire stadium will be finished in 2008. The [[College of Charleston]] has broken ground on the [[Carolina First Center]] which will seat 5,700 people for the school's basketball & volleyball teams, and construction will finish in the fall of 2008.
Nearby [[Kiawah Island Golf Resort|Kiawah Island Golf Resort's]] Ocean Course hosted the 1991 [[Ryder Cup]] matches, the 2007 [[Senior PGA Championship]] and is scheduled to host the 2012 [[PGA Championship]].
=== Charleston in fiction===
{{seealso|List of television shows and movies in Charleston, South Carolina}}
Several books have been written which utilize Charleston as a setting. In addition, Citadel alumnus and novelist [[Pat Conroy]] often writes about Charleston.
In the summer of 2007, the pilot episode for an upcoming mini series, "[[El Cid]]", was filmed on The Citadel campus and in surrounding Charleston. Directed and produced by 2004 Citadel graduate Nicholaos Collins, the series is a dramatization based on the lives of Citadel Cadets and the rigors of cadet life. The show also stars and was co-produced by notable Charlestonian and 2004 Citadel Alumnus Yanni Bohren.
The [[Gullah]] opera ''[[Porgy and Bess]]'' is set in Charleston.
[[Clive Barker]]'s novel, ''Galilee'', takes place partly in Charleston, as does [[Josephine Humphreys]]'s [[1987 in literature|1987]] novel ''Rich in Love''.
In [[Harry Turtledove]]'s ''[[Timeline-191]]'' alternate history series about a [[Confederate States of America|Confederacy]] that won the [[American Civil War|Civil War]], Charleston suffers an airstrike from an American aircraft carrier in the summer of 1941, in response to the Confederate invasion of [[Ohio]]. By the last year of the war in 1945, the Union army drops its second atomic bomb on Charleston, vaporizing the city, in revenge for its secession in 1861.
[[Rafael Sabatini]]'s novel, ''The Carolinian'', takes place mostly in Charles Town between the years 1775-9.
The 1991 bestseller ''[[Scarlett (novel)|Scarlett]]'', sequel to ''[[Gone with the Wind]]'', was partially set in Charleston, where Scarlett goes in the hope of getting her husband back. [[Rhett Butler]], in both the original and in the sequel, is originally from Charleston. In fact, Alexandra Ripley, the author of ''Scarlett'', derived inspiration from the city for her novel ''Charleston'' and its sequel ''On Leaving Charleston.''
The movie ''[[The Notebook]]'' was almost entirely filmed in and around Charleston.
Charleston was also destroyed by a nuclear explosion in the 1983 made-for-television film ''[[Special Bulletin]]'', which was presented as a realistic news broadcast of a terrorist event.
Several portions of ''[[The Patriot (2000 film)|The Patriot]]'' were filmed on the [[College of Charleston]] campus. Also, several portions of ''[[O (film)|O]]'', a modern film based on [[Othello]], were filmed in Charleston and on the former campus of Bishop England High School. The miniseries ''[[North and South (TV miniseries)|North and South]]'' starring [[Patrick Swayze]] was filmed in and about Charleston.
Currently, the [[Lifetime Television|Lifetime]] television series ''[[Army Wives]]'' is filming in Charleston for its second season. Most of the filming has been done at the old [[Navy]] base.
