Chihuahua
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{{about|the Mexican state of Chihuahua|the state capital|Chihuahua, Chihuahua}}
{{for|the breed of dog|Chihuahua (dog)}}
{{other}}
{{Infobox Settlement
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|name = <!--State of-->State of Chihuahua
|other_name =
|native_name =
|nickname = '''"Lady of the Desert"'''
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|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = {{MEX}}
|subdivision_type1 = Capital
|subdivision_name1 = [[Chihuahua, Chihuahua|Chihuahua]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[Municipalities of Mexico|Municipalities]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[#Administrative divisions|67]]
|subdivision_type3 = [[List of cities in Mexico|Largest City]]
|subdivision_name3 = [[Ciudad Juárez]]
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|subdivision_name4 =
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|leader_title =[[List of Mexican state governors|Governor]]
|leader_name =[[José Reyes Baeza Terrazas]] {{nowrap|({{PRI party}})}}
|leader_title1 = [[Chamber of Deputies of Mexico|Federal Deputies]]
|leader_name1 =PRI: 5<br>[[National Action Party (Mexico)|PAN]]:4
|leader_title2 =[[Senate of Mexico|Federal Senators]]
|leader_name2 = PAN: 2<br>[[Institutional Revolutionary Party|PRI]]: 1
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|area_footnotes =</br> [[List of Mexican states by area|Ranked 1st]]
|area_total_km2 = 244938<!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion-->
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|population_as_of =2005
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|population_total =3,241,444 ([[List of Mexican states by population|Ranked 11th]])
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|population_blank1_title =[[Demonym]]
|population_blank1 =Chihuahuense
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|blank_name =[[Human Development Index|HDI]] (2004)
|blank_info =0.8224 - <span style="color:#090">high</span><br>[[List of Mexican states by HDI|Ranked 8th]]
|blank1_name =[[ISO 3166-2]]
|blank1_info =MX-CHH
|blank2_name =Postal abbr.
|blank2_info =Chih.
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|website = [http://www.chihuahua.gob.mx Chihuahua State Government]
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}}
'''Chihuahua''' is a state in northern [[Mexico]] with a mainland area of {{km2 to sq mi|244938}}, slightly bigger than the [[United Kingdom]]. It is surrounded by the [[Mexican state]]s of [[Sonora]], [[Sinaloa]], [[Durango]] and [[Coahuila]] and the [[U.S. state]]s of [[Texas]] and [[New Mexico]]. Chihuahua is the largest state in Mexico by area, and therefore has the nickname, "El Estado Grande."
Although Chihuahua is primarily identified with its namesake, the [[Chihuahuan Desert]], it has more forests than any other Mexican state. On the slope of the [[Sierra Madre Occidental]] mountains (around the regions of Casas Grandes, Cuauhtémoc and Parral), there are vast prairies of short yellow grass, the source of the bulk of the state's agricultural production.
As of 2005, there were 3.2 million inhabitants of the state. The largest city is the U.S.-[[border]] city of [[Ciudad Juárez]], which has 1,301,452 residents (2005 census). The capital, [[Chihuahua, Chihuahua|Chihuahua]], has 748,518 inhabitants.
The state also has a large service sector: tourism, banking and high-tech enterprises.
One of the most notable features of Chihuahua is the ''Barranca del Cobre'', or [[Copper Canyon]], a spectacular canyon system larger and deeper than the [[Grand Canyon]].
Chihuahua played a pivotal role in the [[Mexican Revolution]] and was a battleground between revolutionary forces led by [[Pancho Villa]] and federal forces.
Chihuahua is one of the Mexican states that holds a slight population plurality of people that are primarily of European ancestry (as is the case in much of northern Mexico), with around 49% of the state population being of European descent, commonly Spanish, Italian, German, French, Irish, Russian and Dutch. Around 45% of its population has mixed European and [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Amerindian]] ancestry (Mestizo). The population of Amerindians in northern Mexico tends to be low compared to the southern part, and Chihuahua is no exception. While there are Amerindians in Chihuahua, they comprise only around 6% of the state's population, and they mostly live in isolated areas in the mountains.
