Chimpanzee 78882 225877575 2008-07-15T20:41:24Z DeadEyeArrow 340124 /* Chimps in laboratories */ replace EL with wikilink, added proper ref. {{pp-semi-vandalism|small=yes}} {{Taxobox | name = Chimpanzees<ref name=MSW3>{{MSW3 Groves|pages=182-183}}</ref> | image = South Djoum Chimp.jpg | image_width = 250px | image_caption = [[Common Chimpanzee]]<br>in [[Cameroon]]'s [[South Province, Cameroon|South Province]] | regnum = [[Animal]]ia | phylum = [[Chordata]] | classis = [[Mammal]]ia | ordo = [[Primate]]s | familia = [[Hominidae]] | subfamilia = [[Homininae]] | tribus = [[Hominini]] | subtribus = '''Panina''' | genus = '''''Pan''''' | genus_authority = [[Lorenz Oken|Oken]], 1816 | type_species = ''[[Common Chimpanzee|Simia troglodytes]]'' | type_species_authority = [[Johann Friedrich Blumenbach|Blumenbach]], 1775 | range_map = Pan spp range map.png | range_map_width = 250px | range_map_caption = distribution of ''Pan spp.'' | subdivision_ranks = [[Species]] | subdivision = ''[[Common Chimpanzee|Pan troglodytes]]''<br/> ''[[Bonobo|Pan paniscus]]'' }} '''Chimpanzee''', often shortened to '''chimp''', is the common name for the two [[Extant taxon|extant]] [[species]] of [[ape]]s in the [[genus]] '''''Pan'''''. The better known chimpanzee is ''Pan troglodytes'', the [[Common Chimpanzee]], living primarily in [[West Africa|West]], and [[Central Africa]]. Its cousin, the [[Bonobo]] or "Pygmy Chimpanzee" as it is known archaically, ''Pan paniscus'', is found in the forests of the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]. The [[Congo River]] forms the boundary between the two species.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Pan_troglodytes.html |title= ADW:Pan troglodytes:information|accessdate=2007-08-11 |work=Animal Diversity Web (University of Michigan Museum of Zoology)}}</ref> Chimpanzees are members of the [[Hominidae]] family, along with [[gorilla]]s, [[human]]s, and [[orangutan]]s, and the two chimpanzee species are the closest living relatives to humans. ==Measurements== A fully grown adult male chimpanzee can weigh from 35-70&nbsp;kilograms (75-155&nbsp;[[Pound (mass)|lb]]) and stand 0.9-1.2&nbsp;metres (3-4&nbsp;ft) tall, while females usually weigh 26-50&nbsp;kg (57-110&nbsp;lb) and stand 0.66-1&nbsp;m (2-3½&nbsp;ft) tall. ==Lifespan== Chimpanzees rarely live past the age of 40 in the wild, but have been known to reach the age of more than 60 in captivity. [[Cheeta]], star of ''[[Tarzan]]'' is still alive as of 2008 at the age of 76, making him the oldest known chimpanzee in the world.<ref>{{cite web | author = Moehringer, J.R. | title = Cheeta speaks | url = http://www.latimes.com/features/printedition/magazine/la-tm-cheeta16apr22,0,3519768.story?page=1&coll=la-home-magazine | date = [[2007-04-22]] | accessdate = 2007-04-22 | work = [http://www.latimes.com Los Angeles Times]}}</ref> ==Chimpanzee differences== [[Image:Bonobo 009.jpg|left|thumb|Bonobo]] Anatomical differences between the Common Chimpanzee and the Bonobo are slight, but in sexual and social behaviour there are marked differences. Common Chimpanzees have an [[omnivore|omnivorous]] [[diet (nutrition)|diet]], a troop [[predation|hunting]] culture based on beta males led by an [[alpha male]], and highly complex social relationships. Bonobos, on the other hand, have a mostly [[frugivorous]] diet and an [[egalitarian]], [[nonviolent]], [[matriarchal]], sexually receptive behaviour.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bio.davidson.edu/people/vecase/Behavior/Spring2004/laird/Social%20Organization.htm |title=Bonobo social spacing |author=Courtney Laird |accessdate=2008-03-10 |work=Davidson College }}</ref> The exposed skin of the face, hands and feet varies from pink to very dark in both species, but is generally lighter in younger individuals, darkening as maturity is reached. Bonobos have proportionately longer upper limbs and tend to walk upright more often than the Common Chimpanzee. A University of Chicago Medical Centre study has found significant genetic differences between chimpanzee populations.