== Cities and towns in the metro area ==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-3}}
* Town of [[Awendaw, South Carolina|Awendaw]]
* City of [[Folly Beach, South Carolina|Folly Beach]]
* City of [[Hanahan, South Carolina|Hanahan]]
* City of [[Isle of Palms, South Carolina|Isle of Palms]]
* Town of [[James Island, South Carolina|James Island]]
* Town of [[Mount Pleasant, South Carolina|Mount Pleasant]]
* City of [[North Charleston, South Carolina|North Charleston]]
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* Town of [[Sullivan's Island, South Carolina|Sullivan's Island]]
* Town of [[Summerville, South Carolina|Summerville]]
* City of [[Goose Creek, South Carolina|Goose Creek]]
* Town of [[Moncks Corner, South Carolina|Moncks Corner]]
* Town of [[Hollywood, South Carolina|Hollywood]]
* Town of [[Jamestown, South Carolina|Jamestown]]
* Town of [[Ridgeville, South Carolina|Ridgeville]]
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* Town of [[St. George, South Carolina|St. George]]
* Town of [[Rockville, South Carolina|Rockville]]
* Town of [[Meggett, South Carolina|Meggett]]
* Town of [[McClellanville, South Carolina|McClellanville]]
* Town of [[St. Stephen, South Carolina|St. Stephen]]
* Town of [[Bonneau, South Carolina|Bonneau]]
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=== Other unincorporated areas ===
* Johns Island
* Wadmalaw Island
* Morris Island
* St. Stephen
* Dewee's Island
* Yonges Island
== Squares in Downtown Charleston ==
[[Image:Old citadel charleston.jpg|thumb|right|300px|SC State Arsenal (Old Citadel), adjacent to Marion Square]]
* [[Court House Square (Charleston)|Court House Square]]
* Liberty Square
* [[Marion Square (Charleston)|Marion Square]]
* Market Square
* [[Washington Square (Charleston)|Washington Square]]
* Wragg Square
Liberty Square is located at what is known as the Aquarium Wharf and is a gathering area for tourists at the South Carolina Aquarium and the Fort Sumter Visitors Center.
Marion Square is the largest of downtown's squares, annually becoming the finish-line area for the [[Cooper River Bridge Run]] every first weekend of April; the park functions as a gathering area for finishing walkers and runners as well as hosting the run's outdoor festival.
<br />
== Parks in Charleston ==
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* Brittlebank Park & Fishing Pier
* Cannon Park
* [[Battery Park (Charleston)| Charleston Battery]]
* Charles Towne Landing (state historic site) [http://www.charlestowne.org/]
* Concord Park
* Corrine Jones Playground
* Etwin Park
* Hampton Park (Large park near the Citadel)
* Harmon Park
* [[Joseph P. Riley, Jr. Park]] (''Home of the [[Charleston RiverDogs]]'')
* Hester Park
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* Mall Park
* Martin Park
* Mary Utsey Park
* McMahon Playground
* Mitchell Park
* Moultrie Park
* Parkshore Park
* Waterfront Park
* West Ashley Park
* White Point Gardens or "[[Battery Park (Charleston)|Battery Park]]"
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=== [[Charleston County Parks and Recreation Commission]] ===
* James Island County Park
* Folly Beach County Park
* Folly Beach Fishing Pier
* Palmetto Island County Park
* Caw Caw Interpretive Center
* Wannamaker County Park
* Wisniewski Park
== Major Shopping Complexes ==
The Charleston metro area has seen skyrocketing growth. There are many shopping opportunities in Charleston. The major shopping areas are in [[West Ashley]], Mount Pleasant, Summerville, North Charleston near on Rivers Avenue, Ashley Phosphate Road, Dorchester Road and near the Airport, and Downtown Charleston.
* [[Northwoods Mall]]
* [[Citadel Mall (Charleston, South Carolina)|Citadel Mall]]
* [[Tanger Outlet Center]]
* Mount Pleasant Towne Centre
* Shopping District
== Schools, colleges, and universities ==
{{seealso|List of schools in Charleston, South Carolina}}
Charleston is served by the [[Charleston County School District]], which is divided into eight Districts. These eight districts educate approximately 48,500 students from [[kindergarten]] through 12th grade, and contain 42 [[Primary education|elementary school]]s, 13 [[middle school]]s, 8 [[high school]]s, 12 [[magnet school]]s, and 4 [[charter school]]s. IT also contains the seventh best high school in the United States, the Academic Magnet high school. Charleston is also served by the [[Berkeley County School District]] in northern portions of the city, such as the Cainhoy Industrial District, Cainhoy Historical District, and Daniel Island.
Charleston is also served by a large number of private schools, including [[Porter-Gaud School]], [[Ashley Hall]], First Baptist, Trident Academy, Charleston Day, Trinity Montessori Christian School and Mason Preparatory School.
