Chester 153718 225568683 2008-07-14T10:25:36Z Ddstretch 33452 Reverted 1 edit by [[Special:Contributions/86.148.238.151|86.148.238.151]]; Rv nonsense addition. using [[WP:TWINKLE|TW]] {{two other uses||the larger local government district|Chester (district)}} {{infobox UK place| |country= England |official_name= Chester |latitude= 53.1926 |longitude= -2.8912 |population= 77,040 ([[United Kingdom Census 2001|2001 Census]]) |shire_district= [[Chester (district)|Chester]] |shire_county= [[Cheshire]] |region= North West England |constituency_westminster= [[City of Chester (UK Parliament constituency)|City of Chester]] |post_town= CHESTER |postcode_district= CH1 |postcode_area= CH |dial_code= 01244 |os_grid_reference= SJ405665 |london_distance= {{convert|196|mi|km|0}} [[Boxing the compass|SE]] |static_image= [[Image:Chester Town Hall (2).jpg|240px]] |static_image_caption= <small>[[Chester Town Hall]]</small> }} '''Chester''' is the [[county town]] of [[Cheshire]], [[England]]. Lying on the [[River Dee, Wales|River Dee]], close to the border with [[Wales]], it is home to 80,121 inhabitants, and is the largest and most populous settlement of the wider local government district of the [[Chester (district)|City of Chester]], which has a population of 119,700. Chester was granted [[City status in the United Kingdom|city status]] in 1541. Chester was founded as a "[[Castra|castrum]]" or Roman fort with the name '''[[Deva Victrix]]''' in the year 79 by the Roman [[Legio II Adiutrix]]. Chester's four main roads, Eastgate, Northgate, Watergate and Bridge, follow routes laid out at this time - almost 2000 years ago. One of the three main Roman army bases, Deva later became a major settlement in the [[Roman province]] of [[Britannia]]. After the Romans left in the 5th century, the [[Saxons]] fortified the town against the [[Danelaw|Danes]] and would give Chester its name. The patron saint of Chester, [[Werburgh]], is buried in [[Chester Cathedral]]. Chester was one of the last towns in England to fall to the [[Normans]] in the [[Norman conquest of England]]. [[William the Conqueror]] ordered a castle built to dominate the town and the nearby Welsh border. In 1071 he created [[Hugh d'Avranches, 1st Earl of Chester|Hugh d'Avranches]], the 1st [[Earl of Chester]]. Chester has the reputation of being the "English medieval city ''par excellence''", but many of its buildings are from the [[Victorian era]].<ref>Pevsner and Hubbard, pp. 130–131.</ref> It has the most complete [[Chester city walls|city walls]] in Britain,<ref name=m43/> and most sections of the walls are [[Listed building|listed Grade I]]. The [[Industrial Revolution]] brought railways, canals and new roads to the city, which saw substantial expansion and development to the city - [[Chester Town Hall]] and the [[Grosvenor Museum]] are examples of [[Victorian architecture]] from this period. ==History== {{main|History of Chester}} ===Roman=== {{main|Deva Victrix}} [[Image:deva.jpg|thumb|left|Model of how [[Deva Victrix]] would probably have looked.]] The Romans founded Chester as Deva Victrix in AD&nbsp;70s in the land of the Celtic [[Cornovii (Midlands)|Cornovii]], according to ancient cartographer [[Ptolemy]],<ref>Ptolemy (1992), Book II Chapter 2</ref> as a [[castra|fortress]] during the Roman expansion north.<ref>Mason (2001), p.&nbsp;42.</ref> It was named Deva either after the goddess of the Dee,<ref>Salway, P. (1993) ''The Oxford Illustrated History of Roman Britain''. ISBN: CN 1634</ref> or directly from the British name for the river.<ref>{{cite web |title=A History of the County of Chester: Volume 5 part 1 |author=C.P. Lewis, A.T. Thacker (Editors) |url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=19182#n6 |publisher=British-history.ac.uk |date=2003 |accessdate=2008-03-10}}</ref> The 'victrix' part of the name was taken from the title of the [[Legio XX Valeria Victrix|Legio XX ''Valeria Victrix'']] who were based at Deva.<ref>Mason (2001), p.&nbsp;128.</ref> A civilian settlement grew around the settlement, probably starting as a group of traders and their families who were profiting from trade with the fortress.<ref>Mason (2001), p.&nbsp;101.</ref> The fortress was 20% larger than other fortresses in [[Britannia]] built around the same time at [[York]] ([[Eboracum]]) and [[Caerleon]] ([[Isca Augusta]]);<ref>Carrington (2002), p.&nbsp;33-35.</ref> this has led to the suggestion that the fortress may have been intended to become the capital of the province rather than [[London]] ([[Londinium]]).<ref>Carrington (2002), p.&nbsp;46.</ref> The civilian [[Chester Roman Amphitheatre|amphitheatre]] which was built in 1st century could sit between 8,000 and 10,000 people,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.24hourmuseum.org.uk/nwh_gfx_en/ART42592.html|title=Revealed: New discoveries at Chester's Roman amphitheatre |first=Graham |last=Spicer |publisher=24hourmuseum.org.uk |date=2007-01-09 |accessdate=2008-03-11 }}</ref> is the largest known military amphitheatre in Britain,<ref>Carrington (2002), p.&nbsp;54-56.</ref> and is also a [[Scheduled Monument]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Chester Amphitheatre |url=http://www.pastscape.org.uk/hob.aspx?hob_id=69224&search=all&criteria=chester%20amphitheatre |publisher=Pastscape.org.uk |accessdate=2008-03-10}}</ref> The [[Minerva's Shrine, Chester|Minerva Shrine]] in the Roman quarry is the only rock cut Roman shrine still [[in situ]] in Britain.<ref >{{cite web |url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?pid=1&id=469762 |title=Roman shrine to Minerva |publisher=Images of England |accessdate=2008-03-15}}</ref> The fortress was garrisoned by the [[legion]] until at least the late 4th century.<ref name="Roman Chester journal">{{cite journal |last=Lewis |first=C.P. |coauthors=Thacker, A.T. |title=Roman Chester |journal=A History of the County of Chester: Volume 5 part 1: The City of Chester: General History and Topography |pages=9–15 |publisher=British-History.ac.uk |date=2003 |url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=19183 |accessdate=2008-03-15}}</ref> Although the army would have abandoned the fortress by 410 when the Romans [[Roman departure from Britain|retreated from Britannia]]<ref>Mason (2001), p.&nbsp;209-210.</ref>, the civilians settlement continued (likely with some Roman veterans staying behind with their local wives and children) and its occupants probably continued to use the fortress and its defences as protection from raiders in the [[Irish Sea]].