<ref>{{cite news | first= | last= | coauthors= | title=Gene study shows three distinct groups of chimpanzees | date=2007-04-20 | publisher= | url =http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2007-04/uocm-gss042007.php | work =EurekAlert | pages = | accessdate = 2007-04-23 | language = }}</ref> Different groups of Chimpanzees also have different cultural behaviour with preferences for types of tools.<ref> {{cite web |url=http://www.janegoodall.com/chimp_central/chimpanzees/behavior/default.asp |title=Chimp Behavior |accessdate=2007-08-11 |publisher=Jane Goodall Institute}}</ref> ==History of human interaction== [[African]]s have had contact with chimpanzees for millennia. Chimpanzees have been kept as [[domesticated]] [[pet]]s for centuries in a few African villages, especially in [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Congo]]. The first recorded contact of Europeans with chimps took place in present-day [[Angola]] during the 1600s. The diary of [[Portugal|Portuguese]] explorer [[Duarte Pacheco Pereira]] (1506), preserved in the Portuguese National Archive (Torre do Tombo), is probably the first European document to acknowledge that chimpanzees built their own rudimentary tools. The first use of the name "chimpanzee", however, did not occur until 1738. The name is derived from a [[Tshiluba language]] term "kivili-chimpenze", which is the local name for the animal and translates loosely as "mockman" or possibly just "ape". The colloquialism "''chimp''" was most likely coined some time in the late 1870s{{Fact|date=February 2007}}. Biologists applied ''Pan'' as the genus name of the animal. Chimps as well as other apes had also been purported to have been known to Western writers in ancient times, but mainly as myths and legends on the edge of Euro-Arabic societal consciousness, mainly through fragmented and sketchy accounts of European adventurers. Apes are mentioned variously by [[Aristotle]], as well as the [[Bible]], where apes and [[baboon]]s are described as having been collected by [[Solomon]] in [[1 Kings]] 10:22. When chimpanzees first began arriving on the European continent, European scientists noted the inaccuracy of some ancient descriptions, which often reported that chimpanzees had horns and hooves{{Fact|date=December 2007}}. The first of these early transcontinental chimpanzees came from Angola and were presented as a gift to [[Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange]] in 1640, and were followed by a few of its brethren over the next several years. Scientists who examined these rare specimens were baffled{{Fact|date=February 2007}}, and described these first chimpanzees as "[[pygmies]]", and noted the animals' distinct similarities to humans. The next two decades would see a number of the creatures imported into Europe, mainly acquired by various zoological gardens as entertainment for visitors. [[Charles Darwin|Darwin's]] [[theory of evolution]] (published in 1859) spurred scientific interest in chimpanzees, as in much of [[life science]], leading eventually to numerous studies of the animals in the wild and captivity. The observers of chimpanzees at the time were mainly interested in [[behaviour]] as it related to that of humans. This was less strictly and disinterestedly scientific than it might sound, with much attention being focused on whether or not the animals had traits that could be considered 'good'; the intelligence of chimpanzees was often significantly exaggerated.{{Fact|date=December 2007}} At one point there was even a scheme drawn up to [[domestication|domesticate]] chimpanzees in order to have them perform various menial tasks (i.e. factory work){{Fact|date=February 2007}}. By the end of the 1800s chimpanzees remained very much a mystery to humans, with very little factual scientific information available. [[Image:Lightmatter chimp.