Children's rights 701807 225856640 2008-07-15T18:48:28Z Crckids 7327477 /* Types of rights */ {{Rights}} '''Children's rights''' are the [[human rights]] of [[children]] with particular attention to the rights of special protection and care afforded to the young,<ref>[http://www.amnestyusa.org/Our_Issues/Children/page.do?id=1011016&n1=3&n2=78 "Children's Rights"], Amnesty International. Retrieved 2/23/08.</ref> including their right to association with both [[biological parent]]s, [[Human nature|human identity]] as well as the basic needs for food, universal state-paid education, health care and criminal laws appropriate for the age and development of the child.<ref>[http://www.canadiancrc.com/UN_CRC/UN_CRC.aspx "United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child"], Canadian Children's Rights Council. Retrieved 3/30/08.</ref> Applications of children's rights range from allowing children to do whatever they wish to the enforcement of children being physically, mentally and emotionally free from [[abuse]]. Other definitions include the rights to care and nurturing.<ref>Bandman, B. (1999) ''Children's Right to Freedom, Care, and Enlightenment.'' Routledge. p 67. </ref> "A child is any human being below the age of eighteen years, unless under the law applicable to the child, [[Age of majority|majority]] is attained earlier."<ref>(1989) [http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/UN_Convention_on_the_Rights_of_the_Child "Convention on the Rights of the Child"], United Nations. Retrieved 2/23/08.</ref> According to [[Cornell University]], a child is a person, not a ''subperson'', and the [[parent]] has absolute interest and possession of the child. The term "child" does not necessarily mean minor but can include adult children as well as adult nondependent children.<ref>[http://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/index.php/Children's_Rights "Children's Rights"], Cornell University Law School. Retrieved 2/23/08.</ref> There are no definitions of other terms used to describe young people such as "[[adolescent]]s", "teenagers," or "[[youth]]" in [[international law]].<ref>[http://www.hrea.org/index.php?base_id=81 "Children and youth"], Human Rights Education Association. Retrieved 2/23/08.</ref> The field of children's rights spans the fields of [[law]], [[politics]], [[religion]], and [[morality]]. ==Rationale== [[Image:Clock boy.jpg|thumb|A boy working as a "clock boy" on the streets of [[Merida, Mexico]].]] As [[Minor (law)|minors]] by law children do not have autonomy or the right to make decisions on their own for themselves. Instead their adult caregivers, including [[parent]]s, [[social worker]]s, [[teacher]]s, [[youth worker]]s and others, are vested with that authority depending on the circumstance the child is in.<ref>Lansdown, G. "Children's welfare and children's rights," in Hendrick, H. (2005) ''Child Welfare And Social Policy: An Essential Reader.'' The Policy Press. p. 117</ref> As applied to children these legal apparatuses are termed as "repressive state apparatuses", a concept which was originally coined by [[Louis Althusser]].<ref>Jenks, C. (1996) "Conceptual limitations," ''Childhood.'' New York: Routledge. p 43.</ref> Research has found that because of these legal structures children themselves feel powerless and with little control over their own lives, and believe that the power of this structure, as opposed to their [[age]] or [[child development|developmental ability]], causes them to be vulnerable.<ref>Lansdown, G. (1994). "Children's rights," in B. Mayall (ed.) ''Children's childhood: Observed and experienced.'' London: The Falmer Press. p 33.</ref> Structures such as government policy have been found to mask the ways adults abuse and exploit children, resulting in child [[poverty]], lack of educational opportunities, and child labor. Research has also identified children as a [[minority group]] towards whom society needs to reconsider the way it behaves.<ref>Thorne, B. (1987) "Re-Visioning Women and Social Change: Where Are the Children?" ''Gender & Society 1''(1) p. 85–109.</ref> Researchers have identified children as needing to be recognized as [[youth participation|participants in society]] whose rights and responsibilities need to be recognized at [[youth rights|all ages]].<ref>Lansdown, G. (1994). "Children's rights," in B. Mayall (ed.) ''Children's childhood: Observed and experienced.'' London: The Falmer Press. p 34.</ref> ==Historic definitions of children's rights== Consensus on defining children's rights has become clearer in the last twenty years.<ref>Franklin, B. (2001) ''The new handbook of children's rights: comparative policy and practice.'' Routledge. p 19.</ref> A 1973 publication by [[Hillary Clinton]] (then an attorney) stated that children's rights were a "slogan in need of a definition".<ref>Rodham, H. (1973). "Children Under the Law". Harvard Educational Review 43: 487–514.