<ref name="Roman Chester journal"/> ===Medieval=== Deverdoeu was still one of two Welsh names for Chester in the late 12th century; its other and more enduring Welsh name was Caerlleon, literally "the fortress-city of the legions", a name identical with that of the Roman fortress at the other end of the Marches at Caerleon (Mon.). The colloquial modern Welsh name is the shortened form, Caer. The early English-speaking settlers used a name which had the same meaning, Legacæstir, which was current until the 11th century, when &ndash; in a further parallel with Welsh usage &ndash; the first element fell out of use and the simplex name Chester emerged. From the 14th century to the 18th the city's prominent position in north-western England meant that it was commonly also known as Westchester.<ref>op. cit. (What reference does this "op. cit." refer to?)</ref> ===Industrial history=== Chester played a significant part in the [[Industrial Revolution]] which began in the North-West of England in the latter part of the 18th century. The city village of Newtown, located north east of the city and bounded by the [[Shropshire Union Canal]] was at the very heart of this industry. The large Chester Cattle Market and the two Chester railway stations, [[Chester railway station|Chester General]] and [[Chester Northgate railway station|Chester Northgate Station]], meant that [[Newtown, Chester|Newtown]] with its cattle market and [[canals|canal]], and [[Hoole]] with its railways were responsible for providing the vast majority of workers and in turn, the vast amount of Chester's wealth production during the early and late parts of the Industrial Revolution. ===Archeology=== Between [[14 May]] [[2007]] and [[6 July]] [[2007]] excavations were carried out in Grosvenor Park. The main aim being to find Cholmondeley's lost Mansion, which was demolished in 1867. A number of finds have come to light including: * Plaster work from the mansion ceiling. * Civil War [[musket ball]]s * Clay Tobacco Pipes (17th - 18th century) * Clay Tobacco Pipe waster clay from manufacture * A base of a small Roman Statue of Venus * A Roman votive offering in the form of a lead axe head.<ref>The Past Uncovered. ''Chester Archaeology Newsletter''. February 2007. ISSN 1364-324x</ref><ref>The Past Uncovered. ''Chester Archaeology Newsletter''. June 2007. ISSN 1364-324x</ref><ref>{{citeweb |url=http://www.chester.gov.uk/PDF/ARCHAEOLOGY-grosvenorpark-2007.pdf |title=Archaeology in the park |work=Chester City Council |accessdate= 15 April |accessyear=2008 }}</ref> ===Relationships with Wales=== Associated with its proximity to Wales, Chester has a history of anti-Welsh sentiment (at least in repute), as discussed in this recent exchange in parliament between the local MP [[Christine Russell]] and Welsh MP [[David Jones (Welsh politician)|David Jones]]:<ref>{{citeweb |url=http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/cm200607/cmhansrd/cm070206/halltext/70206h0002.htm |title=Commons Hansard, 6 Feb 2007 : Column 203WH |accessdate=22 May |accessyear=2008 }} </ref> : ''Russell'': [...] I freely admit that cross-border relationships have not always been harmonious in the past. For instance, a local byelaw in Chester states that a Welsh person found within the city walls after sunset can be taken out with a crossbow. : ''Jones'': Is it not true that the Chester town hall clock tower does not have a face facing Wales because the people of Chester would not give the time of day to the Welsh? : ''Russell'': That is absolutely true. However, there is a close inter-relationship and synergy between north-east Wales and west Cheshire today, except on the odd occasion when there is a local derby between Chester and Wrexham—it might not be quite as harmonious then. [...] (The byelaw referred to no longer offers legal protection against prosecution for murder.)<ref>{{citeweb |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/4619942.stm |title=Ever been drunk driving a steam engine? |work=BBC News |date=Tuesday, 17 January 2006 |accessdate=21 November |accessyear=2007 }}</ref> ==Governance== Chester is an [[unparished area]] within the [[Chester (district)|District of Chester]], though a small area around [[Chester Castle]] is the [[civil parish]] of [[Chester Castle (civil parish)|Chester Castle]]. It is intended that this district will be replaced in April 2009 by a new [[unitary authority]] called [[West Cheshire and Chester]] which will replace and unify the boroughs of [[Ellesmere Port and Neston]], [[Vale Royal]] as well as [[Chester (district)|Chester District]].<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/pabills/200607/local_government_and_public_involvement_in_health.htm |title=Local Government and Public Involvement in Health Bill |work=United Kingdom Parliament |accessdate=9 August |accessyear=2007 }}</ref> ===Twin towns=== <!---QUERY: are these twinned with Chester, or the wider Chester District? ---> Chester is twinned with the [[France|French]] town of [[Sens]], [[Loerrach]] in [[Germany]], [[Lakewood, Colorado|Lakewood]], [[Colorado]] in the [[United States]] and [[Senigallia]], [[Italy]]. ==Geography== Chester lies at the southern end of a {{convert|2|mi|km|sing=on}} [[Triassic]] [[sandstone]] ridge that rises to a height of 42 m within a natural S-bend in the River Dee (before the course was altered in the 18th century). The bedrock, which is also known as the Chester Pebble Beds, is noticeable because of the many small stones trapped within its strata. Retreating glacial sheet ice also deposited quantities of sand and [[marl]] across the area where boulder clay was absent. The eastern and northern part of Chester consisted of heathland and forest. The western side towards the Dee Estuary was marsh and wetland habitats. ===Divisions and suburbs=== [[Bache, Cheshire|Bache]], [[Blacon]], [[Boughton, Cheshire|Boughton]], [[Curzon Park]], [[Great Boughton]], [[Handbridge]], [[Hoole]], [[Huntington, Cheshire|Huntington]], [[Lache]], [[Mollington, Cheshire|Mollington,]] [[Newton, Chester|Newton]], [[Newtown, Chester|Newtown]], [[Saltney]], [[Saughall]], [[Upton, Cheshire|Upton]], [[Vicars Cross]], [[Westminster Park]] ==Demography== The resident population for [[Chester (district)|Chester District]] in the [[United Kingdom Census 2001|2001 Census]] was 118,210. This represents 17.5% of the Cheshire County total (1.8% of the North West population).