Cherimoya 585460 226113486 2008-07-16T21:45:07Z Ka Faraq Gatri 6892069 /* Other names */ Repairing link to disambiguation page - [[Wikipedia:Disambiguation pages with links|You can help!]] {{Taxobox | name = Cherimoya | image = Cherimoya_fruit.jpg | image_width = 200px | image_caption = Cherimoya fruit | regnum = [[Plant]]ae | divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]] | classis = [[Magnoliopsida]] | ordo = [[Magnoliales]] | familia = [[Annonaceae]] | genus = ''[[Annona]]'' | species = '''''A. cherimola''''' | binomial = ''Annona cherimola'' | binomial_authority = [[Philip Miller|Mill.]] }} [[Image:Chirimoyalarcomuseum.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Moche Cherimoya. 200 B.C. [[Larco Museum|Larco Museum Collection]] Lima, Peru.]]<!--Need more details about this photo. Is it a real fruit or is it carved from stone or some other material?--> {{Mergefrom|Annona cherimola|date=April 2008}} The '''cherimoya''' (''Annona cherimola'') is a species of ''[[Annona]]'' native to the [[Andes|Andean]]-highland valleys of Peru. It is a deciduous or semi-evergreen [[shrub]] or small [[tree]] reaching 7 m tall. The [[leaf|leaves]] are alternate, simple, oblong-lanceolate, 7-15 cm long and 6-10 cm broad. The [[flower]]s are produced in small clusters, each flower 2-3 cm across, with six petals, yellow-brown, often spotted purple at the base. The [[fruit]] is oval, often slightly oblique, 10-20 cm long and 7-10 cm diameter, with a smooth or slightly tuberculated skin. The fruit flesh is white, and has numerous [[seed]]s embedded in it. [[Mark Twain]] called the cherimoya "the most delicious fruit known to men." <ref>[[Sacramento Union|The Sacramento Daily Union]], October 25, 1866</ref> The [[Moche]] culture of Peru had a fascination with agriculture and represented fruits and vegetables in their art. Cherimoyas were often depicted in their ceramics. <ref>Berrin, Katherine & Larco Museum. ''The Spirit of Ancient Peru:Treasures from the [[Larco Museum|Museo Arqueológico Rafael Larco Herrera]].'' New York: [[Thames and Hudson]], 1997.</ref> ==Etymology== The name originates from the [[Quechua]] word ''chirimuya'', which means "cold seeds," because the plant grows at high altitudes. ===Cultivation and uses=== The tree thrives throughout the tropics at altitudes of 1300-2600m (4,000-8,500feet). The name derives from [[Quechua]] ''chirimuya'', meaning 'cold seeds', since the seeds will germinate at higher altitudes. Though sensitive to frost, it must have periods of cool temperatures or the tree will gradually go dormant. The indigenous inhabitants of the [[Andes]] say that although the cherimoya cannot stand snow, it does like to see it in the distance.<ref> "... los indígenas del altiplano andino dicen que aunque la chirimoya no soporta la nieve, le gusta verla de lejos" {{cite web | title= Diccionario de frutas - chirimoya | url=http://www.5aldia.org/v_5aldia/alimentos/frutasver.asp?te=60&ali=33 }}</ref> It is cultivated in many places throughout the [[Americas]], including [[California]], where it was introduced in 1871, and Hawaii. In the [[Mediterranean region]], it is cultivated mainly in southern [[Spain]], [[Madeira]], [[Egypt]] and [[Israel]]. The first planting in [[Italy]] was in 1797 and it became a favored crop in the Province of [[Reggio Calabria]]. It is also grown in [[Taiwan]] and [[New Zealand]]. [[Image:Cherimoyaseeds.jpg|thumb|right|240px|Cherimoya seeds]] The fruit is fleshy and soft, sweet, white in color, with a sherbet-like texture, which gives it its secondary name, custard apple. Some characterize the flavor as a blend of banana, pineapple, and strawberry. Others describe it as tasting like commercial bubblegum. Similar in size to a grapefruit, it has large, glossy, dark seeds that are easily removed. The seeds are poisonous if crushed open and can be used as an insecticide.<ref> NewCROPTM the New Crop Resource Online Program, {{cite web | title= Cherimoya | url=http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/cherimoya.html#Toxicity}}, Purdue University, Accessed April 29, 2008 </ref> One should also avoid eating the skin as it may cause paralysis from 4 to 5 hours.{{Fact|date=April 2008}} When ripe the skin is green and gives slightly to pressure, similar to the [[avocado]]. When shopping, one should look for large fruit which is uniformly green. Avoid fruits with cracks or mostly browned skin. Ripe fruit may be kept in the refrigerator, but it is best to let immature cherimoyas ripen at room temperature, until it yields to gentle pressure. Different varieties have different characteristics of flavor, texture, and fruit shape contours. Contours can range from imprint areoles, flat areoles, slight bump or point areoles, full areoles - and combinations of the above. The flavor of the flesh ranges from mellow sweet to tangy/acidic sweet, with variable suggestions of pineapple, banana, pear, papaya, strawberry/'berry', and/or apple, depending on the variety. The usual characterization of flavor