The [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Charleston]] Office of Education also operates out of the city and has a large amount of parochial schools and [[Bishop England High School]] a diocesian high school within the city.
Public institutions of higher education in Charleston include the [[College of Charleston]] (the nation's thirteenth oldest university) and [[The Citadel (Military College)|The Citadel]] (the state's military college). The city is also home to [[Charleston Southern University]] (affiliated with the South Carolina Baptist Convention), and Springfield College. The city is home to a law school, the [[Charleston School of Law]], as well as a medical school, the [[Medical University of South Carolina]]. Charleston is also home to the Roper Hospital School of Practical Nursing and Trident Technical College, and branches of [[Webster University]] are also located in the city. Charleston is also the location for the only college in the country that offers bachelors degrees in the building arts, [http://www.buildingartscollege.us/ The American College of the Building Arts]. The newest school to come to Charleston is The Art Institute of Charleston located downtown on North Market Street.
== Local Military Units ==
=== Coast Guard ===
* Coast Guard Sector Charleston
* Maritime Law Enforcement Academy
* Southeast Regional Fisheries Training Center
* Naval Engineering Support Unit Charleston
* Electronics Systems Support Detachment (ESD) Charleston
* Vessel Boarding and Search Team (VBST) Charleston
* [[USCGC Gallatin (WHEC-721)]]
* [[USCGC Dallas (WHEC-716)]]
* [[USCGC Oak (WLB-211)]]
=== Navy ===
* [[Naval Weapons Station Charleston]]
* Charleston Naval Hospital
=== Army ===
* Charleston Army Depot
=== Air Force ===
* [[Charleston Air Force Base]]
==Media==
Charleston is the nation's 100th largest [[media market|Designated market area (DMA)]], with 285,730 households and 0.257% of the U.S.
===Print and online media===
* The local daily [[newspaper]] in Charleston is ''[[The Post and Courier]]''.
* Other newspapers include the ''[[Charleston City Paper]]'', the ''[[Charleston Mercury]]'', ''The Chronicle (weekly)'', the ''[[The Charleston Regional Business Journal]]'', ''James Island Journal'', ''Fort Moultrie News'', ''The Summerville Journal Scene'' and the ''[[Island Eye News]]''.
* A local online-only paper is ''[[TheDigitel]]''.
* There are two major magazines "[[Charleston Magazine]]" and "[[Garden & Gun Magazine]]".
===Major network television affiliates===
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* [[WCBD-TV]] 2 (NBC)
* [[WCIV]]-TV 4 (ABC)
* [[WCSC-TV]] 5 (CBS)
* [[WITV]]-TV 7 (PBS)
* WCBD DT2-TV 14 (CW)
* WJRB-TV 18 (TeleFutura)
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* WAZS-TV 22 (Azteca America)
* [[WTAT-TV]] 24 (FOX)
* [[WMMP]]-TV 36 (MyTV)
* WJNI-TV 42 (America One)
* WCHD-TV 49
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=== Radio ===
=== AM ===
* 690 - [http://www.wokv.com][[WOKV]] - News-Talk from Jacksonville, Fla.
* 730 - [http://www.wltq.com][[WLTQ]] - [Spanish] ("Viva 730")
* 810 - [[WQIZ]] St. George, South Carolina - [[EWTN]] Catholic Radio
* 910 - [[WTMZ]] [http://www.910theteam.net] - [[ESPN]] Sports Radio ("910 The Team")
* 950 - [[WJKB]] [http://am950.net] - [Classic Country], NASCAR racing ("AM 950 Classic Hit Country")
* 980 - [[WAZS]] [50's and 60's Oldies] - ("Rocket 980")
* 1250 - [[WTMA]] [http://www.wtma.com] - News/Talk ("News-Talk 1250")
* 1340 - [[WQSC]] [http://www.real1340.net] - Talk/News ("Real 1340")
* 1390 - [[WXTC]] [http://www.heaven1390.com] - Gospel ("Heaven 1390")
* 1450 - [[WQNT]] - News/Sports [[Fox Sports Radio]] - ("CNN 1450")
* 1480 - [[WZJY]] - Talk/R&B
* 1610 - [[Folly Beach, SC]] - TIS, information on beach
* 1640 [http://www.Surfside1640.com XSUR] - 70s & 80s ("Surfside 1640")
* [http://www.cofcradio.com College of Charleston Radio] - Streaming on the web.