<ref>{{citeweb |url=http://www.chester.gov.uk/council_and_democracy/research_and_intelligence/chester_in_context.aspx |title=Chester in context |work=Chester City Council |accessdate=15 April |accessyear=2008 }}</ref> There are 77,040 living within the Greater Chester urban area (65% of the total of Chester District). This population is forecast to grow by 5% in the period 2005 to 2021.<ref>{{citeweb |url=http://www.cheshire.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/601CE006-8690-485A-BD90-6372EB093CB6/0/ChesterDistrict.pdf |title=Demographics |work=Cheshire County Council |accessdate=17 July |accessyear=2007 }}</ref> ==Economy== {{Refimprove|date=April 2008}} [[Image:Gros hotel.JPG|right|thumb|Grosvenor Family Owned Chester Grosvenor Hotel]] [[Image:Chester - Shops in city centre - 2005-10-09.jpg|thumbnail|right|Shops in Chester]] The city has a shopping centre that contains its unique 'Rows' or galleries (basically two levels of shops) which date from [[medieval]] times. The city is heavily populated by chain stores both in the centre and on retail parks to the west, and also features an indoor market, a department store ([[Browns of Chester]], now absorbed by the [[Debenhams]] chain), and two main indoor shopping centres: The Grosvenor Mall and the Forum (a reference to the City's Roman past). The Forum, which houses stores and the Chester Market, will be demolished in the Northgate Development scheme to make way for new shopping streets, a new indoor market, an enlarged library, a car park and bus station, and a performing arts centre. Chester's main industries are now the service industries, comprising retail, tourism and financial services. Chester's main employer is [[Bank of America]], formerly [[MBNA]] Europe. There is also a large [[Royal Dutch Shell|Shell]] oil refinery (in Ellesmere Port), several large financial firms including [[HBOS|HBOS plc]] and [[Marks and Spencer|M&S Money]]. Just over the [[Wales|Welsh]] border to the west near the village of [[Broughton]] there is an [[Airbus UK]] factory (formerly [[British Aerospace]]), where the wings of [[Airbus]] aircraft, including the [[Airbus A380]] are manufactured,<ref>{{citeweb |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/north_east/3594419.stm |title=A380 wings roll off production line at Airbus Broughton |work=BBC News |date=Monday, 5 April 2004 |accessdate=22 August |accessyear=2007 }}</ref> and there are food processing plants to the north and west. The [[Iceland (supermarket)|Iceland]] frozen food company is based in nearby Deeside. Chester has its own [[university]], the [[University of Chester]], and a major hospital, the [[Countess of Chester Hospital]], named after [[Diana, Princess of Wales]] and Countess of Chester. ==Landmarks and tourist attractions== :''See also [[Grade I listed buildings in Chester]]'' The more unusual landmarks in the city are the [[Chester city walls|city walls]], the rows and the black-and-white architecture. The walls encircle the bounds of the medieval city and constitute the most complete city walls in Britain,<ref name=m43>Morriss, p. 43.</ref> the full circuit measuring nearly {{convert|2|mi|km|0}}.<ref>Bilsborough, p. 9.</ref> The only break in the circuit is in the southwest section in front of County Hall.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chester.gov.uk/tourism_and_leisure/heritage_trails/chester_city_walls_trail/south_west_section.aspx |title=Chester Walls South West Section |accessdate=2008-04-15 |publisher=[[Chester City Council]] }}</ref> A footpath runs along the top of the walls, crossing roads by bridges over Eastgate, [[Northgate, Chester|Northgate]], St Martin's Gate, [[Watergate, Chester|Watergate]], [[Bridgegate, Chester|Bridgegate]], Newgate, and the Wolf Gate, and passing a series of structures, namely Phoenix Tower (or King Charles' Tower), Morgan's Mount, the Goblin Tower (or Pemberton's Parlour), and Bonewaldesthorne's Tower with a spur leading to the Water Tower, and Thimbleby's Tower.<ref>Pevsner and Hubbard, pp. 154–156.</ref> On Eastgate is [[Eastgate Clock]] which is said to be the most photographed clock in England after [[Clock Tower, Palace of Westminster|Big Ben]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chester.gov.uk/tourism_and_leisure-1/culture_and_leisure/grosvenor_museum/information_sheets/eastgate_clock.aspx |title=Information Sheet: Eastgate Clock |accessdate=2008-04-16 |publisher=[[Chester City Council]] }}</ref> The rows are unique in Britain.<ref>Bilsborough, p. 17.</ref> They consist of buildings with shops or dwellings on the lowest two storeys. The shops or dwellings on the ground floor are often lower than the street and are entered by steps, which sometimes lead to a [[crypt]]-like [[Vault (architecture)|vault]]. Those on the first floor are entered behind a continuous walkway, often with a sloping shelf between the walkway and the railings overlooking the street.<ref>Morriss, pp. 13–14</ref> Much of the architecture of central Chester looks medieval and some of it is. But by far the greatest part of it, including most of the black-and-white buildings, is [[Victorian architecture|Victorian]], a result of what [[Nikolaus Pevsner|Pevsner]] termed the "black-and-white revival".<ref>Pevsner and Hubbard, pp. 38–39, 130–131.</ref> The most prominent buildings in the city centre are the [[Chester Town Hall|town hall]] and the [[Chester Cathedral|cathedral]]. The town hall was opened in 1869. It is in [[Gothic Revival architecture|Gothic Revival]] style and has a tower and a short spire.<ref>Pevsner and Hubbard, p. 158.</ref> The cathedral was formerly the church of St Werburgh's Abbey. Its architecture dates back to the [[Norman architecture|Norman]] era, with additions made most centuries since. A series of major restorations took place in the 19th century and in 1975 a separate bell tower was opened. The elaborately carved [[Canopy (building)|canopies]] of the choirstalls are considered to be one of the finest in the country. Also in the cathedral is the [[shrine]] of [[St Werburgh]]. To the north of the cathedral are the former [[monastery|monastic]] buildings.<ref>Pevsner and Hubbard, pp. 135–147</ref> The oldest church in the city is [[St John the Baptist's Church, Chester|St John's]], which is outside the city walls and was at one time the cathedral church. The church was shortened after the [[dissolution of the monasteries]] and ruins of the former east end remain outside the church. Much of the interior is in Norman style and this is considered to be the best example of 11th–12th century church architecture in Cheshire.