Child poverty 2435914 220656955 2008-06-20T22:46:09Z Burrburr 7322539 /* Effects */ yes you can't get less than 1 word but these 4 words include everything under the section and is a *better* description {{nofootnotes}} Child poverty concerns poverty of people under the age of 18. [[Image:Jakarta_slumlife65.JPG|thumb|right|250px|A boy from an East Cipinang trash dump slum in [[Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]] shows his find.]] == Causes == * Government [[Political corruption|corruption]]. * Lack of social integration. * [[Crime]]. * [[Natural disaster]]s. * [[Substance abuse]], such as [[alcoholism]] and [[drug abuse]]. * Natural factors such as [[climate]] or [[Environmental science|environment]]. * Lack of [[education]]. * Lack of [[social skills]]. * Cultural causes, which attribute poverty to common patterns of life, learned or shared within a [[community]]. For example, some have argued that [[Protestantism]] contributed to economic growth during the [[industrial revolution]]. * Individual beliefs, actions and choices. * [[Mental illness]] and [[disability]], such as [[Autism]], and [[Schizophrenia]]. * [[Geography|Geographic]] factors, for example fertile land and access to natural resources. * [[Disease]], specifically [[Diseases of poverty]]: [[AIDS]], [[malaria]], and [[tuberculosis]] and others overwhelmingly afflict the poor, which perpetuate poverty by diverting individual, community, and national health and economic resources from investment and productivity. Further, many [[tropical]] nations are affected by diseases like [[Malaria]] and [[Schistosomiasis]] that are not present in temperate climates. * [[Child neglect]] * Inadequate nutrition in childhood in poor nations may lead to physical and mental stunting. * Discrimination of various kinds, such as [[age discrimination]], [[gender discrimination]], and [[racial discrimination]]. * Inadequate [[income]]. == Social and Psychological Consequence == Here are some possible effects of child poverty, some which may also be causations of poverty as mentioned above, thus conforming what's known as a "[[poverty cycle]]" and complicating the subject even further: * [[Human trafficking]] * [[Disease]]s and [[disabilities]]; low health care services * High [[crime]] rate * Increased risk of depression and [[suicides]] * Increased risk of political violence; such as [[terrorism]], [[war]] and [[genocide]] * [[Homelessness]] * Lack of opportunities for [[employment]] * Low [[literacy]] * Increased susceptibility to death from [[natural disasters]]. * Increased [[discrimination]] * Lower [[life expectancy]] * [[Drug abuse]] ==Debates about poverty== The underlying causes of poverty and the elimination thereof are a controversial, [[politicized issue]]. Advocates of a [[libertarian]] view may look to structural factors that prevent economic growth such as poorly protected property rights, lacking credit system, [[crime]], [[Political corruption|corruption]], [[rent seeking]], and harmful regulation which prevent economic efficiency. Those with more [[left wing]] views may see poverty as the result of different systemic factors. For instance, they may consider that poverty is caused by lack of opportunity (particularly in education), and that it is often the ''lack'' of government intervention which results in more poverty. They tend to believe that alleviating poverty is a matter of [[social justice]] and that it is the responsibility of the wealthy to help those in need. Most agree that education is part of the solution. If people waited until they could afford to have children, child poverty would be greatly reduced. ==References== * Atkinson, Anthony B. ''Poverty in Europe'' 1998 * Betson, David M., and Jennifer L. Warlick. "Alternative Historical Trends in Poverty." ''American Economic Review'' 88:348-51. 