==History==
{{main|Nueva Vizcaya, New Spain}}
Nueva Vizcaya was the first province of northern [[New Spain]] to be explored and settled by the Spanish. In 1823, after the [[Mexican War of Independence]], the province was divided into two states, Chihuahua and [[Durango]].
=== Constituent legislatures ===
In the constituent legislature or convention, the [[Conservatism|conservative]] and [[Liberalism|liberal]] elements formed using the nicknames of ''Chirrines'' and ''Cuchas''. The military entered as a third party. The elections for the first regular legislature were disputed, and it was not until [[May 1]], [[1826]], that the body was installed. The liberals gained control and the opposition responded by fomenting a conspiracy. This was promptly stopped with the aid of informers, and more strenuous measures were taken against the conservatives. Extra powers were conferred on the Durango governor, Santiago Baca Ortiz, deputy to the first national congress, and leader of the liberal party.<ref name="The History Company">History Of The North Mexican States And Texas, Vol. II 1801-1889, San Francisco, The History Company, Publishers, 1889, Chapter 24</ref>
===Gonzalez’ rebelion===
Opponents continued to plot against the new government. In March 1827, Lieutenant J.M. Gonzalez proclaimed himself comandante general, arrested the governor, and dissolved the legislature. General Parras was sent to suppress the movement. Comandante general J. J. Ayestaran was replaced by [[Jose Figueroa]]. When elections failed, the government intervened in favor of the Yorkino party, which had elected [[Vicente Guerrero]] to the presidency.<ref name ="The History Company" />
Because of the general instability of the Mexican government during 1828, the installation of the new legislature did not take place until the middle of the following year. It was quickly dissolved by Governor Baca, who replaced it with a more pronounced Yorkino type. When Guerrero’s liberal administration was overthrown in December, Gaspar de Ochoa aligned with [[Anastasio Bustamante]], and in February 1830, organized an opposition group that arrested the new governor, F. Elorriaga, along with other prominent Yorkinos. He then summoned the legislature, which had been dissolved by Baca. The civil and military authorities were now headed by J. A. Pescador and Ochoa.<ref name ="The History Company" />
===Vicente Guerrero===
The general features of the preceding occurrence applied also to Chihuahua, although in a modified form. The first person elected under the new constitution of 1825, was [[Simon Elias Gonzalez]], who being in [[Sonora]], was induced to remain there. [[J. A. Arce]] took his place as ruler in Chihuahua. In 1829, Gonzalez became comandante general of Chihuahua, when his term of office on the west coast expired. Arce was less of a yorkino than his confrere of Durango. Although unable to resist the popular demand for the expulsion of the Spaniards, he soon quarreled with the legislature, which declared itself firmly for [[Vicente Guerrero|Guerrero]], and announcing his support of [[Bustamante]]’s revolution, he suspended, in March 1830, eight members of that body, the vice-governor, and several other officials, and expelled them from the state. The course thus outlined was followed by Governor [[J. I. Madero]], who succeeded in 1831, associated with [[J. J. Calvo]] as comandante general, stringent laws being issued against [[secret societies]], which were supposed to be the main spring to the anti-clerical feeling among liberals.<ref name ="The History Company" />
===Durango and Bustamante===
The anti-clerical feeling was wide-spread, and [[Durango]] supported the initial reaction against the government at Mexico. In May 1832, [[Jose Urrea]], a rising officer, supported the restoration of President [[Pedraza]]. On [[July 20]], Governor Elorriaga was reinstated, and Baca along with the legislative minority were brought back to form a new legislature, which met on [[September 1]]. Chihuahua showied no desire to imitate the evolutionary movement and Urrea prepared to invade the state. Comandante-general J.J.Calvo threatened to retaliate, and a conflict seemed imminent. The entry of [[General Santa Anna]] into [[Mexico]] brought calm, as the leaders waited for clarity.<ref name ="The History Company"/>
===Santa Anna===
Bishop Zubiria was banished for resisting the law relating to priests and other encroachments on the church; another joined the western states in a short lived coalition for sustaining the federal system. Chihuahua adopted the Cuernavaca in July 1834 while President [[Valentín Gómez Farías]] was in power. Because the plan was not enforced, commanding officer, Colonel [[J.I. Gutierrez]], declared the term of the legislature and governor expired on [[September 3]]. At a convention of citizens called to select a new provisional ruler, Gutierrez obtained the vote, with [[P. J. Escalante]] for his deputy, and a council to guide the administration.<ref name ="The History Company"/> [[General Santa Anna|Santa Ana]] ordered the reinstatement of Mendarozqueta as comandante general. Gutierrez yielded, but Escalante refused to surrender office, demonstrations of support ensued, but Escalante yielded when troops were summoned from [[Zacatecas]]. A new election brought a new legislature, and conforming governors. In September 1835 [[Jose Urrea]] a federalist army officer came into power.<ref name ="The History Company"/>
Comandante general Simon Elias Gonzalez, was nominated governor and military command was given to Colonel J.J. Calvo, whose firmness had earned well-merited praise. The state was in the midst of a war with the [[Apache]]s, which became the focus of all their energy and resources. After a review of the situation, Simon Elias Gonzalez declared that the interests of the territory would be best served by uniting the civil and military power, at least while the campaign lasted. He resigned under opposition, but was renominated in 1837.<ref name ="The History Company"/>
==Administrative divisions==
Chihuahua is subdivided into 67 ''[[municipio (Mexico)|municipios]]'' ([[Municipality|municipalities]])''. See
[[municipalities of Chihuahua]].