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?pid=1&id=469958 |title=Images of England: Church of St John the Baptist, Chester |accessdate=2008-04-15 |publisher=[[English Heritage]] }}</ref> At the intersection of the former Roman roads is Chester Cross, to the north of which is the small church of [[St Peter's Church, Chester|St Peter’s]] which is in use as an ecumenical centre.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.parishofchester.com/centre.html |title=St. Peter’s Ecumenical Centre |accessdate=2008-04-15 |publisher=Parish of Chester }}</ref> Other churches are now redundant and have other uses; [[St Michael's Church, Chester|St Michael’s]] in Bridge Street is a [[heritage centre]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?pid=1&id=470097 |title=Images of England: Heritage centre |accessdate=2008-04-15 |publisher=[[English Heritage]] }}</ref> [[Church of St Mary-on-the-Hill, Chester|St Mary-on-the-Hill]] is an educational centre,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?pid=1&id=470377 |title=Images of England: St Mary's Centre |accessdate=2008-04-15 |publisher=[[English Heritage]] }}</ref> and [[Holy Trinity Church, Chester|Holy Trinity]] now acts as the Guildhall.<ref>Pevsner and Hubbard, pp. 152–153</ref> Other notable buildings include the preserved [[Chester Shot Tower|shot tower]], the highest structure in Chester.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chester.gov.uk/PDF/HeritageBriefing_LeadWorks.pdf |title=Chester Lead Works |accessdate=2008-04-16 |publisher=[[Chester City Council]] }}</ref> Roman remains can still be found in the city, particularly in the basements of some of the buildings and in the lower parts of the northern section of the city walls.<ref>Pevsner and Hubbard, pp. 133–134</ref> The most important Roman feature is the [[Chester Roman Amphitheatre|amphitheatre]] just outside the walls which is undergoing archaeological investigation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chester.gov.uk/council_and_democracy/news_and_views/projects_in_the_news/amphitheatre_project.aspx |title= Amphitheatre Project|accessdate=2008-04-16 |publisher=[[Chester City Council]] }}</ref> Roman artifacts are on display in the Roman Gardens which run parallel to the city walls from Newgate to the River Dee.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chester.gov.uk/council_services/planning_and_building_control/landscape/landscape_achievements/roman_gardens.aspx |title=Roman Gardens |accessdate=2008-04-17 |publisher= [[Chester City Council]]}}</ref> Of the medieval city the most important surviving structure is [[Chester Castle]], particularly the Agricola Tower. Much of the rest of the castle has been replaced by the [[neoclassical architecture|neoclassical]] county court and its entrance, the Propyleum.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chester.gov.uk/tourism_and_leisure-1/culture_and_leisure/grosvenor_museum/information_sheets/chester_castle.aspx |title=Information Sheet: Chester Castle |accessdate=2008-04-15 |publisher=[[Chester City Council]] }}</ref> To the south of the city runs the [[River Dee, Wales|River Dee]], with its 11th century [[Chester Weir|weir]]. The river is crossed by the [[Old Dee Bridge]], dating from the 13th century, the [[Grosvenor Bridge (Chester)|Grosvenor Bridge]] of 1832, and Queen's Park suspension bridge (for pedestrians).<ref>Pevsner and Hubbard, pp. 159–160</ref> To the southwest of the city the River Dee curves towards the north. The area between the river and the city walls here is known as the Roodee, and contains [[Chester Racecourse]] which holds a series of horse races and other events.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chester-races.co.uk/index.php |title=Chester Racecourse |accessdate=2008-04-16 |publisher=Chester Racecourse }}</ref> The [[Shropshire Union Canal]] runs to the north of the city and a branch leads from it to the River Dee.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chester.gov.uk/PDF/Heritage-Trail-Canal.pdf |title=Canal Towpath Trail |accessdate=2008-04-16 |publisher=[[Chester City Council]] }}</ref> The major museum in Chester is the [[Grosvenor Museum]] which includes a collection of Roman tombstones and an [[Art museum|art gallery]]. Associated with the museum is 20 Castle Street in which rooms are furnished in different historical styles.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chester.gov.uk/tourism_and_leisure-1/culture_and_leisure/grosvenor_museum.aspx |title= The Grosvenor Museum |accessdate=2008-04-16 |publisher=[[Chester City Council]] }}</ref> One of the blocks in the forecourt of the castle houses the Cheshire Military Museum.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chester.ac.uk/militarymuseum/ |title=Cheshire Military Museum |accessdate=2008-04-16 |publisher=[[University of Chester]] }}</ref> The major public park in Chester is [[Grosvenor Park, Chester|Grosvenor Park]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chester.gov.uk/grosvenor_park.aspx |title=Grosvenor Park |accessdate=2008-04-16 |publisher=[[Chester City Council]] }}</ref> On the south side of the River Dee, in [[Handbridge]], is Edgar's Field, another public park,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chester.gov.uk/tourism_and_leisure/heritage_trails/discover_edgars_field.aspx |title=Discover Edgar's Field |accessdate=2008-04-16 |publisher=[[Chester City Council]] }}</ref> which contains [[Minerva's Shrine, Chester|Minerva's Shrine]], a Roman shrine to the goddess [[Minerva]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chester.gov.uk/tourism_and_leisure/heritage_trails/discover_edgars_field/minerva_shrine.aspx |title=Minerva's Shrine |accessdate=2008-04-16 |publisher=[[Chester City Council]] }}</ref> A [[war memorial]] to those who died in the world wars is in the town hall and it contains the names of all Chester servicemen who died in the [[World War I|First World War]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.carlscam.com/gazet.htm|title=War Memorial, Town Hall, Chester, Cheshire. |accessdate=2008-04-16 |publisher=Carl's Cam }}</ref> Chester Visitor Centre, opposite the Roman Amphitheatre, issues a leaflet giving details of tourist attractions. Those not covered above include cruises on the River Dee and on the Shropshire Union Canal, and guided tours on an open-air bus.