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Chimpanzee at the [[Los Angeles Zoo]]]] The 20th century saw a new age of scientific research into chimpanzee behaviour. Before 1960, almost nothing was known about chimpanzee behaviour in their natural habitat. In July of that year, [[Jane Goodall]] set out to [[Tanzania]]'s [[Gombe Stream National Park|Gombe]] forest to live among the chimpanzees. Her discovery that chimpanzees made and used tools was groundbreaking, as humans were previously believed to be the only species to do so. The most progressive early studies on chimpanzees were spearheaded primarily by Wolfgang Köhler and Robert Yerkes, both of whom were renowned psychologists. Both men and their colleagues established laboratory studies of chimpanzees focused specifically on learning about the intellectual abilities of chimpanzees, particularly [[problem-solving]]. This typically involved basic, practical tests on laboratory chimpanzees, which required a fairly high intellectual capacity (such as how to solve the problem of acquiring an out-of-reach banana). Notably, Yerkes also made extensive observations of chimpanzees in the wild which added tremendously to the scientific understanding of chimpanzees and their behaviour. Yerkes studied chimpanzees until [[World War II]], while Köhler concluded five years of study and published his famous ''Mentality of Apes'' in 1925 (which is coincidentally when Yerkes ''began'' his analyses), eventually concluding that "chimpanzees manifest intelligent behaviour of the general kind familiar in human beings ... a type of behaviour which counts as specifically human" (1925).<ref name=goodall>{{cite book | last = Goodall | first = Jane | authorlink = Jane Goodall | year = 1986 | title = The Chimpanzees of Gombe: Patterns of Behavior | id = ISBN 0-674-11649-6}}</ref> Common Chimpanzees have been known to attack humans on occasion.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.pulsejournal.com/featr/content/shared/news/stories/CHIMP_ATTACK_0427_COX.html | title = Texas man saves friend during fatal chimp attack | accessdate = 2006-06-27 | author = Claire Osborn | [[2006-04-27]] | work = [http://www.pulsejournal.com/ The Pulse Journal]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Chimp attack kills cabbie and injures tourists | url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/international/story/0,,1760554,00.html | publisher = [http://www.guardian.co.uk The Guardian] | accessdate = 2006-06-27 | date = [[2006-04-25]]}}</ref> There have been many attacks in Uganda by chimpanzees against human children; the results are sometimes fatal for the children. Some of these attacks are presumed to be due to chimpanzees being intoxicated (from alcohol obtained from rural brewing operations) and mistaking human children<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.primates.com/chimps/drunk-n-disorderly.html | title = 'Drunk and Disorderly' Chimps Attacking Ugandan Children | accessdate = 2006-06-27 | date = [[2004-02-09]]}}</ref> for the [[Western Red Colobus]], one of their favourite meals.<ref> {{cite web | url = http://virus.stanford.edu/filo/eboci.html | title =Ebola Cote D'Ivoire Outbreaks | publisher = [[Stanford University]] | year = 1999 | author = Tara Waterman | accessdate = 2008-03-24}}</ref> The dangers of careless human interactions with chimpanzees are only aggravated by the fact that many chimpanzees perceive humans as potential rivals,<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/7087194/ | title = Chimp attack doesn’t surprise experts | accessdate = 2006-06-27 | date = [[2005-03-05]] | work = [http://www.msnbc.msn.com/ MSNBC]}}</ref> and by the fact that the average chimpanzee has over 5 times the upper-body strength of a human male.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://answers.google.com/answers/threadview?id=559145 | title = Re: Chimpanzee strength | accessdate = 2008-02-21 | date = [[2005-08-23]] | work = [http://answers.google.com Google Answers]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.straightdope.com/classics/a1_001b.html | title = Can a 90-lb. chimp clobber a full-grown man? | accessdate = 2006-06-27 | date = [[1976-09-10]] | work = [http://www.straightdope.com The Straight Dope]}}</ref> As a result virtually any angered chimpanzee can easily overpower and potentially kill even a fully grown man, as shown by the attack and near death of former [[NASCAR]] driver [[Saint James Davis]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2005-03-04-chimp-attack_x.htm | title = Birthday party turns bloody when chimps attack | accessdate = 2006-06-27 | date = [[2005-03-04]] | work = [http://www.usatoday.com/ USATODAY]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = The Animal Within | accessdate = 