Chinatown 38972 move=:edit= 225981987 2008-07-16T09:11:03Z Foofbun 5241433 /* Television */ {{Unreferenced|date=July 2007}} {{for|specific Chinatowns|List of Chinatowns}} {{otheruses}} [[Image:Chinatownsf-large1.jpg|thumb|right|''The Street of Gamblers (Ross Alley)'' [[Arnold Genthe]], 1898, showing the large population of Chinese men who used San Francisco as a springboard to the California gold fields. The term "Chinatown" is an Americanism that dates to the mid-nineteenth century.<ref>{{cite book | first=John | last=Kuo Wei Tchen | year=1984 | title=Genthe's Photographs of San Francisco's Old Chinatown | id=ISBN 0-486-24592-6}}</ref>]] A '''Chinatown''' is a section of an urban area with a large number of [[overseas Chinese|Chinese]] outside the majority-Chinese countries of [[Greater China]]. Chinatowns occur all over the world, including those in [[East Asia]], [[Southeast Asia]], [[North America]], [[South America]], [[Australia]], and [[Europe]]. In the past, overcrowded Chinatowns in urban areas were generally shunned by the non-Chinese public as ethnic ghettos, and seen as places of [[vice]] and cultural insularity where "unassimilable foreigners" congregated. Nowadays, many old and new Chinatowns are considered significant centers of [[commercialism]] and [[tourism]]. Some of them also serve, to varying degrees, as centers of [[multiculturalism]], if in a somewhat [[superficial]] manner. Many Chinatowns are focused on commercial tourism, whereas others are actual living and working communities; some are a synthesis of both. Chinatowns also range from rundown ghettos to modern sites of recent development. In some, recent investments have revitalized run-down and blighted areas and turned them into centers of economic and social activity. In certain cases, this has led to [[gentrification]] and a reduction in the specifically Chinese character of the neighborhoods. Some Chinatowns have a long history, such as the Chinatown in [[Nagasaki, Nagasaki|Nagasaki]], [[Japan]], or [[Yaowarat Road]] in Bangkok, both of which were founded by Chinese traders more than 200 years ago. [[Chinatown, San Francisco, California]] was the first Chinatown to be established outside Asia. Other cities in [[North America]] where Chinatowns were established in the mid-nineteenth century include almost every major settlement along the West Coast from [[San Diego]] to [[Victoria BC]] and [[Vancouver BC]]. By the second half of the nineteenth century, bustling Chinatowns were also established in [[New York]], [[Chicago]], and Detroit. The discovery of gold in [[Australia]] caused the establishment of relatively small Chinatowns in cities there, and similar migrations of Chinese resulted in tiny settlements termed "Chinatowns" being established in [[New Zealand]] and even [[South Africa]]. European Chinatowns, such as those in [[Germany]], the [[Netherlands]], and the [[United Kingdom]], are for the most part smaller and more recent than North American Chinatowns. Other Chinatowns are newer, such as in [[Chinatown, Las Vegas]] in 1995, [[Dubai]], and [[Santo Domingo]] and have received official recognition. [[Image:Little bourke st.jpg|thumb|right|[[Chinatown, Melbourne]]]] <!-- Deleted image removed: [[Image:chinatown.malaysia.gif|thumb|right|[[Petaling Street]], Chinatown in [[Malaysia]]]] --> [[Image:37221220.DSC 9538pe1.jpg|thumb|right|Chinatown in [[Vancouver]], [[British Columbia|BC]], [[Canada]].]] [[Image:Chinatown-gate.thumb2.jpg|thumb|The gate to [[Montreal|Montreal's]] Chinatown which has Chinese, Japanese, Korean, and Vietnamese restaurants inside the complex.]] ==History of the earliest Chinatowns by region== [[Image:Yokohama Chinatown entrance.jpg|right|thumb|[[Yokohama Chinatown]] (([[Japanese language|Japanese]]: ''Chukagai'', [[Mandarin Chinese]]: ''Zhong hua jie'') in [[Yokohama]], [[Japan]]]] [[Image:Chinatown-manhattan-2004.jpg|thumb|[[New York City]] is home to three Chinatowns. The oldest is centered on [[Mott Street]] in [[Manhattan]].]] [[Image:Liberdade sao paulo.jpg|thumb|left|Chinatown in [[São Paulo]], [[Brazil]]]] [[Image:ChinatownGatePortland.jpg|thumb|right|Gate of Chinatown, [[Portland, Oregon]] ]] Trading centres populated mainly by Chinese men and their native wives had existed throughout Southeast Asia for many years but emigration to other parts of the world from China accelerated in the 1860s with the enactment of the [[Treaty of Peking]], which opened the border for free movement. The early emigrants came primarily from coastal province of [[Guangdong]] and [[Fujian]] (Fukien)—where Cantonese, [[Min Nan]] (Hokkien), [[Hakka]], and [[Chaozhou]] (Teochew, Chiu Chow) are largely spoken—in southeastern China. Initially, the Qing government of China was unconcerned by the emigration of this population as they were likely considered socially undesirable and "traitorous" to China. Moneymaking was also frowned upon in [[Confucianism|Confucianist China]], which Chinese migrants were intending to earn wages as sojourners. However, the Chinese were not a unified group but were divided upon sub-ethnic/linguistic lines, as feuds between those of Cantonese (Punti) and Hakka stocks were common. Generally, there were also sub-divisions based on Chinese clans/surnames. [[Taishan]]ese and Cantonese settled in the first North American (United States, Canada), Australian, and Latin American Chinatowns (Cuba, Mexico, Peru). Most of them were brought as [[coolie]] slaves to build the railroad. As a group, the Cantonese are linguistically and ethnically distinct from other groups in China with migrants especially coming mostly from the Siyi and Sanyi regions (with various variations of spoken Cantonese) of Guangdong; Cantonese remained the dominant language and heritage of many Chinatowns in