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chester.gov.uk/PDF/Tourism_Chester_Attractions_Booklet.pdf |title=Chester Attractions |accessdate=2008-04-16 |publisher= Chester Visitor Centre}}</ref> The river cruises start from a riverside area known as the Groves, which contains seating and a [[bandstand]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chester.gov.uk/advice_and_information/business_help_and_advice/doing_business_in_chester/an_ideal_location/recreation_and_leisure.aspx |title=Recreation and Leisure |accessdate=2008-04-17 |publisher=[[Chester City Council]] }}</ref> A series of festivals is organised in the city, including [[mystery play]]s, a summer music festival and a literature festival.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chester.gov.uk/tourism_and_leisure-1/festivals_and_events.aspx |title=Festivals and Events |accessdate=2008-04-16 |publisher=[[Chester City Council]] }}</ref> [[Chester City Council]] has produced a series of leaflets for self-guided walks.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chester.gov.uk/tourism_and_leisure-1/heritage_trails.aspx |title=Heritage Trails |accessdate=2008-04-17 |publisher=[[Chester City Council]] }}</ref> [[Visitor center|Tourist Information Centres]] are at the town hall and at Chester Visitor Centre.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chester.gov.uk/tourism_and_leisure/visit_chester/tourist_information_centres.aspx |title=Tourist Information Centre |accessdate=2008-04-17 |publisher=[[Chester City Council]] }}</ref> ==Present day== [[Image:Falconinn.jpg|left|thumb|The Falcon Inn after restoration]] [[Image:The Cross.JPG|thumb|left|The Cross as seen from The Rows]] [[Image:River Dee Chester England.jpg|left|thumb|The weir on the River Dee, Chester, England (2002)]] [[Image:Curzon Park Chester.JPG|left|thumb|[[Curzon Park]] as seen from the famous [[Grosvenor Bridge (Chester)|Grosvenor Bridge]] spanning the [[River Dee, Wales|River Dee]].]] A considerable amount of land in Chester is owned by [[Gerald Cavendish Grosvenor, 6th Duke of Westminster|the Duke of Westminster]] who owns an estate &ndash; [[Eaton Hall (Cheshire)|Eaton Hall]] &ndash; near the village of [[Eccleston, Cheshire|Eccleston]]. He also has vast London properties in [[Mayfair]]. Indeed, the clock tower which houses [[Big Ben]] was copied on the Duke's estate home of Eaton Hall and can be seen from the road from [[Aldford]] to Chester today. [[Duke of Westminster|Grosvenor]] is the Duke's family name, which explains such features in the City such as the [[Grosvenor Bridge (Chester)|Grosvenor Bridge]], the Grosvenor Hotel, and Grosvenor Park. Much of Chester's architecture dates from the [[Victorian era]], many of the buildings being modelled on the [[Jacobean architecture|Jacobean]] half-timbered style and designed by [[John Douglas (architect)|John Douglas]], who was employed by the Duke as his principal architect. He had a trademark of twisted chimney stacks, many of which can be seen on the buildings in the city centre. Douglas designed amongst other buildings the Grosvenor Hotel and the City Baths. In 1911, Douglas' protégé and city architect [[James Strong]] designed the then active fire station on the west side of Northgate Street. Another feature of all buildings belonging to the estate of Westminster is the 'Grey Diamonds' &ndash; a weaving pattern of grey bricks in the red brickwork laid out in a diamond formation. Towards the end of WWII, a lack of affordable housing meant many problems for Chester. As a result, vast open fields on the edge of the city were transformed into residential areas. Large areas of open fields on the outskirts of the city were turned into residential areas in the 1950s and early 1960s producing, for instance, the suburb of [[Blacon]]. In 1964, a bypass was built through and around the town centre to combat traffic congestion. These new developments caused local concern as the physicality and therefore the feel of the city was being dramatically altered. In 1968, a report by Donald Insall<ref>{{citeweb |url=http://www.donaldinsallassociates.co.uk/ |title=Donald Insall Associates, official website |accessdate=21 November |accessyear=2007 }}</ref> in collaboration with authorities and government recommended that historic buildings be preserved in Chester. Consequently, the buildings were used in new and different ways instead of being flattened.<ref>{{citeweb |url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/worldguide/destinations/europe/england/chester?v=print |title=Chester Travel Guide and Travel Information |work=Lonely Planet }}</ref> In 1969 the City Conservation Area was designated. Over the next 20 years the emphasis was placed on saving historic buildings, such as The Falcon Inn, Dutch Houses and Kings Buildings. On [[January 13]], [[2002]], Chester was granted [[Fairtrade City]] status. This status was renewed by the [[Fairtrade Foundation]] on [[August 20]], [[2003]]. ===Renaissance=== In 2007 Chester Council announced a 10-year plan to see Chester become a "must see European destination". At a cost of £1.3&nbsp;billion it has been nicknamed Chester Renaissance.<ref>{{citeweb |url=http://www.chesterrenaissance.co.uk |title=Chester Renaissance |accessdate=10 July |accessyear=2007 }}</ref> There are four major developments in Chester. The Northgate Development project began in 2007. At a cost of £400&nbsp;million, Chester City Council and developers ING hope to create a new quarter for Chester. The development will see the demolition of the market hall, bus station, theatre and NCP car park, and the local Northgate Arena leisure centre. In its place will be a new multi-storey car park, bus exchange, performing arts centre, homes, retail space, a flagship department store and a hotel.<ref name=northgatedevelopment>{{citeweb |url=http://www.chester.gov.uk/northgate/news.htm |title=Northgate Development News |accessdate=10 July |accessyear=2007 }}</ref> {{clear}} ==Culture== ===Arts and sport=== In 2007, Chester's cultural sector was going through a major transformation. The [[Gateway Theatre (Chester)|Gateway Theatre]] had closed as part of the Northgate Development and so too had the Odeon cinema. The site was earmarked for redevelopment, with the closed Odeon cinema being the subject of a proposal to re-open it as part of an arts complex with a cinema at its heart; or its owners, Brook Leisure, may pursue planning permission to turn it into a nightclub.