{| width="100%" valign="top"|
|width="25%"|
#[[Ahumada, Chihuahua|Ahumada]]
#[[Aldama, Chihuahua|Aldama]]
#[[Allende, Chihuahua|Allende]]
#[[Aquiles Serdán]]
#[[Ascensión]]
#[[Bachiniva]]
#[[Balleza]]
#[[Batopilas, Chihuahua|Batopilas]]
#[[Bocoyna]]
#[[Buenaventura]]
#[[Camargo, Chihuahua|Camargo]]
#[[Carichi]]
#[[Casas Grandes]]
#[[Chihuahua, Chihuahua|Chihuahua]]
#[[Chinipas]]
#[[Coronado]]
#[[Coyame del Sotol]]
#[[Cuauhtémoc, Chihuahua|Cuauhtémoc]]
#[[Cusihuiriachi]]
#[[Delicias, Chihuahua|Delicias]]
|width="25%" valign="top"|
<ol start=21>
<li>[[Dr. Belisario Domínguez]]
<li>[[El Tule]]
<li>[[Galeana]]
<li>[[Gómez Farías]]
<li>[[Gran Morelos]]
<li>[[Guachochi]]
<li>[[Guadalupe]]
<li>[[Guadalupe y Calvo]]
<li>[[Guazapares]]
<li>[[Guerrero]]
<li>[[Hidalgo del Parral]]
<li>[[Huejotitán]]
<li>[[Ignacio Zaragoza]]
<li>[[Janos]]
|width="25%" valign="top"|
<ol start=35>
<li>[[Jiménez, Chihuahua|Jiménez]]
<li>[[Juárez]]
<li>[[Julimes]]
<li>[[La Cruz]]
<li>[[López, Chihuahua|López]]
<li>[[Madera]]
<li>[[Maguarichi]]
<li>[[Manuel Benavides]]
<li>[[Matachi]]
<li>[[Matamoros]]
<li>[[Meoqui]]
<li>[[Morelos]]
<li>[[Moris]]
<li>[[Namiquipa]]
<li>[[Nonoava]]
<li>[[Nuevo Casas Grandes]]
<li>[[Ocampo, Chihuahua|Ocampo]]
|width="25%" valign="top"|
<ol start=52>
<li>[[Ojinaga]]
<li>[[Praxedis G. Guerrero]]
<li>[[Riva Palacio]]
<li>[[Rosales]]
<li>[[Rosario]]
<li>[[San Francisco de Borja]]
<li>[[San Francisco de Conchos]]
<li>[[San Francisco del Oro]]
<li>[[Santa Bárbara, Chihuahua|Santa Bárbara]]
<li>[[Santa Isabel, Chihuahua|Santa Isabel]]
<li>[[Satevo]]
<li>[[Saucillo]]
<li>[[Temósachi]]
<li>[[Urique]]
<li>[[Uruachi]]
<li>[[Valle de Zaragoza]]
</ol>
|}
==Major communities==
*[[Camargo, Chihuahua|Camargo]]
*[[Chihuahua, Chihuahua|Chihuahua]]
*[[Ciudad Jiménez, Chihuahua|Ciudad Jiménez]]
*[[Ciudad Juárez]]
*[[Cuauhtémoc, Chihuahua|Cuauhtémoc]]
*[[Delicias, Chihuahua|Delicias]]
*[[Guachochi]]
*[[Ciudad Madera, Chihuahua|Madera]]
*[[Nuevo Casas Grandes]]
*[[Ojinaga, Chihuahua|Ojinaga]]
*[[Parral, Chihuahua|Parral]]
==Economy==
As of 2005, Chihuahua’s economy represents 4.5% of Mexico’s total [[gross domestic product]] or 29,826 million USD.<ref>{{cite book | authorlink = http://www.bancomext.gob.mx | title = Industrial Costs in Mexico - A Guide for Foreign Investors 2007
| publisher = Bancomext
| date = 2007
| location = Mexico City
| pages = 92
}}</ref> Chihuahua's economy has a strong focus on export oriented manufacturing (i.e. [[maquiladora]] / [[INMEX]]). As of 2005, 329,939 people are employed in the manufacturing sector.<ref>
{{cite book