</ref> According to some researchers, the notion of children’s rights is still not well defined, with at least one proposing that there is no singularly accepted definition or theory of the rights held by children.<ref>Mangold, S.V. (2002) [http://www.nesl.edu/lawrev/Vol36/1/Mangold.pdf "Transgressing the Border Between Protection and Empowerment for Domestic Violence Victims and Older Children: Empowerment as Protection in the Foster Care System,"] New England School of Law. Retrieved 4/3/08.</ref> [[Children’s rights law]] is defined as the point where the law intersects with a child’s life. That includes [[juvenile delinquency]], [[due process]] for children involved in the criminal justice system, appropriate representation, and effective rehabilitative services; care and protection for children in state care; ensuring education for all children regardless of their origin, race, gender, disabilities, or abilities, and; health care and advocacy.<ref>Ahearn, D., Holzer, B. with Andrews, L. (2000, 2007) ''[http://www.law.harvard.edu/students/opia/docs/guide-children-rights.pdf Children's Rights Law: A Career Guide]''. Harvard Law School. Retrieved 2/23/08.</ref> ==Types of rights== Children's rights are defined in numerous ways, including a wide spectrum of civil, cultural, economic, social and political rights. Rights tend to be of two general types: those advocating for children as [[autonomy|autonomous persons]] under the law and those placing a claim on society for protection from harms perpetrated on children because of their dependency. These have been labeled as the '''right of empowerment''' and as the '''right to protection'''.<ref>Mangold, S.V. (2002) [http://www.nesl.edu/lawrev/Vol36/1/Mangold.pdf "Transgressing the Border Between Protection and Empowerment for Domestic Violence Victims and Older Children: Empowerment as Protection in the Foster Care System,"] New England School of Law. Retrieved 4/3/08.</ref> One Canadian organization categorizes children's rights into three categories: * '''Provision''': Children have the right to an adequate [[standard of living]], [[health care]], [[education]] and services, and to [[Play (activity)|play]]. These include a [[balanced diet]], a warm bed to sleep in, and access to [[schooling]]. * '''Protection''': Children have the right to protection from [[abuse]], neglect, exploitation and discrimination. This includes the right to safe places for children to play; constructive child rearing behavior, and acknowledgment of the [[evolving capacities]] of children. * '''Participation''': Children have the right to [[youth participation|participate in communities]] and have [[youth program|programs and services]] for themselves. This includes children's involvement in libraries and community programs, [[youth voice]] activities, and involving children as decision-makers.<ref>[http://www.cfc-efc.ca/docs/cccf/rs064_en.htm "Respecting children's rights at home"], Children and Families in Canada. Retrieved 2/23/08.</ref><ref>(1997) "Children's rights in the Canadian context", ''Interchange. 8''(1-2). Springer.</ref> In a similar fashion, the [[Child Rights Information Network]], or CRIN for short, categorizes rights into two groups:<ref>[http://www.crin.org/resources/infoDetail.asp?ID=13423 "A-Z of Children's Rights"], Children's Rights Information Network. Retrieved 2/23/08.</ref> <ref>Freeman, M. (2000) "The Future of Children's Rights," ''Children & Society. 14''(4) p 277-93.</ref> * '''Economic, social and cultural rights''', related to the conditions necessary to meet basic human needs such as food, shelter, education, health care, and gainful employment. Included are rights to [[education]], adequate housing, food, water, the highest attainable [[standard of health]], the [[right to work]] and rights at work, as well as the [[cultural rights]] of minorities and indigenous peoples. * '''Environmental, cultural and developmental rights''', which are sometimes called "[[third generation rights]]," and including the right to live in safe and healthy environments and that groups of people have the right to cultural, political, and economic development. [[Amnesty International]] openly advocates four particular children's rights, including the end to [[incarceration|juvenile incarceration]] without [[parole]], an end to the recruitment of [[military use of children]], ending the [[death penalty]] for people under 21, and raising awareness of [[student rights|human rights in the classroom]].<ref>[http://www.amnestyusa.org/Our_Issues/Children/page.do?id=1011016&n1=3&n2=78 "Children's Rights"], Amnesty International. Retrieved 2/23/08.</ref> [[Human Rights Watch]], an international advocacy organization, includes [[child labor]], [[juvenile justice]], [[orphan]]s and abandoned children, [[refugee]]s, [[street children]] and [[corporal punishment]].