<ref>{{citeweb |url=http://iccheshireonline.icnetwork.co.uk/0100news/chesterchronicle/tm_headline=russell-confident-of-winning-odeon-fight%26method=full%26objectid=19606538%26siteid=50020-name_page.html |title=Russell confident of winning Odeon fight |work=Chester Chronicle |date=10 August 2007 |accessdate=10 August |accessyear=2007 }}</ref> Numerous [[public house]]s and wine bars, some of which date from medieval times, populate the city. Chester also has some nightclubs, which are soon going to be added to by the development of two new clubs in the next eighteen months. Also to the east side of the city are the UK's largest [[zoo|zoological gardens]], [[Chester Zoo]]. Chester has its own film society. [[Image:Ccfc.jpg|thumbnail|left|Chester City FC in action]] [[Chester City F.C.|Chester City]] [[soccer|football]] club play in the Coca-Cola League 2, the fourth tier of English football and the lowest fully professional division. They were elected to the [[Football League]] in 1931, and have played at their Deva Stadium, straddling the England&ndash;Wales border, since 1992. Notable former players include [[Ian Rush]] (who also managed the club), [[Cyrille Regis]], [[Arthur Albiston]], [[Earl Barrett]], [[Lee Dixon]], [[Steve Harkness]], [[Roberto Martinez]] and [[Stan Pearson]]. The city also has a national basketball team, the newly named, BiG Storage [[Cheshire Jets]] Champions, who play in the city's [[Northgate Arena]] leisure centre; and a wheelchair basketball team, Celtic Warriors, formerly known as the Chester Wheelchair Jets.<ref>{{citeweb |url=http://www.chesterwheelchairjets.org.uk |title=Chester Wheelchair Jets website |accessdate=10 July |accessyear=2007 }}</ref> Chester also has a successful hockey club, [[Chester HC]], who play at the County Officers' Club on Plas Newton Lane, and also an American Football team, the [[Chester Romans]], who are part of the British American Football League. [[Chester Racecourse]] hosts several flat race meetings from the spring to the autumn. The races take place within view of the City walls and attract tens of thousands of visitors. The May meeting includes several nationally significant races such as the [[Chester Vase]], which is recognised as a trial for the Epsom Derby. Chester Rugby Club is also not without its local fame, winning the Cheshire Cup several times. The River Dee is also home to several rowing clubs, notably Grosvenor Rowing Club and Royal Chester Rowing Club, as well as two school clubs, [[The King's School Chester]] Rowing Club and Queen's Park High Rowing Club. The weir is regularly used by a number of local canoe and kayak clubs. Each July the [[Chester Raft Race]] is held on the River Dee in aid of charity. [[Chester Golf Club]] can also be found near the banks of the Dee. ===Music=== Chester has a brass band that was formed in 1853. It was known as the Blue Coat Band and today as The City of Chester Band.<ref>{{citeweb |url=http://www.chesterbrass.co.uk |title=City of Chester Band website |accessdate=10 July |accessyear=2007 }}</ref> It is a thriving 3rd section brass band with an active training band and its members still wear a blue-jacketed uniform with an image of the Eastgate clock on the breast pocket. Pop Band [[Mansun]] are probably the most famous [[Britpop]] band to come from Chester. ===Media=== Chester's newspapers are the daily ''[[Chester Evening Leader]]'', and the weekly ''[[Chester Chronicle]]''. It also has various free publications: the free newspapers ''[[Chester Mail]]'' and ''[[Chester Standard]]''. [[Dee 106.3]] is the city's own radio station, with [[Wrexham|Wrexham's]] [[Marcher Sound]] and [[BBC Radio Merseyside]] also broadcasting locally. Chester is the city where [[Channel 4]]'s soap-opera [[Hollyoaks]] is set (although most filming takes place around Liverpool). ==Transport== {{Refimprove|date=March 2007}} ===Canals=== [[Image:canal3.JPG|thumbnail|left|Canal at the foot of the city walls]] From about 1794, when [[History of the British canal system|canal building in England]] finished, through to the late 1950s, when the canal-side flour mills were closed, [[narrowboat]]s carried produce and supplies to and from [[North Wales]] (coal, slate, gypsum or lead ore), finished lead (for roofing, water pipes and sewerage) from the leadworks in Edgerton Street (Newtown). Grain from Cheshire was stored in granaries on the banks of the canal at Newtown and Boughton, and salt for preserving food arrived from [[Northwich]]. The [[Chester Canal]] flowed into the river Dee, providing access to the sea and other ports such as Liverpool, and along with the railways and the port facilities at Crane Wharf, by the Chester racecourse, Chester made an important contribution to the commercial development of the north-west region. The original Chester Canal was constructed to run from the [[River Dee]] near [[Sealand, Flintshire|Sealand Road]], to [[Nantwich]] in south Cheshire, and opened in 1774. In 1805 the Wirral section of the [[Ellesmere Canal]] was opened, which ran from Netherpool (now known as [[Ellesmere Port]]) to meet the Chester Canal at Chester canal basin. Later those two canal branches became part of the [[Shropshire Union Canal]] network. This canal, which runs alongside the walls of Chester, is navigable and remains in use today. ===Railways=== The City Of Chester once had two major railway stations within a few hundred yards of each other. One, The main [[Chester railway station| Chester General]] railway station is located to the North East of the city centre, and has an impressive Italianate frontage. Built in 1848, the interior is dilapidated, having lost a roof in the 1972 [[Chester General rail crash]]. Extensive renovations took place in September 2007 to improve pedestrian access, and parking. The town was the scene of an early disaster when a new bridge over the Dee collapsed under a local train. It had been built by [[Robert Stephenson]] for the [[Chester and Holyhead Railway]] in late 1847, and was made of cast iron beams trussed together. Five people were killed when the train fell into the river, and there was a national scandal about the design of the bridge. The [[Dee bridge disaster]] led to demolition of many new bridges of similar design.