| authorlink = http://www.bancomext.gob.mx
| title = Industrial Costs in Mexico - A Guide for Foreign Investors 2007
| publisher = Bancomext
| date = 2007
| location = Mexico City
| pages = 92
}}</ref> There are a more than 406 companies operating under the federal INMEX or [[Prosec]] program in Chihuahua. The average wage for an employee in Chihuahua is approximately 193 pesos per day.<ref>{{cite web|title=Banco de Información Económica|publisher=Sistemas Nacionales Estadístico y de Información Geográfica|url=http://dgcnesyp.inegi.gob.mx/cgi-win/bdieintsi.exe/CONA1&I100285&130613,&nd&nd&nd&nd&nd&2002&2008|accessdate=2008-03-18}}</ref>
==Pictures==
<center><gallery>
Image:S2020029.JPG|Metropolitan cathedral of [[Chihuahua, Chihuahua|Chihuahua]] city
Image:ChihuahuaZocalo.jpg|Plaza de Armas of [[Chihuahua, Chihuahua|Chihuahua]] city
Image:Miviajeachihuahua.JPG|Chihuahua during a snowfall
</gallery></center>
==See also==
* [[Mexico]]
* [[Geography of Mexico]]
==References==
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<references/>
</div>
==External links==
* {{es icon}} [http://www.chihuahua.gob.mx Chihuahua state government]
* {{es icon}} [http://www.chihuahua.com.mx/nuevodiseno/portada.asp Secretariat of Industrial Development of Chihuahua State Government]
* {{es icon}} [http://municipios.chihuahua.gob.mx Chihuahua's municipal governments]
* {{es icon}} [http://www.esmexico.com/fotografias/estados.php?len=en&seccion=estados&Estado=Chihuahua Chihuahua photos]
* {{en icon}} [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9024042/Chihuahua Encyclopaedia Britannica, Chihuahua]
{{Geolinks-cityscale|28.63|-106.08}}
{{States of Mexico}}
[[Category:States of Mexico]]
[[Category:Chihuahua|*]]
[[Category:Chihuahuan Desert|* ]]
[[ar:ولاية شيواوا]]
[[an:Chihuahua]]
[[bg:Чиуауа]]
[[ca:Estat de Chihuahua]]
[[cs:Chihuahua (stát)]]
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[[de:Chihuahua (Bundesstaat)]]
[[et:Chihuahua osariik]]
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[[fr:État de Chihuahua]]
[[gl:Estado de Chihuahua]]
[[ko:치와와 주]]
[[hr:Chihuahua]]
[[id:Chihuahua (negara bagian)]]
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[[mr:शिवावा]]
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[[ja:チワワ州]]
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[[pms:Chihuahua (stat federal)]]
[[pl:Chihuahua (stan)]]
[[pt:Chihuahua (Estado)]]
[[ro:Chihuahua (stat Mexic)]]
[[ru:Чиуауа]]
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[[sr:Чивава]]
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[[zh:奇瓦瓦州]]