=== FM ===
*[[WKCL]] - We Know Christ Lives [''91.5 MHz''] - Contemporary Christian
*[[WIHB]] - B92 [''92.5 MHz''] - Top 40
*[[WWWZ]] - Z93 Jamz [''93.3 MHz''] - R&B and Hip-Hop
*[[WSCC]] - NewsRadio94.3 [''94.3 MHz''] - News/Talk
*[[WSSX]] - 95SX [''95.1 MHz''] - Current Top 50 Hits
*[[WAVF]] - Chuck-FM [''96.1 MHz''] - Adult/Variety Hits
*[[WIWF]] - 96-9 The Wolf [''96.9 MHz''] - Country
*[[WYBB]] - 98X [''98.1 MHz''] - Hard Rock
*[[WAZS]] - El Sol [''98.9 MHz''] - Regional Mexican
*[[WXST]] - Star99.7 [''99.7 MHz''] - Urban AC / Classic R&B-Soul
*[[WALC]] - The Drive @ 100.5 [''100.5 MHz''] - 80's / 90's Variety
* WAYX-FM - [[WAY-FM Network]] [''100.9 MHz''] - Contemporary Christian Music
*[''101.7 MHz''] - not on air yet, expected on by April 2008.
*[[WXLY]] - Y102.5 [''102.5 MHz''] - Oldies
*[[WEZL]] - WEZL 103.5 [''103.5 MHz''] - Country
*[[WRFQ]] - Q104.5 [''104.5 MHz''] - Classic Rock
*[[WCOO]] - The Bridge @ 105.5 [''105.5 MHz''] - Triple A Rock 1055thebridge.com
*[[WJNI]] - Gospel 106.3 [''106.3 MHz''] - Gospel
*[[WMGL]] - Magic107.3 [''107.3 MHz''] - Urban AC/ Classic R&B-Soul
{{seealso|Full list of radio stations in Charleston}}
== Sister cities ==
Charleston has one international [[town twinning|sister city]]:<ref>Sister cities designated by [http://www.sister-cities.org/ Sister Cities International, Inc. (SCI)]. Retrieved on [[June 6]], [[2006]].</ref>
*{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Spoleto]] ([[Umbria]], [[Italy]]); [[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]], [[USA]]
== See also ==
*[[List of people from Charleston, South Carolina]]
*[[List of radio stations in Charleston]]
*[[List of television shows and movies in Charleston, South Carolina]]
*[[History of the Jews in Charleston, South Carolina]]
*[[College of Charleston]]
== References ==
===Notes===
{{reflist}}
===Bibliography===
==== General ====
* Borick, Carl P. ''A Gallant Defense: The Siege of Charleston, 1780.'' [[University of South Carolina Press|U. of South Carolina Press]], 2003. 332 pp.
* Bull, Kinloch, Jr. ''The Oligarchs in Colonial and Revolutionary Charleston: Lieutenant Governor William Bull II and His Family.'' U. of South Carolina Press, 1991. 415 pp.
* Clarke, Peter. ''A Free Church in a Free Society. The Ecclesiology of John England, Bishop of Charleston, 1820-1842, a Nineteenth Century Missionary Bishop in the Southern United States.'' Charleston, S.C.: Bagpipe, 1982. 561 pp.
* Coker, P. C., III. ''Charleston's Maritime Heritage, 1670-1865: An Illustrated History.'' Charleston, S.C.: Coker-Craft, 1987. 314 pp.
* Doyle, Don H. ''New Men, New Cities, New South: Atlanta, Nashville, Charleston, Mobile, 1860-1910.'' [[University of North Carolina Press|U. of North Carolina Press]], 1990. 369 pp.
* Fraser, Walter J., Jr. ''Charleston! Charleston! The History of a Southern City.'' U. of South Carolina, 1990. 542 pp. the standard scholarly history
* Gillespie, Joanna Bowen. ''The Life and Times of Martha Laurens Ramsay, 1759-1811.'' U. of South Carolina Press, 2001. 315 pp.