{{Fact|date=December 2007}} Trains go from here along the [[North Wales Coast Line]], as well as to [[Euston Station|London Euston]], [[Liverpool Lime Street railway station|Liverpool]], [[Crewe station|Crewe]], [[Manchester Piccadilly]], [[Wrexham General railway station|Wrexham General]] and [[Shrewsbury railway station|Shrewsbury]]. [[Image:OpenStreetMapCentralChester.png|thumb|350px|[[OpenStreetMap]] of central Chester]] The other station, [[Chester Northgate railway station|Chester Northgate]] ended its days in 1969 and was closed because of the [[Beeching Axe]] of railway economic 'modernisation' in the mid-1960s.<ref>[[Richard Beeching]]'s report "The Reshaping of British Railways" was published in 1965.</ref> As a consequence, the station was demolished and is now the site of the Northgate Arena leisure centre. ===Trams=== Chester had an extensive tram network during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It covered an area as far west as Saltney, on the Welsh border, to Chester General station, Tarvin Road and Great Boughton in the northwest. The network featured the narrowest gauge trams (3'&nbsp;6") in mainland Britain, due to an act of Parliament which deemed that they must be the least obstructive possible.{{Fact|date=December 2007}} The tramway was established in 1871 by Chester Tramways Corporation. It was horse-drawn until its electrification by overhead cables in 1903. The tramway was closed, like most others in the UK, in February 1930. The only remains are small areas of uncovered track inside the bus depot, and a few tram-wire supports attached to buildings on Eastgate/Foregate Street. ===Roads=== The city is a hub for major roads, including the [[M53 motorway]] towards the [[Wirral Peninsula]] and [[Liverpool]] and the [[M56 motorway]] towards [[Manchester]]. The [[A55 road]] runs along the North Wales coast to [[Holyhead]] and the A483 links the city to [[Wrexham]]. Bus transport in the city is provided by [[First Group]] and [[Arriva]], the council owned and operated [[ChesterBus]] (formerly Chester City Transport) having been sold to [[First Group]] in mid-2007. There are plans to build a new bus exchange in the city as well as a new coach station. ==Notable people== [[Randolph Caldecott]] (1846–86), artist and book illustrator, was born in Bridge Street, Chester,<ref>Hamilton, James (2004) 'Caldecott , Randolph (1846-86)', ''[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]'', [[Oxford University Press]] [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/4365], Retrieved on [[20 April]] [[2008]].</ref> [[David Roberts (engineer)|David Roberts]] (1859–1928) the engineer who invented the [[Continuous track|caterpillar track]], grew up in [[Great Boughton]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.spock.com/David-Roberts-(engineer) |title=David Roberts |accessdate=2008-04-23 |publisher=Spock.com }}</ref> the conductor [[Adrian Boult|Sir Adrian Boult]] (1889–1983), was born in Liverpool Road,<ref>Kennedy, Michael (2004) 'Boult, Sir Adrian Cedric (1889-1983)', ''[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]'', [[Oxford University Press]] [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/30835], Retrieved on [[20 April]] [[2008]]</ref> and the [[grammar]]ian and [[lexicographer]] [[A. S. Hornby]] (1898–1978) was also born in the city.<ref>Cowie, A. P. (2004) 'Hornby, Albert Sidney (1898-1978)', ''[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]'', [[Oxford University Press]] [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/58806], Retrieved on [[20 April]] [[2008]].</ref> Actors born in Chester include [[Basil Radford]] (1897–1952),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0705509/ |title=Basil Radford |accessdate=2008-04-23 |publisher=The Internet Movie Database }}</ref> [[Hugh Lloyd]] (born 1923),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0516005/ |title= Hugh Lloyd|accessdate=2008-04-23 |publisher=The Internet Movie Database }}</ref> [[Ronald Pickup]] (born 1940), and <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0681975/ |title= Ronald Pickup|accessdate=2008-04-23 |publisher=The Internet Movie Database }}</ref> [[Daniel Craig]] (born 1968).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/1150232/ |title=Craig, Daniel |accessdate=2008-04-20 |publisher=British Film Institute }}</ref> [[L. T. C. Rolt]] (1910–74), engineering historian was born in Chester,<ref>Buchanan, R. Angus (2004) 'Rolt, (Lionel) Thomas Caswall (1910-1974)', ''[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]'', [[Oxford University Press]] [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/37911], Retrieved on [[23 April]] [[2008]].</ref> as was [[Anthony Thwaite]] (born 1930), poet and writer.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.contemporarywriters.com/authors/?p=auth223 |title= Anthony Thwaite |accessdate=2008-04-23 |publisher=[[British Council]] }}</ref> [[Beatrice Tinsley]] (née Hill) (1941–1981), [[astronomer]] and [[Physical cosmology|cosmologist]], professor of astronomy at [[Yale University]] was also born in the city but was brought up in New Zealand.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nzedge.com/heroes/tinsley.html |title= Beatrice Tinsley: Queen of the Cosmos |accessdate=2008-04-23 |publisher=NZEdge.com }}</ref> Others born in Chester include [[Russ Abbot]] (born 1947) (birth name Russell A. Roberts), musician, comedian and actor,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0007920/bio |title=Biography for Russ Abbot |accessdate=2008-04-20 |publisher=The Internet Movie Database }}</ref> [[Jeff Green (comedian)|Jeff Green]] (born 1964), comedian,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/tees/stage/2002/10/jeffgreen/index.shtml |title=Your questions for Jeff Green |accessdate=2008-04-20 |publisher= [[BBC]]}}</ref> [[Helen Willetts]] (born 1972), former [[badminton]] international and [[weather forecasting|weather forecaster]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/bbcweather/forecasters/helenwilletts_faq.shtml |title=Helen Willetts |accessdate=2008-04-23 |publisher=[[BBC]] }}</ref> and [[Emily Booth]] (born 1976), actress and writer.