2006-06-27 | url = http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/05/23/AR2005052301819.html | date = [[2005-05-24]] | author = Amy Argetsinger | work = [http://www.washingtonpost.com The Washington Post]}}</ref> The August, 2008, issue of the ''American Journal of Primatology'' reports results of a year-long study of chimpanzees in Tanzania’s Mahale Mountains National Park which produced evidence that chimpanzees are becoming sick from viral infectious diseases they have likely contracted from humans. Molecular, microscopic and epidemiological investigations demonstrated that the chimpanzees living at Mahale Mountains National Park have been suffering from a respiratory disease that is likely caused by a variant of a human paramyxovirus.<ref>[http://newswise.com/articles/view/541407/ Newswise: Researchers Find Human Virus in Chimpanzees] Retrieved on June 5, 2008.</ref> ==Intelligence== [[Image:chimpanzee mom and baby.jpg|thumb|Chimpanzee mother and baby.]] Chimpanzees make tools and use them to acquire foods and for social displays; they have sophisticated hunting strategies requiring cooperation, influence and rank; they are status conscious, manipulative and capable of deception; they can learn to use symbols and understand aspects of human language including some relational syntax, concepts of number and numerical sequence. <ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.indiana.edu/~origins/teach/A105/lectures/A105L12.html | title = Chimpanzee intelligence | publisher = [[Indiana University]] | accessdate = 2008-03-24 | date = [[2000-02-23]]}}</ref> Young chimpanzees have outperformed human college students in tasks requiring remembering numbers.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn12993-chimps-outperform-humans-at-memory-task.html | title = Chimps outperform humans at memory task | publisher = [[New Scientist]] | date = [[2007-12-03]] | accessdate = 2008-03-24 |author = Rowan Hooper}} </ref> ===Tool use=== Modern chimpanzees use tools, and recent research indicates that chimpanzee stone tool use dates to at least 4300 years ago.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Julio Mercader, Huw Barton, Jason Gillespie, Jack Harris, Steven Kuhn, Robert Tyler, Christophe Boesch | year = 2007 | title = 4300-year-old Chimpanzee Sites and the Origins of Percussive Stone Technology | journal = PNAS | volume = Feb | pages = }}</ref> A recent study revealed the use of such advanced tools as spears, which [[Common Chimpanzee]]s in [[Senegal]] sharpen with their teeth, being used to spear [[Senegal Bushbaby|Senegal Bushbabies]] out of small holes in trees.<ref>{{cite web | author = Fox, M. | title = Hunting chimps may change view of human evolution | url = http://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20070222/sc_nm/chimps_hunting_dc | accessdate = 2007-02-22 | date = [[2007-02-22]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iastate.edu/~nscentral/news/2007/feb/chimpstools.shtml |title=ISU anthropologist's study is first to report chimps hunting with tools |accessdate=2007-08-11 |last= |first= |authorlink= |coauthors= |date=2007-02-22 |publisher=Iowa State University News Service}} </ref> Before the discovery of tool use in chimps, it was believed that humans were the only [[species]] to make and use tools, but several other [[:Category:Tool-using species|tool-using species]] are now known.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.livescience.com/animals/070212_chimp_tools.html |title=Chimps Learned Tool Use Long Ago Without Human Help |accessdate=2007-08-11 |last=Whipps |first=Heather |date=2007-02-12 |publisher=LiveScience ||archiveurl= |archivedate= |quote= }} </ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://janegoodall.net/chimp_central/chimpanzees/gombe/tool.asp |title=Tool Use |accessdate=2007-08-11 |publisher=Jane Goodall Institute}}</ref> ===Empathy=== Recent studies have shown that chimpanzees engage in apparently [[altruism|altruistic]] behaviour.