Chemical elements in East Asian languages 543092 222499082 2008-06-29T17:44:47Z 67.128.1.250 [[WP:UNDO|Undid]] revision 213108801 by [[Special:Contributions/Hplayersim|Hplayersim]] ([[User talk:Hplayersim|talk]]) (Revision removes a useful link to an image version of the table) The '''names for [[chemical element]]s in East Asian languages''', along with those for some chemical compounds (mostly [[organic compounds|organic]]), are among the newest words to enter the local vocabularies. Except for those metals well-known since antiquity, most elements had their names created after modern [[chemistry]] was introduced to East Asia in the 18th and 19th century, with more translations being coined for those element discovered later (see [[Discoveries of the chemical elements]]). While most East Asian languages use--or had used--the [[Chinese script]], only the [[China|Chinese]] use the characters as the predominant way of naming elements. On the other hand, the [[Japan]]ese and [[Korea]]ns primarily employ native alphabets for the names of the elements ([[Katakana]] and [[Hangul]], respectively). == Chinese == In [[Chinese language|Chinese]], characters for the elements are the last officially created and recognized [[Chinese characters|characters]] in the [[Chinese writing system]]. Unlike those characters for dialectal usage (e.g., [[Cantonese (linguistics)#Written Cantonese|written Cantonese]]) or other now-defunct ad hoc characters (e.g., the [[Chinese characters of Empress Wu|those by the Empress Wu]]), the names for the elements are official, consistent, and taught (with [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]] pronunciation) to every Chinese and Taiwanese who has attended public schools (usually by the first year of [[middle school]]). === Native characters === Some metallic elements were already familiar to the Chinese, as their [[ore]]s were already excavated and used extensively in China for construction, [[alchemy]], and medicine. These include the traditional "Five Metals" (五金)--[[gold]] (金), [[silver]] (銀), [[copper]] (銅), [[iron]] (鐵), and [[tin]] (錫)--as well as [[lead]] (鉛) and [[mercury (element)|mercury]] (汞). Some non-metals were already named in Chinese as well, because their minerals were in wide-spread use. For example, * [[carbon]] (碳) in the form of [[charcoal]] * [[boron]] (硼) as part of [[borax]] * [[sulfur]] (硫) had been used to make [[gunpowder]] since at least the 10th century in China. === European Pronunciation-based Characters === Most elements, however, remained unknown to the Chinese until they were isolated during the [[Industrial Age]]. These new elements therefore needed new characters be made for them. New characters were invented using the [[Chinese character classification|phono-semantic principle]]. Each character consists of two parts, to signify the meaning and to hint at the sound: #The semantic (meaning) part is also the [[radical (Chinese character)|radical]] of the character. It refers to the element's usual state at [[room temperature]] and [[standard pressure]]. There are only four radicals used for elements: 釒/钅 (''jīn'' "gold") for metals, 石 (''shí'' "stone") for solid non-metals, 水/氵 (''shuǐ'' "water") for liquids, and 气 (''qì'' air") for gases. #The phonetic (sound) part represents the character's pronunciation and is a partial transliteration of the element. For each element character, this is a unique phonetic component. Since there are over 100 elements already discovered, there are over 100 different phonentic components used in naming the elements. {|class="wikitable" |+ Examples of characters derived from European pronunciations |-bgcolor="#EFEFEF" !Semantic ||Phonetic||Element || Source |- |align="right" |金 +||里 ''lǐ''||= 鋰 (''lǐ'')|| [[lithium|'''li'''thium]] |- |align="right" |金 +||甲 ''jiǎ''||= 鉀 (''jiǎ'')|| '''ka'''lium, Latin name for [[potassium]] |- |align="right" |金 +||內 ''nèi''||= 鈉 (''n'''à''''')* || '''na'''trium, Latin name for [[sodium]] |- |align="right" |金 +||弟 ''tì'' or ''dì'' ||= 銻 ('''''t'''ì'')* || [[antimony|an'''ti'''mony]] |- |align="right" |金 +||臬 ''niè''||= 鎳 (''niè'') || [[nickel|'''ni'''ckel]] |- |align="right" |金 +||鬲 ''gé''||= 鎘 (''gé'') || [[cadmium|'''ca'''dmium]] |- |align="right" |金 +||烏 ''wū''||= 鎢(''w'''ù''''')* || '''Wo'''lfram, German name for [[tungsten]] |- |align="right" |金 +||必 ''bì''||= 鉍 (''bì'') || [[bismuth|'''bi'''smuth]] |- |align="right" |金 +||由 ''yóu''||= 鈾 (''yóu'') || [[uranium|'''u'''ranium]] |- |align="right" |金 +||呂 ''lǚ''||= 鋁 (''lǚ'') || [[aluminum|a'''lu'''minum]] |- |align="right" |石 +||典 ''diǎn''||= 碘 (''diǎn'')|| [[iodine|io'''dine''']] |- |align="right" |气 +||亥 ''hài''||= 氦 (''hài'') || [[helium|'''he'''lium]] |- |align="right" |气 +||弗 ''fú''||= 氟 (''fú'') || [[fluorine|'''fluo'''rine]] |- |align="right" |气 +||乃 ''nǎi''||= 氖 (''nǎi'') || [[neon|'''ne'''on]] |- |colspan="5"|*where the derived pronunciation differs (in tone or in sound) |- |} The "water" radical (水) is rarely used, since only two elements (bromine and mercury) are truly liquid at standard room temperature and pressure (see [[List of elements by melting point]]). Both of their characters are not based on the European pronunciation of the elements' names. Bromine (溴), the only liquid