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0095696/ |title=Emily Booth |accessdate=2008-04-20 |publisher= The Internet Movie Database }}</ref> The international rugby union footballers and brothers [[Pat Sanderson]] (born 1977),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.england-rugby.com/englandrugby/index.cfm?fuseaction=News.News_Detail&storyid=10917 |title=Pat Sanderson England Profile |accessdate=2008-04-23 |publisher=England Rugby }}</ref> and [[Alex Sanderson]] (born 1979),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm2109130/bio |title=Biography for Alex Sanderson |accessdate=2008-04-23 |publisher=The Internet Movie Database }}</ref> were born in the city. [[Association football|Soccer]] players born in Chester include the English internationals [[Danny Murphy (footballer born 1977)|Danny Murphy]] (born 1977),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.footballdatabase.com/index.php?page=player&Id=140 |title=Murphy |accessdate=2008-04-23 |publisher=Football Database }}</ref> [[Michael Owen]] (born 1979),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefa.com/England/SeniorTeam/Archive/?pf=p&i=5197&ap=p&searchname=owen |title=Michael Owen |accessdate=2008-04-23 |publisher=TheFA.com }}</ref> and other professional footballers include [[Andy Dorman]] (born 1982),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.football.co.uk/st_mirren/players/andy_dorman_128022.shtml |title= Andy Dorman|accessdate=2008-04-20 |publisher=Football.co.uk }}</ref> and [[Tom Heaton]] (born 1986).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.manutd.com/default.sps?pagegid={FE60904B-C2A8-4E60-9B05-700DBBC29BBC}&section=playerProfile&teamid=458&bioid=92163 |title=Tom Heaton |accessdate=2008-04-20 |publisher=[[Manchester United F.C.]] }}</ref> ==See also== *[[St Paul's Church, Boughton]] *[[St Mary's Church, Handbridge]] *[[Newtown, Chester]] ==References== ===Notes=== {{reflist|2}} ===Bibliography=== {{refbegin}} *{{cite book | last =Bilsborough | first =Norman | authorlink = | coauthors = | title =The Treasures of Cheshire |edition= | publisher =North West Civic Trust | date =1983| location =Swinton | pages = | url = | doi = | id = | isbn =0 901 347 35 3 }} *{{cite book |last=Carrington |first=P (ed.) |title=Deva Victrix: Roman Chester Re-assessed |publisher=Chester Archaeological Society |date=2002 |location=Chester |isbn=095070749X}} *{{cite book |last=Mason |first=David J.P. |title=Roman Chester: City of the Eagles |publisher=Tempus Publishing Ltd |date=2001 |location=Stroud |isbn=0-7524-1922-6}} *{{cite book | last =Morriss | first = Richard K. | authorlink = | coauthors = | title =The Buildings of Chester |edition= | publisher =Alan Sutton | date =1993 | location =Stroud | pages = | url = | doi = | id = | isbn =0-7509-0255-8 }} *{{cite book | last =Pevsner | first =Nikolaus | authorlink =Nikolaus Pevsner | coauthors =Edward Hubbard | title =The Buildings of England: Cheshire |edition= | publisher =[[Yale University Press]]| date =2003| origyear=1971| location =New Haven & London| pages = | url = | doi = | id = | isbn =0 300 09588 0 }} *{{cite book |author=[[Ptolemy]] |title=The Geography |publisher=Dover Publications Inc.|date=1992 |isbn=0486268969}} {{refend}} ==Further reading== {{refbegin}} *{{cite book|last=Emery|first=G|date=1998|title=Chester inside out|publisher=Gordon Emery|location=Chester, United Kingdom|isbn=1872265928}} *{{cite book|last=Emery|first=G|coauthors=Penney, M.|date=1999|title=Curious Chester: Portrait of an English city over two thousand years|publisher=Gordon Emery|location=Chester, United Kingdom|isbn=1872265944}} *{{cite book|last=Emery|first=G|date=2002|title=Chester electric lighting station: From steam and hydro&ndash;The illuminating story of Chester streetlighting and Britain's first rural electricity supply|publisher=Gordon Emery|location=Chester, United Kingdom|isbn=1872265480}} *{{cite book|last=Emery|first=G|date=2003|title=The Chester guide: England's walled city, Roman remains, museums, attractions, River Dee, shopping on the medieval rows, cathedral, access|publisher=Gordon Emery|location=Chester, United Kingdom|isbn=1872265898}} *{{cite book|last=Emery|first=G|coauthors=Shuttleworth, S.; Kavanagh, T.; Taylor, G.; Buss, R.; Stephens, R.|date=1999|title=The old Chester canal: A History and Guide|publisher=Gordon Emery|location=Chester, United Kingdom|isbn=}} *{{cite book|last=Lewis|first=P.R.|date=2007|title=Disaster on the Dee: Robert Stephenson's Nemesis of 1847|publisher=Tempus Publishing|location=Stroud, United Kingdom|isbn=9780752442662}} *{{cite book|last=Marshall|first=A. E.|date=1966|title=Myths and Legends of Chester|publisher=Chester blind welfare society|location=Chester, United Kingdom|isbn=095117830X}} *{{cite book|last=Morton|first=H. V.|date=1930|title=In Search of England|publisher=Methuen|location=London}} *{{cite book|last=Place|first=G.W.|date=1994|title=The Rise and Fall of Parkgate, Passenger Port for Ireland, 1686-1815 (Chetham Society)|publisher=Carnegie Publishing Limited|location=Lancaster, United Kingdom|isbn=1859360238}} *{{cite book|last=Wall|first=B.|title=Tales of Chester|publisher=S. B. Publications|location=Shropshire, United Kingdom|isbn=1857700066}} *{{cite book|last=Wilding|first=R.|date=1997|title=Miller of Dee:The story of Chester mills and millers, their trades, and wares, the weir, the water engine, and the salmon|publisher=Gordon Emery|location=Chester, United Kingdom|isbn=1872265952}} *{{cite book|last=Wilding|first=R.|date=2003|title=Death in Chester: Roman Gravestones, Catheroral Burials, Martyrs, Witches, the Plague, Horrible Hangings, Grvesome Deaths and Ghostly Goings-on |publisher=Gordon Emery|location=Chester, United Kingdom|isbn=1872265448}} {{refend}} ==External links== {{commonscat|Chester}} * [http://www.chesterwiki.com/Main_Page Chester Wiki] * [http://www.bwpics.co.uk/chester.walls.index.html A Virtual Tour (of the Roman Walls)] * [http://materials.open.ac.uk/about_us/29-2-177.pdf Reprint of paper on Dee bridge disaster] * [http://www.chester-photos.co.uk Chester Scenics (Images of Chester by Night and Day)] * [http://video.google.co.uk/videoplay?docid=-5569862178809012049 Chester Wall Documentary] {{Cheshire, Borough of City of Chester}} {{Cheshire}} [[Category:Settlements established in the 1st century]] [[Category:Chester| ]] [[Category:County towns in England]] [[Category:Towns in Cheshire]] [[Category:Towns of the Welsh Marches]] [[Category:Railway towns in England]] [[bg:Честър]] [[cs:Chester]] [[cy:Caer]] [[da:Chester]] [[de:Chester]] [[es:Chester]] [[eo:Chester]] [[fr:Chester (Angleterre)]] [[id:Chester]] [[it:Chester]] [[nl:Chester (Engeland)]] [[ja:チェスター]] [[no:Chester]] [[pl:Chester]] [[pt:Chester]] [[ro:Chester]] [[ru:Честер]] [[simple:Chester]] [[fi:Chester]] [[sv:Chester]] [[vo:Chester (Cheshire)]] [[zh:切斯特]]