<ref> {{cite web |url=http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/06/070625085134.htm |title=Human-like Altruism Shown In Chimpanzees |accessdate=2007-08-11 |date= 2007-06-25|work=Science Daily }} </ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Bradley |first=Brenda |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1999 |month=June |title=Levels of Selection, Altruism, and Primate Behavior |journal=The Quarterly Review of Biology |volume=74 |issue=2 |pages=171–194|url= |accessdate= 2007-08-11 |quote= |doi=10.1086/393070 }}</ref> Evidence for "[[chimpanzee spirituality]]" includes display of [[mourning]], "incipient [[romantic love]]", "[[rain dance]]", appreciation of natural beauty such as a sunset over a lake, curiosity and respect towards wildlife (such as the python, which is neither a threat nor a food source to chimpanzees), empathy toward other species (such as feeding turtles) and even "[[animism]]" or "pretend play" in chimps cradling and grooming rocks or sticks.<ref>[http://www.originsnet.org/chimpspiritdatabase.pdf Appendices for chimpanzee spirituality by James Harrod]</ref> === Studies of language === {{main|Great ape language}} [[Image:ChimpanzeeProfile.jpg|thumb|Side profile of a Chimpanzee]] Scientists have long been fascinated with the studies of language, as it was potentially the most uniquely human cognitive ability. To test the hypothesis of the human uniqueness of language, scientists have attempted to teach several species of [[great ape]]s language. One early attempt was performed by Allen and Beatrice Gardner in the 1960s, in which they spent 51 months attempting to teach a chimpanzee, named [[Washoe (chimpanzee)|Washoe]], [[American Sign Language]]. Washoe reportedly learned 151 signs in those 51 months.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Gardner, R. A., Gardner, B. T. | year = 1969 | title = Teaching Sign Language to a Chimpanzee | journal = Science | volume = 165 | pages = 664–672 | doi = 10.1126/science.165.3894.664 | pmid = 5793972}}</ref> Over a longer period of time, Washoe reportedly learned over 800 signs.<ref>{{cite book | author = Allen, G. R., Gardner, B. T. | year = 1980 | chapter = Comparative psychology and language acquisition | editor = Thomas A. Sebok and Jean-Umiker-Sebok (eds.) | title = Speaking of Apes: A Critical Anthology of Two-Way Communication with Man | location = New York | publisher = Plenum Press | pages = 287-329}}</ref> Numerous other studies including one involving a chimpanzee named [[Nim Chimpsky]] have been conducted since with varying levels of success. There is ongoing debate among some scientists, notably [[Noam Chomsky]] and [[David Premack]], about the great apes' ability to learn language. ===Laughter in apes=== [[Laughter]] might not be confined or unique to humans, despite Aristotle's observation that "only the human animal laughs". The differences between chimpanzee and human laughter may be the result of adaptations that have evolved to enable human speech. Self-awareness of one's situation such as the monkey-mirror experiments below, or the ability to identify with another's predicament (see [[mirror neurons]]), are prerequisites for laughter, so animals may be laughing in the same way that we do. Chimpanzees, [[gorillas]], and [[orangutans]] show laughterlike vocalizations in response to physical contact, such as wrestling, play chasing, or [[tickling]]. This is documented in wild and captive chimpanzees. Chimpanzee laughter is not readily recognizable to humans as such, because it is generated by alternating inhalations and exhalations that sound more like breathing and panting. There are instances in which non-human primates have been reported to have expressed joy. One study analysed and recorded sounds made by human babies and bonobos (also known as pygmy chimpanzees) when tickled. It found, that although the bonobo’s laugh was a higher frequency, the laugh followed a pattern similar to that of human babies and included similar facial expressions. Humans and chimpanzees share similar ticklish areas of the body, such as the armpits and belly. The enjoyment of tickling in chimpanzees does not diminish with age. <ref name=Discover2003> {{cite journal |author=Steven Johnson | date=2003-01-01|title=Emotions and the Brain |journal=Discover Magazine|url=http://www.discover.com/issues/apr-03/features/featlaugh/ |accessdate= 2007-12-10|format={{dead link|date=June 2008}} &ndash; <sup>[http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?hl=en&lr=&q=intitle%3AEmotions+and+the+Brain&as_publication=Discover+Magazine&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&btnG=Search Scholar search]</sup>}} </ref> ==Chimps in laboratories== [[Image:NASAchimp.jpg|left|thumb|300px|[[Enos (chimpanzee)|Enos the space chimp]] before being inserted into the [[Mercury-Atlas 5]] capsule in 1961.]] As of November 2007, there were 1,300 chimpanzees housed in 10 U.S. laboratories (out of 3,000 great apes living in captivity there), either wild-caught, or acquired from circuses, animal trainers, or zoos.