nonmetal at room temperature, is explained in the following section. Mercury (汞), now grouped with the [[heavy metals]], was long classified as a kind of fluid in ancient China. === Meaning-based Characters === A few characters, though, are not created using the above "semantic-phonetic" design, but are "semantic-semantic", that is, both of its parts indicate meanings. One part refers to the element's usual state (like the semantic-phonetic characters). However, the second part indicates some additional property or function of the element. Such elements are: {| class="wikitable" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" |-bgcolor="#EFEFEF" !Semantic||Semantic||Element||English||Note |- |align="right" |金 +|| 白 (white) || = 鉑 ''bó''{{smallsup|†}} ||[[platinum]]|| The original meaning of 鉑 is "thin sheet of gold" (now obsolete). The <br> character was not associated with platinum until modern time, since the<br> element was known in the Old World only after the [[Age of Discovery]] |- |align="right" |氵 +|| 臭 (stinky) || = 溴 ''xiù''{{smallsup|†}} || [[bromine]] ||odorous (''brómos'' in Greek also means "stench") |- |align="right" |气 +|| 羊, <small>short for</small><br> 養 (to nourish/foster) || = 氧 ''yǎng''{{smallsup|‡}} || [[oxygen]] || A continuous supply of oxygenated air nourishes almost all animals |- |align="right" |气 +|| 巠, <small>short for</small><br> 輕 (light-weight) ||= 氫 ''qīng'' || [[hydrogen]] || the lightest of all elements |- |align="right" |气 +|| 彔, <small>short for</small><br> 綠 (green) ||= 氯 ''lǜ''|| [[chlorine]] || greenish yellow in color |- |align="right" |气 +|| 炎, <small>short for</small><br> 淡 (diluted) ||= 氮 ''dàn''{{smallsup|‡}} || [[nitrogen]] || "dilutes" breathable air |- |align="right" |石 +|| 粦, <small>short for</small><br> 燐 (glow) || = 磷 ''lín'' || [[phosphorus]] || emits a faint glow at dark |- |colspan="5"|† These are the source characters' older alternate--but now almost obsolete--pronunciation. Nowadays 白 is normally pronounced ''b'''ái''''' in the standard Mandarin dialect, although traditionally ''b'''ó''''' was preferred. Similarly, 臭 is almost always pronounced '''''ch'''òu'', as opposed to '''''x'''iù'', a now-archaic reading.<br> ‡ Regarding the seeming mismatch in pronunciation: Note that the ultimate source of 氧 (''yǎng'') is not 羊 (''yáng'') but 養 (''yǎng''). Likewise, 氮 (''dàn'') traces its true origin to 淡 (''dàn''), not 炎 (''yán''). |- |} === Notes === {| class="wikitable" align="right" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" |+ <small>Taiwan vs. Mainland names</small> |-bgcolor="#EFEFEF" |- | francium ||87||鍅 ''fǎ'' || 钫 ''fāng'' |- | neptunium ||93 || 錼 ''nài''|| 镎 ''ná'' |- | plutonium || 94||鈽 ''bù''|| 钚 ''bù'' |- | americium|| 95||鋂 ''měi'' || 镅 ''méi |- | californium ||98 || 鉲 ''kǎ'' ||锎 ''kāi'' |- | einsteinium ||99 || 鑀 ''ài''|| 锿 ''āi'' |- |} A minority of the "new characters" are not actually new inventions, or rather, they happen to coincide with archaic characters, whose original meanings have long been lost to most people. For example, [[wikt:鏷|鏷]] ([[protactinium]]), [[wikt:鈹|鈹]] ([[beryllium]]) and [[wikt:鉻|鉻]] ([[chromium]]) are obscure characters meaning "raw iron," "needle," and "hook," respectively. The majority of the elements' names are the same in [[Simplified Chinese]] and [[Traditional Chinese]], merely being variants of each other, since most of the names were translated by a single body of standardization prior to the [[People's Republic of China|PRC]]-[[Republic of China|ROC]] split. However, since [[francium]] and the [[transuranium element]]s were discovered during or after the split, they have different names in Taiwan and in Mainland China. === Tables === Many [[operating system]]s and [[web browser]]s do not support the display of some of the newer elements, since the characters for elements with [[atomic number]]s 104 and above were only added in [[Unicode]] 3.1 (2001) as surrogate pairs that are part of the [[CJK]] [[Ideograph]]s Extension B character set. They are thus displayed twice in the traditional characters table below, as both the surrogate pair characters themselves and as combinations of phonetic components. [[Simplified character]]s for elements 104 and above have not been encoded as of Unicode 4.1 (2005) and are thus given only as combinations of phonetic components in the simplified characters table below. <table> <caption>[[Periodic table series|Chemical Series of the Periodic Table]]</caption> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ff6666">[[Alkali metal]]s</td> <td bgcolor="#ffdead">[[Alkaline earth]]s</td> <td bgcolor="#ffbfff">[[Lanthanide]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ff99cc">[[Actinide]]s</td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0">[[Transition metal]]s</td> </tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#cccccc">[[Poor metal]]s</td> <td bgcolor="#cccc99">[[Metalloid]]s</td> <td bgcolor="#a0ffa0">[[Nonmetal]]s</td> <td bgcolor="#ffff99">[[Halogen]]s</td> <td bgcolor="#c0ffff">[[Noble gas]]es</td> </tr> </table> Color coding for atomic numbers: * Elements numbered in <font color="blue">blue</font> are liquids at room temperature; * those in <font color="green">green</font> are gases at room temperature; * those