<ref>[http://www.hrw.org/children/child-legal.htm "Children's Rights"], Human Rights Watch. Retrieved 2/23/08.</ref> Scholarly study generally focuses children's rights by identifying individual rights. The following rights "allow children to grow up healthy and free":<ref>Calkins, C.F. (1972) "Reviewed Work: Children's Rights: Toward the Liberation of the Child by Paul Adams", ''Peabody Journal of Education. 49''(4). p. 327.</ref> * [[Freedom of speech]] * Freedom of [[thought]] * Freedom from [[fear]] * [[Freedom of choice]] and the [[Decision making|right to make decisions]] * Ownership over one's body ===Difference between children's rights and youth rights=== {{main|Youth rights}} "In the majority of jurisdictions, for instance, children are not allowed to vote, to marry, to buy alcohol, to have sex, or to engage in paid employment."<ref>[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/rights-children/ "Children's Rights"], ''Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.'' Retrieved 2/23/08.</ref> Within the [[youth rights movement]], it is believed that the key difference between ''children's'' rights and ''[[youth rights|youth]]'' rights is that children's rights supporters generally advocate the establishment and enforcement of protection for children and youths, while youth rights (a far smaller movement) generally advocates the expansion of freedom for children and/or youths and of rights such as [[suffrage]].{{fact|date=February 2008}} ===Parenting and children's rights=== {{See also|Parents' rights movement}} Parenting is commonly identified as an essential children's right.<ref>See Article 9 of the [[United Nations]] [[Convention on the Rights of the Child]], upon which 192 countries worldwide have signed onto.</ref> This includes the notion that children should not be denied relationships and benefits provided by the relationships and upbringing afforded by their biological parents. The only exception is unless the government must interfere for the purpose of protecting a child from [[Child abuse|parental abuse]] or [[neglect]]. These cases are generally addressed by an immediate judicial review with the caveat that "all interested parties shall be given an opportunity to participate in the proceedings and make their views known".<ref>[http://www.canadiancrc.com/Family_Law/ "Family law - A child's right to a continued relationship with both parents."] Canadian Children's Rights Council. Retrieved March 29, 2008.</ref> [[Parent]]s affect the lives of children in a unique way, and as such their role in children's rights has to be distinguished in a particular way. Particular issues in the child-parent relationship include [[child neglect]], [[child abuse]], [[freedom of choice]], [[corporal punishment]] and [[child custody]].<ref>Brownlie, J. and Anderson, S. (2006) "'Beyond Anti-Smacking': Rethinking parent–child relations," ''Childhood. 13''(4) p 479-498.</ref> <ref>Cutting, E. (1999) "Giving Parents a Voice: A Children's Rights Issue," ''Rightlines. 2'' ERIC #ED428855.</ref> There have been theories offered that provide parents with rights-based practices that resolve the tension between "commonsense parenting" and children's rights.<ref>Brennan, S. and Noggle, R. (1997) "The Moral Status of Children: Children's Rights, Parent's Rights, and Family Justice," ''Social Theory and Practice. 23.''</ref> The issue is particularly relevant in legal proceedings affect the potential [[emancipation of minors]], and in cases where children sue their parents.<ref>Kaslow, FW (1990) Children who sue parents: A new form of family homicide? ''Journal of Marital and Family Therapy. 16''(2) p 151–163.</ref> A child's rights to a relationship with both their parents is increasingly recognized as an important factor for determining the [[best interests of the child]] in [[divorce]] and [[child custody]] proceedings. Some governments have enacted laws creating a [[rebuttable presumption]] that [[shared parenting]] is in the [[best interests]] of children.<ref>[http://www.fact.on.ca/ "What is equal shared parenting?"] Fathers Are Capable Too: Parenting Association. Retrieved 2/24/08.</ref> ==Movement== {{main|Children's rights movement}} The 1796 publication of [[Thomas Spence]]'s ''The Rights of Infants'' is among the earliest English-language assertions of the rights of children. Throughout the 1900s children's rights activists organized for homeless children's rights and [[public education]]. The 1927 publication of ''The Child's Right to Respect'' by [[Janusz Korczak]] strengthened the literature surrounding the field, and today dozens of international organizations are working around the world to promote children's rights. ===Opposition=== The opposition to children's rights far outdates any current trend in society, with recorded statements against the rights of children dating to the 1200s and earlier.