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.releasechimps.org/mission/end-chimpanzee-research | title = End chimpanzee research: overview | publisher = Project R&R, New England Anti-Vivisection Society | date = [[2005-12-11]] | accessdate = 2008-03-24}}</ref> Most of the labs either conduct or make the chimps available for invasive research,<ref name=HSUSmap>{{cite web | url = http://www.hsus.org/animals_in_research/chimps_deserve_better/research/chimpanzee-lab-and-sanctuary-map.html | title = Chimpanzee lab and sanctuary map | publisher = The Humane Society of the United States | accessdate = 2008-03-24}}</ref> defined as "inoculation with an infectious agent, surgery or biopsy conducted for the sake of research and not for the sake of the chimpanzee, and/or drug testing".<ref name=HSUSresearch>{{cite web | url = http://www.hsus.org/animals_in_research/chimps_deserve_better/research/overview_of_research_uses_and.html | title = Chimpanzee Research: Overview of Research Uses and Costs | publisher = Humane Society of the United States | accessdate = 2008-03-24}}</ref> Two federally funded laboratories use chimps: Yerkes National Primate Research Laboratory at [[Emory University]] in Atlanta, Georgia, and the [[Southwest National Primate Center]] in San Antonio, Texas.<ref name=Lovgren>Lovgren, Stefan. [http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/09/0906_050906_chimplabs.html Should Labs Treat Chimps More Like Humans?], ''National Geographic News'', September 6, 2005.</ref> Five hundred chimps have been retired from laboratory use in the U.S. and live in sanctuaries in the U.S. or Canada.<ref name=HSUSmap/> Chimpanzees used in biomedical research tend to be used repeatedly over decades, rather than used and killed as with most laboratory animals. Some individual chimps currently in U.S. laboratories have been used in experiments for over 40 years.<ref name=HSUSbetter>[http://www.hsus.org/animals_in_research/chimps_deserve_better/ Chimps Deserve Better], Humane Society of the United States.</ref> According to [[Project R&R]], a campaign to release chimps held in U.S. labs &mdash; run by the New England Anti-Vivisection Society in conjunction with [[Jane Goodall]] and other primate researchers &mdash; the oldest known chimp in a U.S. lab is Wenka, who was born in a laboratory in Florida on May 21, 1954.<ref>[http://www.releasechimps.org/chimpanzees/their-stories/wenka/]</ref> She was removed from her mother on the day of birth to be used in a vision experiment that lasted 17 months, then sold as a pet to a family in North Carolina. She was returned to the Yerkes National Primate Research Center in 1957 when she became too big to handle. Since then, she has given birth six times, and has been used in research into alcohol use, oral contraceptives, ageing, and cognitive studies.<ref name=R&RWenka>[http://www.releasechimps.org/chimpanzees/their-stories/wenka/ Wenka], Project R&R, New England Anti-Vivisection Society.</ref> With the publication of the [[chimpanzee genome]], there are reportedly plans to increase the use of chimps in labs, with some scientists arguing that the federal moratorium on breeding chimps for research should be lifted.<ref name=Langley15>[[Gill Langley|Langley, Gill]]. [http://www.eceae.org/english/documents/NoKReport.pdf Next of Kin: A Report on the Use of Primates in Experiments], British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection, p. 15, citing VandeBerg, JL et al. "A unique biomedical resource at risk", Nature 437:30-32.</ref><ref name=Lovgren/> A five-year moratorium was imposed by the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) in 1996, because too many chimps had been bred for HIV research, and it has been extended annually since 2001.