1998. in JSTOR * Brady, David "Rethinking the Sociological Measurement of Poverty" ''Social Forces'' 81#3 2003, pp. 715-751 Online in Project Muse. Abstract: Reviews shortcomings of the official U.S. measure; examines several theoretical and methodological advances in poverty measurement. Argues that ideal measures of poverty should: (1) measure comparative historical variation effectively; (2) be relative rather than absolute; (3) conceptualize poverty as social exclusion; (4) assess the impact of taxes, transfers, and state benefits; and (5) integrate the depth of poverty and the inequality among the poor. Next, this article evaluates sociological studies published since 1990 for their consideration of these criteria. This article advocates for three alternative poverty indices: the interval measure, the ordinal measure, and the sum of ordinals measure. Finally, using the Luxembourg Income Study, it examines the empirical patterns with these three measures, across advanced capitalist democracies from 1967 to 1997. Estimates of these poverty indices are made available. * Buhmann, Brigitte, Lee Rainwater, Guenther Schmaus, and Timothy M. Smeeding. 1988. "Equivalence Scales, Well-Being, Inequality, and Poverty: Sensitivity Estimates Across Ten Countries Using the Luxembourg Income Study (LIS) Database." Review of Income and Wealth 34:115-42. * Cox, W. Michael, and Richard Alm. ''Myths of Rich and Poor'' 1999 * Danziger, Sheldon H., and Daniel H. Weinberg. "The Historical Record: Trends in Family Income, Inequality, and Poverty." Pp. 18-50 in ''Confronting Poverty: Prescriptions for Change,'' edited by Sheldon H. Danziger, Gary D. Sandefur, and Daniel. H. Weinberg. Russell Sage Foundation. 1994. * Firebaugh, Glenn. "Empirics of World Income Inequality." ''American Journal of Sociology'' (2000) 104:1597-1630. in JSTOR * Gordon, David M. ''Theories of Poverty and Underemployment: Orthodox, Radical, and Dual Labor Market Perspectives.'' 1972. * Haveman, Robert H. ''Poverty Policy and Poverty Research.'' University of Wisconsin Press 1987. * John Iceland; ''Poverty in America: A Handbook'' University of California Press, 2003 * Alice O'Connor; "Poverty Research and Policy for the Post-Welfare Era" ''Annual Review of Sociology'', 2000 * Osberg, Lars, and Kuan Xu. "International Comparisons of Poverty Intensity: Index Decomposition and Bootstrap Inference." ''The Journal of Human Resources'' 2000. 35:51-81. * Paugam, Serge. "Poverty and Social Exclusion: A Sociological View." Pp. 41-62 in ;;The Future of European Welfare'', edited by Martin Rhodes and Yves Meny 1998. * Amartya Sen; ''Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation'' Oxford University Press, 1982 * Sen, Amartya. ''Development as Freedom'' (1999) * Smeeding, Timothy M., Michael O'Higgins, and Lee Rainwater. ''Poverty, Inequality and Income Distribution in Comparative Perspective.'' Urban Institute Press 1990. * Triest, Robert K. "Has Poverty Gotten Worse?" ''Journal of Economic Perspectives'' 1998. 12:97-114. == Publications and journals == *[http://www.journalofpoverty.org/ Journal of Poverty] *[http://www.tgfworld.org/friedman.htm Making India Shine, New York Times - Thomas L. Friedman] ==See also== {{commonscat|Poverty}} {{wikiquote}} *[[Cycle of poverty]] *[[Diseases of poverty]] *[[Economic inequality]] *[[Fuel poverty]] *[[Global justice]] *[[Hunger]] *[[Income disparity]] *[[International inequality]] *[[Minimum wage]] *[[Orphanage]] *[[Pauperism]] *[[Poverty threshold]] *[[Poverty in the United States]] *[[Social exclusion]] *[[Street children]] *[[Subsidized housing]] *[[The George Foundation]] *[[Working poor]] *[[Make Poverty History]] *[[The Hunger Site]] ===Organizations and campaigns=== * [http://www.nccp.org National Center for Children in Poverty] * [http://www.compassion.com Compassion International] * [http://www.tgfworld.org The George Foundation] * [[Global Call to