<ref>Starr, RH (1975) ''Children's Rights: Countering the Opposition.'' Paper presented at the 83rd Annual Meeting of the [[American Psychological Association]] in Chicago, Illinois, Aug. 30-Sept. 3, 1975. ERIC ID# ED121416.</ref> Opponents to children's rights believe that young people need to be [[Protectionism|protected]] from the [[adultcentrism|adultcentric]] world, including the decisions and responsibilities of that world.<ref>DeLamater, J.D. (2003) ''Handbook of Social Psychology.'' Springer. p 150.</ref> In the dominate adult society, childhood is idealized as a time of innocence, a time free of responsibility and conflict, and a time dominated by play.<ref>Lansdown, G. (1994). "Children's rights," in B. Mayall (ed.) ''Children's childhood: Observed and experienced.'' London: The Falmer Press. (p 33-34).</ref> The majority of opposition stems from concerns related to [[national sovereignty]], [[states' rights]], the parent-child relationship.<ref>[http://www.amnestyusa.org/children/crn_faq.html "Frequently Asked Questions about Children's Rights"], Amnesty International USA. Retrieved 2/24/08.</ref> Financial constraints and the "undercurrent of traditional values in opposition to children's rights" are cited, as well.<ref>Covell, K. and Howe, R.B. (2001) ''The Challenge of Children's Rights for Canada. Wilfrid Laurier University Press. p 158.</ref> The concept of children's rights has received little attention in the United States.<ref>Mason, M.A. (2005) [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2005/is_4_38/ai_n15681379 "The U.S. and the international children's rights crusade: leader or laggard?"] ''Journal of Social History.'' Summer.</ref> ==International law== {{see|Children's rights in Mali|Children's rights in Chile|Children's rights in Colombia}} The [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]] is seen as a basis for all international legal standards for children's rights today. There are several conventions and laws that addressing children's rights around the world. A number of current and historical documents affect those rights, including the 1923 [[Declaration of the Rights of the Child]], endorsed by the [[League of Nations]] and adopted by the [[United Nations]] in 1946. It later served as the basis for the Convention on the Rights of the Child. ===Convention on the Rights of the Child=== {{main|Convention on the Rights of the Child}} The [[United Nations]]' 1989 [[Convention on the Rights of the Child]], or CRC, is the first legally binding international instrument to incorporate the full range of human rights—civil, cultural, economic, political and social rights. Its implementation is monitored by the [[Committee on the Rights of the Child]]. National governments that ratify it commit themselves to protecting and ensuring children's rights, and agree to hold themselves accountable for this commitment before the international community.<ref>[http://www.unicef.org/crc/ Convention on the Rights of the Child], UNICEF. Retrieved 4/3/08.</ref> The CRC, along with international criminal accountability mechanisms such as the [[International Criminal Court]], the [[Yugoslavia Tribunal|Yugoslavia]] and [[Rwanda Tribunal]]s, and the [[Special Court for Sierra Leone]], is said to have significantly increased the profile of children's rights worldwide.<ref>Arts, K, Popvoski, V, ''et al.'' (2006) ''International Criminal Accountability and the Rights of Children''. "From Peace to Justice Series". London: Cambridge University Press. ISBN-13: 9789067042277.</ref> The most controversial tenets of the Convention are the [[youth participation|participatory rights]] granted to children.<ref>Mason, M.A. (2005) [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2005/is_4_38/ai_n15681379 "The U.S. and the international children's rights crusade: leader or laggard?"] ''Journal of Social History.'' Summer.</ref> The Convention champions [[youth voice]] in new ways. Article 12 states: :"Parties shall assure to the child who is capable of forming his or her own views the right to express those views freely in all matters affecting the child, the views of the child being given due weight in accordance with the age and maturity of the child ... the child shall in particular be provided the opportunity to be heard in any judicial and administrative proceedings affecting the child..."<ref>[http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/UN_Convention_on_the_Rights_of_the_Child#Article_12 "Article 12"]. ''Convention on the Rights of the Child.'' Retrieved 4/3/08.</ref> The USA and Somalia are the only countries which have failed to ratify that agreement.<ref>Arts, K. and Popovski, V. (2006) ''International Criminal Accountability and the Rights of Children.'' Cambridge Press.</ref> Most often Americans dismiss the CRC with the reasoning that the nation already has in place everything the treaty espouses, and that it would make no practical difference.