in black are solid at room temperature; * those in <font color="red">red</font> are synthetic and do not occur naturally (all are solid at room temperature). * those in <font color="#808080">gray</font> have not yet been discovered (they also have muted fill colors indicating the likely chemical series they would fall under). ---- ==== Simplified Chinese ==== <center> <table lang="zh"> <tr align="center"> <td></td> <td>'''1'''</td> <td>'''2'''</td> <td></td> <td>'''3'''</td> <td>'''4'''</td> <td>'''5'''</td> <td>'''6'''</td> <td>'''7'''</td> <td>'''8'''</td> <td>'''9'''</td> <td>'''10'''</td> <td>'''11'''</td> <td>'''12'''</td> <td>'''13'''</td> <td>'''14'''</td> <td>'''15'''</td> <td>'''16'''</td> <td>'''17'''</td> <td>'''18'''</td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td></td> <td colspan=19></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td>1</td> <td bgcolor="#ffff99"><font color="green">1</font><br />H<br /><font size=“4”>氢</font></td> <td colspan=17></td> <td bgcolor="#c0ffff"><font color="green">2</font><br />He<br /><font size=“4”>氦</font></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td>2</td> <td bgcolor="#FF6666">3<br />Li<br /><font size=“4”>锂</font></td> <td bgcolor="#FFDEAD">4<br />Be<br /><font size=“4”>铍</font></td> <td colspan=11></td> <td bgcolor="#cccc99">5<br />B<br /><font size=“4”>硼</font></td> <td bgcolor="#a0ffa0">6<br />C<br /><font size=“4”>碳</font></td> <td bgcolor="#a0ffa0"><font color="green">7</font><br />N<br /><font size=“4”>氮</font></td> <td bgcolor="#a0ffa0"><font color="green">8</font><br />O<br /><font size=“4”>氧</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ffff99"><font color="green">9</font><br />F<br /><font size=“4”>氟</font></td> <td bgcolor="#c0ffff"><font color="green">10</font><br />Ne<br /><font size=“4”>氖</font></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td>3</td> <td bgcolor="#FF6666">11<br />Na<br /><font size=“4”>钠</font></td> <td bgcolor="#FFDEAD">12<br />Mg<br /><font size=“4”>镁</font></td> <td colspan=11></td> <td bgcolor="#cccccc">13<br />Al<br /><font size=“4”>铝</font></td> <td bgcolor="#cccc99">14<br />Si<br /><font size=“4”>硅</font></td> <td bgcolor="#a0ffa0">15<br />P<br /><font size=“4”>磷</font></td> <td bgcolor="#a0ffa0">16<br />S<br /><font size=“4”>硫</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ffff99"><font color="green">17</font><br />Cl<br /><font size=“4”>氯</font></td> <td bgcolor="#c0ffff"><font color="green">18</font><br />Ar<br /><font size=“4”>氩</font></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td>4</td> <td bgcolor="#FF6666">19<br />K<br /><font size=“4”>钾</font></td> <td bgcolor="#FFDEAD">20<br />Ca<br /><font size=“4”>钙</font></td> <td></td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0">21<br />Sc<br /><font size=“4”>钪</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0">22<br />Ti<br /><font size=“4”>钛</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0">23<br />V<br /><font size=“4”>钒</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0">24<br />Cr<br /><font size=“4”>铬</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0">25<br />Mn<br /><font size=“4”>锰</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0">26<br />Fe<br /><font size=“4”>铁</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0">27<br />Co<br /><font size=“4”>钴</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0">28<br />Ni<br /><font size=“4”>镍</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0">29<br />Cu<br /><font size=“4”>铜</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0">30<br />Zn<br /><font size=“4”>锌</font></td> <td bgcolor="#cccccc">31<br />Ga<br /><font size=“4”>镓</font></td> <td bgcolor="#cccc99">32<br />Ge<br /><font size=“4”>锗</font></td> <td bgcolor="#cccc99">33<br />As<br /><font size=“4”>砷</font></td> <td bgcolor="#a0ffa0">34<br />Se<br /><font size=“4”>硒</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ffff99"><font color="blue">35</font><br />Br<br /><font size=“4”>溴</font></td> <td bgcolor="#c0ffff"><font color="green">36</font><br />Kr<br /><font size=“4”>氪</font></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td>5</td> <td bgcolor="#FF6666">37<br />Rb<br /><font size=“4”>铷</font></td> <td bgcolor="#FFDEAD">38<br />Sr<br /><font size=“4”>锶</font></td> <td></td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0">39<br />Y<br /><font size=“4”>钇</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0">40<br />Zr<br /><font size=“4”>锆</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0">41<br />Nb<br /><font size=“4”>铌</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0">42<br />Mo<br /><font size=“4”>钼</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0"><font color="red">43</font><br />Tc<br /><font size=“4”>锝</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0">44<br />Ru<br /><font size=“4”>钌</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0">45<br />Rh<br /><font size=“4”>铑</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0">46<br />Pd<br /><font size=“4”>钯</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0">47<br />Ag<br /><font size=“4”>银</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0">48<br />Cd<br /><font size=“4”>镉</font></td> <td