Action Against Poverty]] (GCAP) * The [[Make Poverty History]] campaign * [[17 October: UN International Day for the Eradication of Poverty]](White Band Day 4) * [[Brooks World Poverty Institute]] * [[Center for Global Development]] * [[Child Poverty Action Group]] * Institute for Strategic Clarity Multi-stakeholder Study of Poverty in Guatemala * [[Mississippi Teacher Corps]] * [[World Food Day]] * [[Chronic Poverty Research Centre]] ==Etymology== The word "poor" came via [[Old French]] from [[Latin]] ''pauper'', and the word "poverty" came via Old French from Latin ''pauperitas''. Latin ''pauper'' came from from ''pau-'' = "small" and ''pario'' = "I give birth to" and originally would have referred to unproductive farmland or female livestock which failed to breed as much as wanted. ==Notes and References== {{reflist}} * [http://www.ruralpovertyportal.org/ Rural Poverty Portal] Powered by [[IFAD]] * [http://www.ciesin.columbia.edu/povmap/ Global Distribution of Poverty] Global poverty datasets and map collection * [http://www.reason.com/0603/fe.th.why.shtml ''Why Poor Countries are Poor''] * [http://www.yaleeconomicreview.com/issues/summer2006/sachs.php The End of Poverty] - an interview with Jeff Sachs - ''Yale Economic Review'' * [http://www.solvingpoverty.com Social Solutions to Poverty: America's Struggle to Build a Just Society], Scott Myers-Lipton, (2006). * [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12327a.htm ''Catholic Encyclopedia'' "Poverty and Pauperism"] * [http://www.antipovertycampaign.org/ The Anti-Poverty Campaign] * [http://topics.developmentgateway.org/poverty Poverty] on the [[Development gateway|Development Gateway]] portal * [http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTPOVERTY/0,,menuPK:336998~pagePK:149018~piPK:149093~theSitePK:336992,00.html Poverty] on the [[World Bank]] portal * {{dmoz|Society/Issues/Poverty/|Poverty}} * [[Unicef]] [http://www.unicef.org/sowc06/ State of the World's Children report 2006] on different kinds of child poverty. * [http://www.undp.org/poverty/ UNDP Poverty] * [http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/poverty/poverty.htm UN DESA - Poverty Eradication] * [http://www.cicred.org/Eng/Publications/content/1Seminars/Index.htm A CICRED book for download on poverty and human fertility] * [http://www.makepovertyhistory.org/ Make Poverty History] * Community Action Partnership [http://www.communityactionpartnership.com/] America's Poverty Fighting Network * [http://www.vega.org.uk/video/programme/87 Malaria Disease of Poverty, Andrew Speilman, Harvard University] Freeview video by the Vega Science Trust. * [http://www.omedia.org/Show_Article.asp?DynamicContentID=1799&MenuID=608&ThreadID=1014011 Education Is The Key To Reducing Poverty,] Omedia * [http://www.unmillenniumproject.org/press/press2.htm Poverty related Statistics by UN Millennium Project.] *[http://www.historyisaweapon.com/defcon1/georgecripov.html The Crime of Poverty by Henry George] ==External links== *[http://womennewsnetwork.net/2007/08/28/%e2%80%9ceducate-a-woman-you-educate-a-nation%e2%80%9d-%e2%80%93-south-africa-aims-to-improve-its-education-for-girls/ "Educate a Woman, You Educate a Nation" - South Africa Aims to Improve its Education for Girls] WNN - Women News Network. Aug. 28, 2007. Lys Anzia {{Link FA|vi}} [[Category:Affordable housing]] [[Category:Development]] [[Category:Development studies]] [[Category:Poverty| ]] [[Category:Social issues]] [[Category:Socioeconomics]] [[Category:Malnutrition]] [[Category:Economic problems]] [[bg:Бедност]] [[ca:Pobresa]] [[cs:Chudoba]] [[da:Fattigdom]] [[pdc:Aarmut]] [[de:Armut]] [[es:Pobreza]] [[fa:فقر]] [[fr:Pauvreté]] [[id:Kemiskinan]] [[he:עוני]] [[nl:Armoede]] [[ja:貧困]] [[no:Fattigdom]] [[pl:Bieda]] [[pt:Pobreza]] [[ru:Бедность]] [[simple:Poverty]] [[fi:Köyhyys]] [[sv:Fattigdom]] [[vi:Nghèo]] [[uk:Бідність]] [[zh:貧窮]]