<ref>Mason, M.A. (2005) [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2005/is_4_38/ai_n15681379 "The U.S. and the international children's rights crusade: leader or laggard?"] ''Journal of Social History.'' Summer.</ref> Much of the opposition to children's rights in the United States is currently expressed towards the Convention on the Rights of the Child, with US President [[George W. Bush]] explaining in 2001: :"The Convention on the Rights of the Child may be a positive tool for promoting child welfare for those countries that have adopted it. But we believe the text goes too far when it asserts entitlements based on economic, social and cultural rights.... The human rights-based approach... poses significant problems as used in this text."<ref>Anderson, MJ (2001) [ "Bush team signals new U.N. direction, Decries 'erosion of parental authority' in internationalization of family policy"], WorldNetDaily.com. February 02, 2001. Retrieved 2/24/08.</ref> Several conservative religious organizations in the United States oppose parts of the [[Convention on the Rights of the Child]]. These organizations include the [[Christian Coalition]], [[Concerned Women for America]], [[Eagle Forum]], [[Family Research Council]], [[Focus on the Family]], the [[John Birch Society]], the [[National Center for Home Education]],<ref>[http://childrightscampaign.org/documents/OppositiontotheCRC-ExploringCounterargumentandClarification_000.pdf Opposition to the Convention on the Rights of the Child]. Children's Rights Campaign. Retrieved 4/3/08.</ref> [[Home School Legal Defense Association]]<ref>Klicka, C.J. and Estrada, W.A. [http://www.hslda.org/docs/nche/000000/00000020.asp "The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child: The Most Dangerous Attack on Parents’ Rights In the History of the United States"], Home School Legal Defense Association. Retrieved 4/3/08.</ref> and the [[Rutherford Institute]].<ref>[http://www.amnestyusa.org/children/crn_faq.html "Frequently Asked Questions about Children's Rights"], Amnesty International USA. Retrieved 2/24/08.</ref> The [[United States Senate]] has repeatedly rebuffed attempts to ratify the agreement as well, with 26 senators signing a 1995 resolution stating, :"...the Convention’s intrusion into national sovereignty was manifested by the Convention’s 1995 committee report faulting the United Kingdom for permitting parents to make decisions for their children without consulting those children... The President should not sign and transmit to the Senate that fundamentally flawed convention." Other religious<ref>Cale, J. [http://www.ewtn.com/library/ISSUES/FREEBOND.TXT The Convention on the Rights of the Child: Freedom or Bondage?"] EWTN Global Catholic Network. Retrieved 4/3/08.</ref> and social organizations opponents oppose the Convention on the basis of [[parental rights]]. According to one organization the CRC, "is capable of attacking the very core of the child-parent relationship, removing parents from their central role in the growth and development of a child, and replacing them with the long arm of government supervision within the home."<ref>[http://www.parentalrights.org/learn/the-attack-on-parental-rights/international-law "The threat from international law."] ParentalRights.org. Retrieved 4/3/08.</ref> ===Enforcement=== A variety of enforcement organizations and mechanisms exist to ensure children's rights and the successful implementation of the [[Union. They include the Child Rights Caucus for the [[United Nations General Assembly]] Special Session on Children. It was set up to promote full implementation and compliance with the Convention on the Rights of the Child, and to ensure that child rights were given priority during the UN General Assembly Special Session on Children and its Preparatory process. The [[United Nations Human Rights Council]] was created "with the hope that it could be more objective, credible and efficient in denouncing human rights violations worldwide than the highly politicised Commission on Human Rights." The NGO Group for the Convention on the Rights of the Child is a coalition of international [[non-governmental organisation]]s originally formed in 1983 to facilitate the implementation of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child. Many countries around the world have children's rights [[ombudsman|ombudspeople]] or children's commissioners whose official, governmental duty is to represent the interests of the public by investigating and addressing complaints reported by individual citizens regarding children's rights. Children's ombudspeople can also work for a corporation, a newspaper, an NGO, or even for the general public. ===United States law=== {{see|Timeline of children's rights in the United States}} {{see|Child labor laws in the United States}} Children are generally afforded the basic rights embodied by the Constitution, as enshrined by the [[Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution]]. The [[Equal Protection Clause]] of that amendment is to apply to children, born within a marriage or not, but excludes children not yet born.