<ref name=Lovgren/> Other researchers argue that chimps are unique animals and either should not be used in research, or should be treated differently. Pascal Gagneux, an evolutionary biologist and primate expert at the [[University of California, San Diego]], argues that, given chimpanzees' sense of self, tool use, and genetic similarity to human beings, studies using chimps should follow the ethical guidelines that are used for human subjects unable to give consent.<ref name=Lovgren/> Stuart Zola, director of the Yerkes National Primate Research Laboratory, disagrees. He told ''National Geographic'': "I don't think we should make a distinction between our obligation to treat humanely any species, whether it's a rat or a monkey or a chimpanzee. No matter how much we may wish it, chimps are not human."<ref name=Lovgren/> An increasing number of governments are enacting a [[Great Ape research ban]] forbidding the use of chimpanzees and other [[great ape]]s in research or toxicology testing.<ref>Guldberg, Helen. [http://www.spiked-online.com/Articles/000000005549.htm The great ape debate], ''Spiked online'', March 29, 2001, accessed August 12, 2007.</ref> As of 2006, [[Austria]], [[New Zealand]], the [[Netherlands]], [[Sweden]], and the [[UK]] had introduced such bans.<ref name=Langley12>[[Gill Langley|Langley, Gill]]. [http://www.eceae.org/english/documents/NoKReport.pdf Next of Kin: A Report on the Use of Primates in Experiments], British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection, p. 12.</ref> ==Taxonomic relationships== [[Image:Hominoid taxonomy 7.svg|thumb|350px|The taxonomic relationships of Hominoidea]] The genus ''Pan'' is now considered to be part of the subfamily [[Homininae]] to which [[human]]s also belong. These two species are the closest living [[evolution]]ary relatives to [[human]]s. Humans shared a common ancestor with chimpanzees [[Pliocene|five]] to [[Miocene|eight million years ago]].<ref name=firstfossil>{{cite journal | title = First fossil chimpanzee | last = McBrearty | first = S. | coauthors = N. G. Jablonski | journal = [[Nature (journal)|Nature]] | date= 2005-09-01 | volume = 437 | pages = 105–108 | id = {{Entrez Pubmed|16136135}} | doi = 10.1038/nature04008}}</ref> Groundbreaking research by [[Mary-Claire King]] in 1973 found 99% identical [[DNA]] between human beings and chimpanzees,<ref>Mary-Claire King, ''Protein polymorphisms in chimpanzee and human evolution'', Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Berkeley (1973).</ref> although research since has modified that finding to about 94%<ref name=ns>{{cite web | url = http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?chanID=sa003&articleID=9D0DAC2B-E7F2-99DF-3AA795436FEF8039 |date= 2006-12-19 | title = Humans and Chimps: Close But Not That Close | publisher = Scientific American | accessdate = 2006-12-20}}</ref> commonality, with at least some of the difference occurring in 'junk' DNA. It has even been proposed that ''troglodytes'' and ''paniscus'' belong with ''sapiens'' in the genus ''[[Homo (genus)|Homo]]'', rather than in ''Pan''. One argument for this is that other species have been reclassified to belong to the same genus on the basis of less genetic similarity than that between humans and chimpanzees. A study published by Clark and Nielsen of [[Cornell University]] in the December 2003 issue of the journal ''[[Science (journal)|Science]]'' highlights differences related to one of humankind's defining qualities &mdash; the ability to understand [[language]] and to communicate through speech. These macro-phenotypic differences, however, may owe less to physiology than might be assumed given that ''Homo sapiens'' developed modern cultural features long after the modern physiological features were in place and indeed competed averagely against other species of ''Homo'' with regard to tools, etc. for many millennia. Differences also exist in the genes for smell, in genes that regulate the metabolism of amino acids and in genes that may affect the ability to digest various proteins. See the [[ape#History of hominoid taxonomy|history of hominoid taxonomy]] for more about the history of the classification of chimpanzees. See [[Human evolutionary genetics]] for more information on the speciation of humans and great apes. ===Fossils=== Many [[Human evolution|human fossils]] have been found, but chimpanzee fossils were not described until 2005. Existing chimpanzee populations in West and Central Africa do not overlap with the major human fossil sites in East Africa. However, chimpanzee fossils have now been reported from [[Kenya]]. This would indicate that both humans and members of the ''Pan'' [[clade]] were present in the East African [[Rift Valley]] during the Middle [[Pleistocene]].