* Hagy, James William. ''This Happy Land: The Jews of Colonial and Antebellum Charleston.'' [[University of Alabama Press|U. of Alabama Press]], 1993. 450 pp.
* Jaher, Frederic Cople. ''The Urban Establishment: Upper Strata in Boston, New York, Charleston, Chicago, and Los Angeles.'' [[University of Illinois Press|U. of Illinois Press]], 1982. 777 pp.
* McInnis, Maurie D. ''The Politics of Taste in Antebellum Charleston.'' U. of North Carolina Press, 2005. 395 pp.
* Pease, William H. and Pease, Jane H. ''The Web of Progress: Private Values and Public Styles in Boston and Charleston, 1828-1843. '' [[Oxford University Press|Oxford U. Press]], 1985. 352 pp.
* Pease, Jane H. and Pease, William H. ''A Family of Women: The Carolina Petigrus in Peace and War.'' U. of North Carolina Press, 1999. 328 pp.
* Pease, Jane H. and Pease, William H. ''Ladies, Women, and Wenches: Choice and Constraint in Antebellum Charleston and Boston.'' U. of North Carolina Press, 1990. 218 pp.
* Phelps, W. Chris. ''The Bombardment of Charleston, 1863-1865.'' Gretna, La.: Pelican, 2002. 175 pp.
* Rosen, Robert N. ''Confederate Charleston: An Illustrated History of the City and the People during the Civil War.'' U. of South Carolina Press, 1994. 181 pp.
* Rosen, Robert. ''A Short History of Charleston.'' University of South Carolina Press, (1997). ISBN 1-57003-197-5, scholarly survey
* Spence, E. Lee. ''Spence's Guide to South Carolina: diving, 639 shipwrecks (1520-1813), saltwater sport fishing, recreational shrimping, crabbing, oystering, clamming, saltwater aquarium, 136 campgrounds, 281 boat landings'' (Nelson Southern Printing, Sullivan's Island, S.C.: Spence, ©1976) [http://www.worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/2846435&referer=brief_results OCLC: 2846435]
* Spence, E. Lee. ''Treasures of the Confederate Coast: the "real Rhett Butler" & Other Revelations'' (Narwhal Press, Charleston/Miami, ©1995)[ISBN 1886391017] [ISBN 1886391009], [http://www.worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/32431590&referer=brief_results OCLC: 32431590]
==== Art, Architecture, Literature, Science ====
* Cothran, James R. ''Gardens of Historic Charleston.'' U. of South Carolina Press, 1995. 177 pp.
* Greene, Harlan. ''Mr. Skylark: John Bennett and the Charleston Renaissance.'' [[University of Georgia Press|U. of Georgia Press]], 2001. 372 pp.
* Hutchisson, James M. and Greene, Harlan, ed. ''Renaissance in Charleston: Art and Life in the Carolina Low Country, 1900-1940.'' U. of Georgia Press, 2003. 259 pp.
* Hutchisson, James M. ''DuBose Heyward: A Charleston Gentleman and the World of Porgy and Bess.'' [[University Press of Mississippi|U. Press of Mississippi]], 2000. 225 pp.
* McNeil, Jim. ''Charleston's Navy Yard: A Picture History.'' Charleston, S.C.: Coker Craft, 1985. 217 pp.
* O'Brien, Michael and Moltke-Hansen, David, ed. ''Intellectual Life in Antebellum Charleston. '' [[University of Tennessee Press|U. of Tennessee Press]], 1986. 468 pp.
* Poston, Jonathan H. ''The Buildings of Charleston: A Guide to the City's Architecture.'' U. of South Carolina Press, 1997. 717 pp.
* Severens, Kenneth. ''Charleston: Antebellum Architecture and Civic Destiny.'' U. of Tennessee Press, 1988. 315 pp.
* Stephens, Lester D. ''Science, Race, and Religion in the American South: John Bachman and the Charleston Circle of Naturalists, 1815-1895.'' U. of North Carolina Press, 2000. 338 pp.