<ref>[http://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/index.php/Children's_Rights "Children's Rights"], Cornell University Law School. Retrieved 2/23/08.</ref> This was reinforced by the landmark [[US Supreme Court]] decision of ''[[In re Gault]]''. In this trial 15-year-old Gerald Gault of Arizona was taken into custody by local police after being accused of making an obscene telephone call. He was detained and committed to the Arizona State Industrial School until he reached the age of 21 for making an obscene phone call to an adult neighbor. In an 8-1 decision, the Court ruled that in hearings which could result in commitment to an institution, people under the age of 18 have the right to notice and counsel, to question witnesses, and to protection against self-incrimination. The Court found that the procedures used in Gault's hearing met none of these requirements.<ref>[http://www.constitutioncenter.org/PressRoom/PressReleases/2007_10_17_18219.shtml "Children's Rights Under the Constitution Discussed at the National Constitution Center,"] Retrieved 2/27/08.</ref> There are other concerns in the United States regarding children's rights. The American Academy of Adoption Attorneys is concerned with children's rights to a safe, supportive and stable family structure. Their position on children's rights in adoption cases states that, "children have a constitutionally based liberty interest in the protection of their established families, rights which are at least equal to, and we believe outweigh, the rights of others who would claim a 'possessory' interest in these children."<ref>[http://www.adoptionattorneys.org/information/children_rights.htm AAAA Position on Children's Rights in Adoption.] Retrieved 2/27/08.</ref> Other issues raised in American children's rights advocacy include children's rights to inheritance in [[same-sex marriage]]s and [[History of youth rights in the United States|particular rights for youth]]. ==See also== {{sisterlinks|Children's rights}} * [[International Children's Peace Prize]] * [[National Action Plan for Children]] * [[Red Hand Day]] * [[World's Children's Prize for the Rights of the Child]] * [[New Jersey v. T.L.O.]] (U.S. Supreme Court case on the privacy rights of public school students) ===Issues=== {{main|List of articles related to children's rights}} {{see|List of articles related to youth rights}} ===Children's rights organizations=== {{see|List of children's rights organizations by country}} {{see|:Category:Children's rights bodies}} <!-- DO NOT INSERT ORGANIZATIONS HERE. See the above articles, and add ONLY notable organizations. --> ==References== {{reflist|2}} ==External links== {{Sisterlinks|Children's rights}} * [http://www.smilefoundationindia.org/child_rights.htm] * [http://www.ansarburney.org/news/n13.html Quake orphans "adopted" for Jihad] * [http://www.mises.org/story/2568 Children and Rights] By [[Murray N. Rothbard]] * [http://thomas-spence-society.co.uk/4.html Spence. T. 1796 ''The Rights of Infants''] * [http://www.ansarburney.org/news/n80.html Trafficked child dies in prison, other victims are sentenced to jail] * [http://www.ansarburney.org/news/n12.html 2 year old sentenced to 3 years imprisonment] * [http://www.ansarburney.org/news/n8.html 12 year old girl being forced into marriage with 50 year old man] * [http://www.ibcr.org/ International Bureau of Children's Rights] ===Bibliography=== * [http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGAFR590132005?open&of=ENG-364 "UGANDA: Child 'Night Commuters'"]. Amnesty International. * [http://www.crin.org/resources/infodetail.asp?id=9818 "Sri Lankan Army Warns Children can be Targets"]. CRIN. * [http://www.reproductiverights.org/pdf/pub_bp_implementingadoles.pdf Implementing Adolescent Reproductive Rights Through the Convention on the Rights of the Child"]. Center for Reproductive Rights. * [http://www.hrw.org/reports/2006/afghanistan0706/ "Lessons in Terror: Attacks on Education in Afghanistan"]. Human Rights Watch. * [http://hrw.org/english/docs/2006/06/15/burund13554.htm "Burundi: Former Child Soldiers Languish in Custody"]. Human Rights Watch. * [http://hrw.org/english/docs/2006/01/29/saudia12546.htm "Saudi Arabia: Follow U.N. Call to End Juvenile Death Penalty"]. Human Rights Watch. * [http://hrw.org/english/docs/2005/10/12/usdom11835.htm "United States: Thousands of Children Sentenced to Life without Parole"]. Human Rights Watch. * "[http://hrw.org/reports/2006/drc0406/ What Future: Street Children in the Democratic Republic of Congo]." Human Rights Watch. {{Family rights}} [[Category:Children's rights| ]] [[Category:Human rights]] [[fa:حقوق کودکان]]