<ref name=firstfossil/> ==References== {{reflist|2}} ;General references {{refbegin}} * Pickrell, John. (September 24, 2002). [http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2002/09/0924_020924_dnachimp.html Humans, Chimps Not as Closely Related as Thought?]. ''National Geographic.'' {{refend}} ==See also== {{portal|Mammals|Okapi2.jpg}} * [[Chimpanzee genome project]] * [[Great ape personhood]] * [[List of apes]] * [[List of fictional apes]] ==External links== {{commons|Pan}} {{Wikispecies|Pan|Chimpanzee}} * Envirovet - [http://www.envirovet.org/ Video clip of Ngamba Island Chimpanzee Sanctuary] * [http://first100chimps.wesleyan.edu/ The First 100 Chimps in Research in the USA] * [http://www.awf.org/wildlives/6 Chimpanzee: Wildlife summary from the African Wildlife Foundation] * [http://educatedearth.net/story.php?id=977 Chimpanzees Make/Use Spears] * [http://chimp.st-and.ac.uk/cultures/intro.htm Chimpanzee Cultures Online] * [http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~primates Kanyawara Chimpanzee Blog from Uganda (Harvard Biological Anthropology research) ] * [http://www.chimphaven.org Chimp Haven (The National Chimpanzee Sanctuary) ] * [http://www.savethechimps.org/chimps_pets.asp Chimps as Pets] (SaveTheChimps.org) * [http://www.maniacworld.com/chimp-vs-pacman.htm Using Pac-Man to test cognitive reasoning in chimps] * [http://www.geocities.com/RainForest/Vines/4451/TalkWithChimps.html Talking With Chimps] * [http://www.janegoodall.org/chimp_central/default.asp Jane Goodall's Chimpanzee Central] * [http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn3744 New Scientist 19 May 2003 - Chimps are human, gene study implies] * [http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/12836649/ Did chimp and human ancestors interbreed?] * [http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/02/070213-chimps-tools.html Chimp "Stone Age" Finds Are Earliest Nonhuman Ape Tools, Study Says] *[http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://webdrive.service.emory.edu/groups/research/chimpanzee-cognition/CCL/ethogram/spec_laugh.jpg&imgrefurl=http://webdrive.service.emory.edu/groups/research/chimpanzee-cognition/CCL/ethogram.htm&h=382&w=784&sz=94&hl=en&start=6&tbnid=SzTd6o7BvU2mUM:&tbnh=70&tbnw=143&prev=/images%3Fq%3DChimpanzee%2Blaughter%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26rls%3DHPIA,HPIA:2006-24,HPIA:en%26sa%3DN Chimpanzee Facial Expression & Vocalizations] * A chimpanzee laughter sample. [http://realaudio.service.emory.edu/ramgen/YERKES/PARR/laugh.rm Goodall 1968 & Parr 2005] *[http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,266809,00.html?sPage=fnc.science/evolution Fox News: Study: Chimps Are More Evolved Than Humans] * [http://www.hsus.org/web-files/PDF/hsp/SOA_3-2005_Chap9.pdf Chimpanzees in Research: Past, Present, and Future] from [http://www.hsus.org/press_and_publications/humane_bookshelf/state_of_animals_iii_2005.html The State of the Animals III: 2005] {{Hominidae nav}} {{Apes}} [[Category:Apes]] [[Category:Mammals of Africa]] [[ar:شمبانزي]] [[bg:Шимпанзе]] [[ca:Ximpanzé]] [[cy:Tsimpansî]] [[da:Chimpanser]] [[de:Schimpansen]] [[et:Šimpans (perekond)]] [[es:Pan (taxonomía)]] [[eo:Ĉimpanzo]] [[fr:Chimpanzé]] [[ko:침팬지속]] [[hr:Čimpanza]] [[io:Chimpanzeo]] [[it:Pan (zoologia)]] [[he:שימפנזה]] [[lt:Šimpanzė]] [[jbo:tcimpazi]] [[hu:Csimpánz]] [[nl:Chimpansees]] [[ja:チンパンジー属]] [[no:Sjimpanse]] [[ug:شىمپەنزە]] [[pl:Szympans]] [[pt:Chimpanzé]] [[ru:Шимпанзе]] [[sl:Šimpanzi]] [[fi:Simpanssit]] [[sv:Schimpanser]] [[ta:சிம்ப்பன்சி]] [[th:ลิงชิมแปนซี‎]] [[vi:Tinh tinh]] [[tr:Şempanze]] [[zh:黑猩猩屬]]