is 'pineapple/banana' flavor, similar to the flavor of the Monstera deliciosa fruit. When the fruit is soft-ripe/fresh-ripe and still has the 'fresh' fully mature greenish/greenish-yellowish skin color, the texture is like that of a soft-ripe pear and papaya. If the skin is allowed to turn fully brown, yet the flesh hasn't fermented or gone 'bad', then the texture can be custard-like. Often when the skin turns brown at room temperature the fruit is no longer good for human consumption. Also, the skin turns brown if it's been under normal refrigeration for 'too long' - a day or two maybe. Fresh cherimoya contains about 15% sugar (about 60kcal/100g) and some [[vitamin C]] (up to 20mg/100g) ===Pollination=== The flowers are [[hermaphrodite|hermaphroditic]], but have a mechanism to avoid self pollination. The short-lived flowers open as female, then progress to a later, male stage in a matter of hours. This requires a separate [[pollinator]] that not only can collect the [[pollen]] from [[flower]]s in the male stage, but also deposit it in flowers in the female stage. It is acknowledged that there must be such a natural pollinator, and while so far studies of insects in the cherimoya's native region have been inconclusive, some form of [[beetle]] is suspected (Schroeder 1995). Quite often, the female flower is receptive in the early part of the first day, but pollen is not produced in the male stage until the late afternoon of the second day. [[Honey bee]]s are not good pollinators, for example, because they will only visit flowers in the male stage to collect the pollen, and then not return. For fruit production outside the cherimoya's native region, cultivators must either rely upon the wind to spread pollen in dense orchards or else [[hand pollination|pollinate flowers by hand]]. Complicating matters is the notoriously short lifespan of cherimoya pollen. ===Postharvest Handling=== The optimum temperature for storage is at 8-12°C (46-54°F) depending on cultivar, ripeness stage, and duration, with an optimum relative humidity of 90-95%. Exposure to [[ethylene]] (100ppm for 1-2 days) accelerates ripening of mature-green cherimoya and other annona fruits; they can ripen in about 5 days if kept at 15°C (59°F) to 20°C (68°F). Ethylene removal can be helpful in retarding ripening of mature-green fruits.[http://postharvest.ucdavis.edu/Produce/ProduceFacts/Fruit/Cherimoya.shtml] <gallery> Image:Cherimoya_cut_hg.jpg|Split Image:Cherimoya_fruit_hg.jpg|Ripe fruits Image:Cherimoya_tree_hg.jpg|Tree Image:Cherimoya_plantage_hg.jpg|Plantation in south Andalusia </gallery> ==Other names== * Anone in [[French language|French]] * Anona in [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] * Chirimoya in [[Spanish language|Spanish]] * Custard Apple in [[British English]] * Srikaya in [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] * Nona in [[Malay language|Malay]] * Laxmanphal in [[Hindi language|Hindi]] (also known as sitaphal) * 釋迦, ''Si-jia'', after [[Sakyamuni]] in [[Chinese language|Chinese]] * Si-tha in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] * Annone in [[Italian language|Italian]] ==See also== * [[Atemoya]] (a cross of ''A. squamosa'' and ''A. cherimola'') * [[Custard-apple]] (''Annona reticulata'') * [[Pawpaw]] (''Asimina spp'') * [[Sugar-apple]] (''Annona squamosa'') == References == {{reflist}} ==External links== *[http://www.cherla.com/ CHERLA Research Project (EU)]. Promotion of Sustainable Cherimoya Production Systems in Latin America through the Characterisation, Conservation and Use of Local Germplasm Diversity. *Schroeder, C. A. (1995). [http://www.newcrops.uq.edu.au/acotanc/papers/schroede.htm Pollination Strategy in the Cherimoya]. *[http://cherimoya.orcon.net.nz/600x800.html Cherimoya website] *Owens, K. J.(2003). [http://peacecorps.mtu.edu/people/1999/owensKristina.pdf Genetic diversity of ''Annona cherimola'' Mill. in south central Bolivia]. * Scheldeman, X. (2002). [https://archive.ugent.be/retrieve/729/19891529.pdf Distribution and potential of cherimoya (''Annona cherimola'' Mill.) and highland papayas (''Vasconcellea'' spp.) in Ecuador] * [http://edoc.hu-berlin.de/dissertationen/bridg-hannia-2000-03-24/HTML/index.html Bridg, Hannia: Micropropagation and Determination of the in vitro Stability of Annona cherimola Mill. and Annona muricata L. ] * [http://postharvest.ucdavis.edu/Produce/ProduceFacts/Fruit/Cherimoya.shtml Postharvest Technology Cherimoya Produce Facts] [[Category:Crops originating from the Americas]] [[Category:Magnoliales]] [[Category:Fruit]] [[Category:Pollination]] [[Category:Trees of Bolivia]] [[Category:Trees of Colombia]] [[Category:Trees of Ecuador]] [[Category:Trees of Peru]] [[ca:Xirimoier]] [[cs:Annona cherimola]] [[de:Cherimoya]] [[es:Annona cherimola]] [[eo:Ĉerimolio]] [[fr:Annona cherimola]] [[hsb:Anona]] [[it:Annona cherimola]] [[he:אנונת הכלאיים]] [[nah:Cuauhtzapotl]] [[nl:Cherimoya]] [[ja:チェリモヤ]] [[pt:Cherimóia]] [[qu:Chirimuya]] [[simple:Cherimoya]] [[sv:Cherimoya]] [[uk:Шерімоя]]