bgcolor="#cccccc">49<br />In<br /><font size=“4”>铟</font></td> <td bgcolor="#cccccc">50<br />Sn<br /><font size=“4”>锡</font></td> <td bgcolor="#cccc99">51<br />Sb<br /><font size=“4”>锑</font></td> <td bgcolor="#cccc99">52<br />Te<br /><font size=“4”>碲</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ffff99">53<br />I<br /><font size=“4”>碘</font></td> <td bgcolor="#c0ffff"><font color="green">54</font><br />Xe<br /><font size=“4”>氙</font></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td>6</td> <td bgcolor="#FF6666">55<br />Cs<br /><font size=“4”>铯</font></td> <td bgcolor="#FFDEAD">56<br />Ba<br /><font size=“4”>钡</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ffbfff">镧<br />系</td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0">71<br />Lu<br /><font size=“4”>镥</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0">72<br />Hf<br /><font size=“4”>铪</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0">73<br />Ta<br /><font size=“4”>钽</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0">74<br />W<br /><font size=“4”>钨</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0">75<br />Re<br /><font size=“4”>铼</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0">76<br />Os<br /><font size=“4”>锇</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0">77<br />Ir<br /><font size=“4”>铱</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0">78<br />Pt<br /><font size=“4”>铂</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0">79<br />Au<br /><font size=“4”>金</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0"><font color="blue">80</font><br />Hg<br /><font size=“4”>汞</font></td> <td bgcolor="#cccccc">81<br />Tl<br /><font size=“4”>铊</font></td> <td bgcolor="#cccccc">82<br />Pb<br /><font size=“4”>铅</font></td> <td bgcolor="#cccccc">83<br />Bi<br /><font size=“4”>铋</font></td> <td bgcolor="#cccc99">84<br />Po<br /><font size=“4”>钋</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ffff99">85<br />At<br /><font size=“4”>砹</font></td> <td bgcolor="#c0ffff"><font color="green">86</font><br />Rn<br /><font size=“4”>氡</font></td> </tr> <tr ALIGN=CENTER> <td>7</td> <td bgcolor="#FF6666">87<br />Fr<br /><font size=“4”>钫</font></td> <td bgcolor="#FFDEAD">88<br />Ra<br /><font size=“4”>镭</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ff99cc">锕<br />系</td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0"><font color="red">103</font><br />Lr<br /><font size=“4”>铹</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0"><font color="red">104</font><br />Rf<br /><font size=“4”>钅卢</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0"><font color="red">105</font><br />Db<br /><font size=“4”>钅杜</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0"><font color="red">106</font><br />Sg<br /><font size=“4”>钅喜</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0"><font color="red">107</font><br />Bh<br /><font size=“4”>钅波</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0"><font color="red">108</font><br />Hs<br /><font size=“4”>钅黑</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0"><font color="red">109</font><br />Mt<br /><font size=“4”>钅麦</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0"><font color="red">110</font><br />Ds<br /><font size=“4”>钅达</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0"><font color="red">111</font><br />Rg<br /><font size=“4”>钅仑</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0"><font color="red">112</font><br />Uub</td> <td bgcolor="#cccccc"><font color="red">113</font><br />Uut</font></td> <td bgcolor="#cccccc"><font color="red">114</font><br />Uuq</td> <td bgcolor="#cccccc"><font color="red">115</font><br />Uup</font></td> <td bgcolor="#cccccc"><font color="red">116</font><br />Uuh</font></td> <td bgcolor="#fcfecc"><font color="#cccccc">117<br />Uus</font></td> <td bgcolor="#cccccc"><font color="red">118</font><br />Uuo</font></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td colspan=20></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td colspan=3 align="center">镧系元素</td> <td bgcolor="#ffbfff">57<br />La<br /><font size=“4”>镧</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ffbfff">58<br />Ce<br /><font size=“4”>铈</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ffbfff">59<br />Pr<br /><font size=“4”>镨</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ffbfff">60<br />Nd<br /><font size=“4”>钕</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ffbfff"><font color="red">61</font><br />Pm<br /><font size=“4”>钷</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ffbfff">62<br />Sm<br /><font size=“4”>钐</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ffbfff">63<br />Eu<br /><font size=“4”>铕</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ffbfff">64<br />Gd<br /><font size=“4”>钆</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ffbfff">65<br />Tb<br /><font size=“4”>铽</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ffbfff">66<br />Dy<br /><font size=“4”>镝</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ffbfff">67<br />Ho<br /><font size=“4”>钬</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ffbfff">68<br />Er<br /><font size=“4”>铒</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ffbfff">69<br />Tm<br /><font