* Waddell, Gene. ''Charleston Architecture: 1670-1860.'' 2 vol. Charleston, S.C.: Wyrick, 2003. 992 pp.
* Weyeneth, Robert R. ''Historic Preservation for a Living City: Historic Charleston Foundation, 1947-1997. '' (Historic Charleston Foundation Studies in History and Culture series.) U. of South Carolina Press, 2000. 256 pp.
* Yuhl, Stephanie E. ''A Golden Haze of Memory: The Making of Historic Charleston.'' U. of North Carolina Press, 2005. 285 pp.
* Zola, Gary Phillip. ''Isaac Harby of Charleston, 1788-1828: Jewish Reformer and Intellectual.'' U. of Alabama Press, 1994. 284 pp.
==== Race ====
* Bellows, Barbara L. ''Benevolence among Slaveholders: Assisting the Poor in Charleston, 1670-1860.'' [[LSU Press|Louisiana State U. Press]], 1993. 217 pp.
* Drago, Edmund L. ''Initiative, Paternalism, and Race Relations: Charleston's Avery Normal Institute.'' U. of Georgia Press, 1990. 402 pp.
* Egerton, Douglas R. ''He Shall Go Out Free: The Lives of Denmark Vesey.'' Madison House, 1999. 248 pp. [http://www.h-net.msu.edu/reviews/showrev.cgi?path=25142982863664 online review]
* Greene, Harlan; Hutchins, Harry S., Jr.; and Hutchins, Brian E. ''Slave Badges and the Slave-Hire System in Charleston, South Carolina, 1783-1865.'' McFarland, 2004. 194 pp.
* Jenkins, Wilbert L. ''Seizing the New Day: African Americans in Post-Civil War Charleston.'' [[Indiana University Press|Indiana U. Press]], 1998. 256 pp.
* Johnson, Michael P. and Roark, James L. ''No Chariot Let Down: Charleston's Free People of Color on the Eve of the Civil War. '' U. of North Carolina Press, 1984. 174 pp.
* Kennedy, Cynthia M. ''Braided Relations, Entwined Lives: The Women of Charleston's Urban Slave Society.'' Indiana U. Press, 2005. 311 pp.
* Powers, Bernard E., Jr. ''Black Charlestonians: A Social History, 1822-1885.'' [[University of Arkansas Press|U. of Arkansas Press]], 1994. 377 pp.
== External links ==
{{sisterlinks|Charleston, South Carolina}}
*[http://www.charlestoncity.info/ City of Charleston Official Website]
*[http://www.charlestoncvb.com/ Charleston Convention & Visitors Bureau]
*[http://charlestonwiki.org Charleston Wiki (think Wikipedia but just for Charleston)]
*[http://www.crda.org/ Charleston Regional Development Alliance]
*[http://www.airport-charleston.com/ Charleston Airport]
*[http://charlestonchamber.net/ Charleston Metro Chamber Of Commerce]
*[http://www.cr.nps.gov/nr/travel/Charleston/ Historic Charleston by the National Park Service]
*[http://www.port-of-charleston.com/ Port of Charleston]
*[http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/travel/charleston/ Historic Charleston's Religious and Community Buildings, a National Park Service ''Discover Our Shared Heritage'' Travel Itinerary]
*{{wikitravel|Charleston (South Carolina)}}
*[http://www.familytales.org/results.php?city=charleston Historic Letters written from Charleston]
{{Berkeley County, South Carolina}}
{{Charleston County, South Carolina}}
{{Charleston, South Carolina}}
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[[Category:Settlements established in 1670]]
[[Category:Berkeley County, South Carolina]]
[[Category:Charleston County, South Carolina]]
[[Category:Charleston, South Carolina| ]]
[[Category:Cities in South Carolina]]
[[Category:Former United States state capitals|South Carolina]]
[[Category:Port cities in the United States]]
[[Category:United States colonial and territorial capitals]]
[[Category:County seats in South Carolina]]
[[Category:Regions of South Carolina]]
[[Category:Charleston-North Charleston metropolitan area]]
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