size=“4”>铥</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ffbfff">70<br />Yb<br /><font size=“4”>镱</font></td> </tr> <tr ALIGN=CENTER> <td colspan=3 align="center">锕系元素</td> <td bgcolor="#ff99cc">89<br />Ac<br /><font size=“4”>锕</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ff99cc">90<br />Th<br /><font size=“4”>钍</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ff99cc">91<br />Pa<br /><font size=“4”>镤</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ff99cc">92<br />U<br /><font size=“4”>铀</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ff99cc"><font color="red">93</font><br />Np<br /><font size=“4”>镎</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ff99cc"><font color="red">94</font><br />Pu<br /><font size=“4”>钚</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ff99cc"><font color="red">95</font><br />Am<br /><font size=“4”>镅</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ff99cc"><font color="red">96</font><br />Cm<br /><font size=“4”>锔</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ff99cc"><font color="red">97</font><br />Bk<br /><font size=“4”>锫</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ff99cc"><font color="red">98</font><br />Cf<br /><font size=“4”>锎</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ff99cc"><font color="red">99</font><br />Es<br /><font size=“4”>锿</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ff99cc"><font color="red">100</font><br />Fm<br /><font size=“4”>镄</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ff99cc"><font color="red">101</font><br />Md<br /><font size=“4”>钔</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ff99cc"><font color="red">102</font><br />No<br /><font size=“4”>锘</font></td> </tr> </table> </center> [[media:Periodic Table Chinese GB.png|View as an image]] ---- ==== Traditional Chinese ==== <center> <table lang="zh"> <tr align="center"> <td></td> <td>'''1'''</td> <td>'''2'''</td> <td></td> <td>'''3'''</td> <td>'''4'''</td> <td>'''5'''</td> <td>'''6'''</td> <td>'''7'''</td> <td>'''8'''</td> <td>'''9'''</td> <td>'''10'''</td> <td>'''11'''</td> <td>'''12'''</td> <td>'''13'''</td> <td>'''14'''</td> <td>'''15'''</td> <td>'''16'''</td> <td>'''17'''</td> <td>'''18'''</td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td></td> <td colspan=19></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td>1</td> <td bgcolor="#ffff99"><font color="green">1</font><br />H<br /><font size="3">氫</font></td> <td colspan=17></td> <td bgcolor="#c0ffff"><font color="green">2</font><br />He<br /><font size="3">氦</font></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td>2</td> <td bgcolor="#FF6666">3<br />Li<br /><font size="3">鋰</font></td> <td bgcolor="#FFDEAD">4<br />Be<br /><font size="3">鈹</font></td> <td colspan=11></td> <td bgcolor="#cccc99">5<br />B<br /><font size="3">硼</font></td> <td bgcolor="#a0ffa0">6<br />C<br /><font size="3">碳</font></td> <td bgcolor="#a0ffa0"><font color="green">7</font><br />N<br /><font size="3">氮</font></td> <td bgcolor="#a0ffa0"><font color="green">8</font><br />O<br /><font size="3">氧</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ffff99"><font color="green">9</font><br />F<br /><font size="3">氟</font></td> <td bgcolor="#c0ffff"><font color="green">10</font><br />Ne<br /><font size="3">氖</font></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td>3</td> <td bgcolor="#FF6666">11<br />Na<br /><font size="3">鈉</font></td> <td bgcolor="#FFDEAD">12<br />Mg<br /><font size="3">鎂</font></td> <td colspan=11></td> <td bgcolor="#cccccc">13<br />Al<br /><font size="3">鋁</font></td> <td bgcolor="#cccc99">14<br />Si<br /><font size="3">矽</font></td> <td bgcolor="#a0ffa0">15<br />P<br /><font size="3">磷</font></td> <td bgcolor="#a0ffa0">16<br />S<br /><font size="3">硫</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ffff99"><font color="green">17</font><br />Cl<br /><font size="3">氯</font></td> <td bgcolor="#c0ffff"><font color="green">18</font><br />Ar<br /><font size="3">氬</font></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td>4</td> <td bgcolor="#FF6666">19<br />K<br /><font size="3">鉀</font></td> <td bgcolor="#FFDEAD">20<br />Ca<br /><font size="3">鈣</font></td> <td></td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0">21<br />Sc<br /><font size="3">鈧</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0">22<br />Ti<br /><font size="3">鈦</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0">23<br />V<br /><font size="3">釩</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0">24<br />Cr<br /><font size="3">鉻</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0">25<br />Mn<br /><font size="3">錳</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0">26<br />Fe<br /><font size="3">鐵</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0">27<br />Co<br /><font size="3">鈷</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0">28<br />Ni<br /><font size="3">鎳</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0">29<br />Cu<br /><font size="3">銅</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0">30<br />Zn<br /><font size="3">鋅</font></td> <td bgcolor="#cccccc">31<br />Ga<br /><font size="3">鎵</font></td> <td bgcolor="#cccc99">32<br />Ge<br /><font size="3">鍺</font></td> <td bgcolor="#cccc99">33<br />As<br /><font size="3">砷</font></td> <td bgcolor="#a0ffa0">34<br />Se<br /><font size="3">硒</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ffff99"><font color="blue">35</font><br />Br<br /><font size="3">溴</font></td> <td bgcolor="#c0ffff"><font color="green">36</font><br />Kr<br /><font size="3">氪</font></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td>5</td> <td bgcolor="#FF6666">37<br />Rb<br /><font size="3">銣</font></td> <td bgcolor="#FFDEAD">38<br />Sr<br /><font size="3">鍶</font></td> <td></td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0">39<br />Y<br /><font size="3">釔</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0">40<br />Zr<br /><font size="3">鋯</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0">41<br />Nb<br /><font size="3">鈮</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0">42<br />Mo<br /><font size="3">鉬</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0"><font color="red">43</font><br />Tc<br /><font size="3">鎝</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0">44<br />Ru<br /><font size="3">釕</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0">45<br />Rh<br /><font size="3">銠</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0">46<br />Pd<br /><font size="3">鈀</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0">47<br />Ag<br /><font size="3">銀</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0">48<br />Cd<br /><font size="3">鎘</font></td> <td bgcolor="#cccccc">49<br />In<br /><font size="3">銦</font></td> <td bgcolor="#cccccc">50<br />Sn<br /><font size="3">錫</font></td> <td bgcolor="#cccc99">51<br />Sb<br /><font size="3">銻</font></td> <td bgcolor="#cccc99">52<br />Te<br /><font size="3">碲</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ffff99">53<br />I<br /><font size="3">碘</font></td> <td bgcolor="#c0ffff"><font color="green">54</font><br />Xe<br /><font size="3">氙</font></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td>6</td> <td bgcolor="#FF6666">55<br />Cs<br /><font size="3">銫</font></td> <td bgcolor="#FFDEAD">56<br />Ba<br /><font size="3">鋇</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ffbfff">鑭<br />系</td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0">71<br />Lu<br /><font size="3">鎦</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0">72<br />Hf<br /><font size="3">鉿</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0">73<br />Ta<br /><font size="3">鉭</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0">74<br />W<br /><font size="3">鎢</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0">75<br />Re<br /><font size="3">錸</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0">76<br />Os<br /><font size="3">鋨</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0">77<br />Ir<br /><font size="3">銥</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0">78<br />Pt<br /><font size="3">鉑</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0">79<br />Au<br /><font size="3">金</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0"><font color="blue">80</font><br />Hg<br /><font size="3">汞</font></td> <td bgcolor="#cccccc">81<br />Tl<br /><font size="3">鉈</font></td> <td bgcolor="#cccccc">82<br />Pb<br /><font size="3">鉛</font></td> <td bgcolor="#cccccc">83<br />Bi<br /><font size="3">鉍</font></td> <td bgcolor="#cccc99">84<br />Po<br /><font size="3">釙</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ffff99">85<br />At<br /><font size="3">砈</font></td> <td bgcolor="#c0ffff"><font color="green">86</font><br />Rn<br /><font size="3">氡</font></td> </tr> <tr ALIGN=CENTER> <td>7</td> <td bgcolor="#FF6666">87<br />Fr<br /><font size="3">鍅</font></td> <td bgcolor="#FFDEAD">88<br />Ra<br /><font size="3">鐳</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ff99cc">錒<br />系</td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0"><font color="red">103</font><br />Lr<br /><font size="3">鐒</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0"><font color="red">104</font><br />Rf<br /><font size="3">鑪</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0"><font color="red">105</font><br />Db<br /><font size="3">𨧀</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0"><font color="red">106</font><br />Sg<br /><font size="3">𨭎</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0"><font color="red">107</font><br />Bh<br /><font size="3">𨨏</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0"><font color="red">108</font><br />Hs<br /><font size="3">𨭆</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0"><font color="red">109</font><br />Mt<br /><font size="3">䥑</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0"><font color="red">110</font><br />Ds<br /><font size="3">鐽</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0"><font color="red">111</font><br />Rg<br /><font size="3">錀</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0"><font color="red">112</font><br />Uub</td> <td bgcolor="#cccccc"><font color="red">113</font><br />Uut</font></td> <td bgcolor="#cccccc"><font color="red">114</font><br />Uuq</td> <td bgcolor="#cccccc"><font color="red">115</font><br />Uup</font></td> <td bgcolor="#cccccc"><font color="red">116</font><br />Uuh</font></td> <td bgcolor="#fcfecc"><font color="#cccccc">117<br />Uus</font></td> <td bgcolor="#cccccc"><font color="red">118</font><br />Uuo</font></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td colspan=20></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td colspan=3 align="center"><small>[[Lanthanide]]s</small> <br />鑭系元素</td> <td bgcolor="#ffbfff">57<br />La<br /><font size="3">鑭</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ffbfff">58<br />Ce<br /><font size="3">鈰</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ffbfff">59<br />Pr<br /><font size="3">鐠</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ffbfff">60<br />Nd<br /><font size="3">釹</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ffbfff"><font color="red">61</font><br />Pm<br /><font size="3">鉕</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ffbfff">62<br />Sm<br /><font size="3">釤</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ffbfff">63<br />Eu<br /><font size="3">銪</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ffbfff">64<br />Gd<br /><font size="3">釓</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ffbfff">65<br />Tb<br /><font size="3">鋱</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ffbfff">66<br />Dy<br /><font size="3">鏑</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ffbfff">67<br />Ho<br /><font size="3">鈥</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ffbfff">68<br />Er<br /><font size="3">鉺</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ffbfff">69<br />Tm<br /><font size="3">銩</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ffbfff">70<br />Yb<br /><font size="3">鐿</font></td> </tr> <tr ALIGN=CENTER> <td colspan=3 align="center"><small>[[Actinide]]s</small> <br />錒系元素</td> <td bgcolor="#ff99cc">89<br />Ac<br /><font size="3">錒</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ff99cc">90<br />Th<br /><font size="3">釷</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ff99cc">91<br />Pa<br /><font size="3">鏷</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ff99cc">92<br />U<br /><font size="3">鈾</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ff99cc"><font color="red">93</font><br />Np<br /><font size="3">錼</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ff99cc"><font color="red">94</font><br />Pu<br /><font size="3">鈽</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ff99cc"><font color="red">95</font><br />Am<br /><font size="3">鋂</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ff99cc"><font color="red">96</font><br />Cm<br /><font size="3">鋦</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ff99cc"><font color="red">97</font><br />Bk<br /><font size="3">鉳</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ff99cc"><font color="red">98</font><br />Cf<br /><font size="3">鉲</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ff99cc"><font color="red">99</font><br />Es<br /><font size="3">鑀</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ff99cc"><font color="red">100</font><br />Fm<br /><font size="3">鐨</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ff99cc"><font color="red">101</font><br />Md<br /><font size="3">鍆</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ff99cc"><font color="red">102</font><br />No<br /><font size="3">鍩</font></td> </tr> </table> </center> [[media:Periodic Table Chinese Big5.png|View as an image]] == Japanese == Even though the Japanese languages also uses the Chinese characters (the [[Kanji]]), it primarily employs [[Katakana]] to transliterate names of the elements from European languages (often but not always English). For example, {|class="wikitable" |-bgcolor="#EFEFEF" !English||Japanese||Note |- | [[antimony]] || ''antimon'' (アンチモン)|| the lack of the final vowel (''y'' would've become ''i'') <br>is likely due to its origin from Dutch (''Antimoon'')<br> ''(see also: [[Sakoku]])'' |- | [[tungsten]] || ''tangusuten'' (タングステン) || from English; other major European languages<br> refer to this element as ''wolfram'' or ''tungsten'' with<br> some additional syllable (''-o'', ''-e'', etc). |- | [[sodium]] || ''natoriumu'' (ナトリウム) ||''natrium'' in Latin |- |} === Native names === On the other hand, elements known since antiquity are Chinese loanwords, which are mostly identical to their Chinese counterparts (see [[#Chinese|above]]), albeit in the [[Shinjitai]] and [[Kanji#Kun.27yomi_.28Japanese_reading.29|native reading]], for example, iron is ''tetsu'' (鉄) and lead is ''namari'' (鉛). Whereas all elements in Chinese are single-character in the official system, some Japanese elements have two syllables, .e.g., {|class="wikitable" |-bgcolor="#EFEFEF" !English||Japanese|| Chinese ||Note |- |mercury||''suigin'' (水銀)|| ''gong'' (汞) || literally meaning "watery silver", like the element's symbol, ''Hg'' (Latin for ''hydro-argyrum''), signifies. |- |sulfur||''iō'' (硫黄)||''liu'' (硫) || ''ō'' (黄) indicates sulfur's typical yellow color |- |zinc||''a-en'' (亜鉛)|| ''xin'' (鋅) || meaning "lesser lead", with [[lead]] being 鉛 in both Japanese and Chinese |- |} Some elements with names written in Kanji have the suffix -''so'' (素), meaning "element/component". For instance, arsenic is ''hiso'' (ヒ素 "''hi'' element") in modern Japanese. The name ''hi'' (ヒ) is derived from ''hishima'', the Chinese name for [[arsenic trioxide|crystalline white arsenic]] (砒霜 "''bi'' frosts"). In modern Chinese, however, arsenic is now simply ''shen'' (砷), being an approximation of the second syllable of the element's European name (''-sen-''). Likewise, although boron is written in katakana now (ホウ素 ''hōso''), its origin is Chinese. ''Hō'' (ホウ) is derived from ''housa'', the Chinese name for [[borax]], the "''peng'' sands" (硼砂). Boron is still called ''peng'' in modern Chinese. === Meaning-based names=== Furthermore, a few of the pre-modern elements from the 18th century also have Kanji names, though sometimes drastically different from their Chinese counterparts. The following comparison shows that Japanese does not use the radical system for naming elements like Chinese. {|border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" |-bgcolor="#EFEFEF" ! English||Japanese||Chinese||Note |- | platinum ||''hakkin'' (白金 "white gold")|| 鉑|| similar to Chinese |- | bromine || ''shuuso'' (臭素 "the stinky element")||溴|| similar to Chinese, except the lack of the "water" radical |- | oxygen || ''sanso'' (酸素 "acid's component")|| 氧 || similar to the German word for oxygen, ''Sauerstoff'' ("sour substance") or the Greek-based oxygen ("acid maker"). <br> Many 19th-century European chemists erroneously believed that all <br> acids contain oxygen. (Many common ones do, but not all.) |- | hydrogen || ''suiso'' (水素 "water's component")|| 氫 || translation of the ''hydro-'' prefix |- | chlorine ||''enso'' (塩素 "salt's component")|| 氯 || it and sodium make up common table salt (NaCl);<br> 塩 is the [[Shinjitai]] version of 鹽. |- | nitrogen ||''chisso'' (窒素 "the suffocating element")|| 氮 || air that is purely nitrogen is toxic to all mammals; translation of the German word for nitrogen, ''Stickstoff'' ("suffocating substance") |- |} == Korean == As the [[Hanja]] (Sino-Korean characters) are now rarely used in Korea, all of the elements are written in [[Hangul]]. Since much of the Korean scientific terms were translated from Japanese sources, the pattern of naming is mostly similar to that of Japanese, namely, the classical elements are loanwords from China, with new elements from European language. For example: {|class="wikitable" |-bgcolor="#EFEFEF" !English||Korean||Source |- | silver || ''eun'' (은) || from the Chinese ''yin'' (銀) |- | antimony || ''antimon'' (안티몬) || from German |- | tungsten || ''teongseuten'' (텅스텐) || from English |- | sodium || ''nateuryum'' (나트륨) || from Latin (Na for ''natrium'') |- |} Pre-modern (18th-century) elements often are the Korean pronunciation of their Japanese equivalents, e.g., {|class="wikitable" |-bgcolor="#EFEFEF" !English || Korean (Hangul, Hanja) |- | hydrogen || ''suso'' (수소, 水素) |- | nitrogen || ''jilso'' (질소, 窒素) |- | chlorine || ''yeumso'' (염소, 鹽素) |- |} == Vietnamese == Some of the metals known since antiquity are loanwords from Chinese, such as copper (''Đồng'' from 銅), lead (''Chì'' from 鉛), tin (''Thiếc'' from 錫), and mercury (''thuỷ ngân'' from 水銀). Others have native Vietnamese readings, such as ''Sắt'' for iron, ''Bạc'' for silver, and ''Vàng'' for gold. In either case, nowadays they are always written in the [[Vietnamese alphabet]]. The majority of elements are shortened and localized pronunciation of the European names (usually from French). For example: * ''Phosphorus'' becomes ''phốtpho''. * The -''ine'' suffix is lost, e.g., ''chlorine'', ''iodine'' and ''fluorine'' become ''clo'', ''iốt'' and ''flo'', respectively. * The -''ium'' suffix is lost, e.g., ''caesium'' becomes ''xêzi'' (pronounced [sezi]), clearly indicating the French origin of the word (''césium'' is prounounced [sezium]) ** Similarly, ''beryllium'', ''chromium'', ''lithium'' and ''natrium'' (sodium) become ''berili'', ''crôm'', ''liti'', and ''natri'', respectively * The -''gen'' suffix is lost, e.g., ''nitrogen'', ''oxygen'' and ''hydrogen'' become ''nitơ'', ''ôxy'' and ''hiđrô'', respectively A minority of elements without--or with etymologically unclear--suffixes retain their full name, e.g., * Tungsten (aka wolfram) become ''volfram''. * Bismuth become ''bitmut''. * Elements with the -''on'' suffix ([[noble gas]]es) seem to be inconsistent. ''Boron'' and ''silicon'' are respectively shortened to ''bo'' and ''silic''. On the other hand, ''neon'', ''krypton'' and ''xenon'' don't seem to have shorter forms. * Unlike the other [[halogen]]s, ''astatine'' retains its suffix (''astatin'' in Vietnamese). Some elements have multiple names, for instance, potassium is known as ''pô tát'' (from English) and ''kali'' (from ''kalium'', the element's Latin name). ==References== *Wright, David (2000). ''Translating Science: The Transmission of Western Chemistry into Late Imperial China, 1840-1900''. Leiden; Boston: Brill. See especially Chapter Seven, "On Translation". == External links == * [http://www.limestone.on.ca/ibuild/davies/chinesept.html The table in Simplified Chinese] * [http://www.jergym.hiedu.cz/~canovm/vyhledav/varian20/cina.html The table in Traditional Chinese] * [http://yueda.issp.u-tokyo.ac.jp/weda/data/japanese.html The table in Japanese] [[Category:Chinese language]] [[Category:Japanese language]] [[Category:Korean language]] [[Category:Vietnamese language]] [[Category:Periodic table]] [[zh:中文元素命名法]]