Western countries until the 1970s. Due to laws in some countries barring the importation of Chinese wives {{Fact|date=November 2007}} (for fear of the perceived [[Yellow Peril]]), some Chinatowns emerged as [[bachelor’s societies]] where males dominated and the male-to-female ratio population was generally skewed. In Latin America, many Cantonese-speaking migrants arrived as indentured labourers particularly in Peru (to work in the deadly guano fields) and Cuba (to labor in sugar plantations) giving those countries substantial Chinatowns. The Hokkien and Teochew (both groups speaking the [[Minnan]] sub-group of Chinese dialects), along with Cantonese are the dominant group in Southeast Asian Chinatowns. Chinese migrants also pioneered some major Southeast Asian cities, such as [[Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia]] and hence Chinese influence is felt there. The Hakka groups established Chinatowns in [[Africa]] (particularly Mauritius), Latin America and the [[Caribbean]]. Northern Chinese settled in Korea in the 1940s. In Europe, early Chinese were generally seamen who jumped ship and began to provide services for other Chinese mariners. In the nineteenth century and early twentieth century the United Kingdom treated China as part of its unofficial Empire employing Chinese in its merchant marine in significant numbers. Consequently, from the 1890s onwards, significant Chinese communities grew up in London and Liverpool—the main ports for the China trade. However, these communities were a mixture of Chinese men, their British wives and their [[Eurasian]] children. Moreover, they were generally inhabited by those Chinese catering for Chinese seamen. The majority spread throughout these cities usually operating laundries at this time. [[France]] received a large settlement of Chinese immigrant laborers, mostly from the city of [[Wenzhou]], Zhejiang province of China (to this day, France continues to attract many Chinese immigrants from this particular province; Paris’ newest Chinatown in Belleville is heavily influenced by such immigrants). Chinatowns are also found in the [[India]]n cities of [[Calcutta]] (once Hakka influenced) and [[Bombay]]. By the late 1970s, the [[Vietnam War]] also played a significant part in the development and redevelopment of various Chinatowns in developed Western countries. As a result, many Chinatowns have become pan-Asian business districts and residential neighborhoods. By contrast, most Chinatowns in the past were solely inhabited by Chinese from southeastern [[China]]. Historic Chinatowns such as San Francisco (see [[Chinatowns in North America#Northern California]]) has had a significant influence on the perception of Chinatowns in [[western countries]]. Although, in reality it and other North American Chinatowns fall outside the tradition of Chinese settlement in having significant numbers of Chinese women. ===Asia=== [[Image:Chinatown bangkok.jpg|right|thumb|Yaowarat Road, Chinatown in Bangkok]] {{main|Chinatowns in Asia}} '''Chinatown, Singapore''' Singapore's Chinatown centers around the major Eu Tong San street and branches out over a large area onto side streets. It is served by an MRT station by the name of 牛车水 (Pinyin: niu2che1shui3) literally meaning "bullcart waters". Near the station is a large covered shopping area primarily geared at tourists, although not far from this one can find local markets, bakeries, full-blown Chinese malls, plenty of restaurants, the night market on Smith Street, and several temples including the recently completed Buddha Tooth Relic temple. A curiosity of the Singapore Chinatown is that in the middle of it is the large Sri Mariamman [[Hindu]] temple. Unlike other countries with Chinatowns, in which the population of Chinese origin is relatively low in number, Singapore's population is dominated by over 70 percent Chinese descendants. Hence, the "Chinatown" is not a center of immigration and inexpensive food but rather a center of celebration of Chinese culture and often ''more'' upscale in taste than outside it. '''[[Yaowarat Road]], Bangkok, Thailand''' Established in the 1700s, Chinatown is located in one of the oldest areas in Bangkok. It was set up by Chinese traders who came in junks to trade with Thailand (Siam) during the Rattanakosin period, about 1700s. By the end of 1891, King Rama V had cut many roads, Yaowarat Road is one of them. Therefore Chinatown doesn't consist of only Yaowarat Road, but also covers others such as: Charoen Krung Road, Mungkorn Road, Songwat Road, Songsawat Road, Chakkrawat Road etc. Yaowarat is the centre of the area. [[Image:tyuukagaimon.jpg|thumb|[[Yokohama Chinatown]]'s Goodwill Gate]] [[Image:Kuan Yin Si, Bago.jpg|thumb|The Kuan Yin Temple (''Kwan Yin Si'') is a local place of worship for Burmese Chinese in Bago and serves as a Mandarin school for the local community.]] '''Tayote Tan, [[Yangon]], [[Myanmar]]''' Meaning Chinese Roads or Quarters, it covers almost a fifth of downtown Yangon. The lay-out of Chinatown dates back to the British expansion of Yangon, around the 1850s, thus being as old as the downtown. '''[[Binondo]] District of [[Manila]], [[The Philippines]] Prior to the arrival of the [[Spaniards]] in 1571, trade between ethnic Filipino Malays and Chinese traders was already established in pre-colonial [[Manila]]. Manila's Chinatown is one of the oldest in Asia, established sometime in the late 17th century. It is home to many ethnic [[Han Chinese|Chinese]] who left the Chinese mainland for a home in the [[Philippines]]. [[Binondo]] is a stone's throw away from the District of [[Intramuros]], which was the Philippine's administrative capital under [[Spain|Spanish]] rule. The district was within the range of Intramuros' canons to quell any uprising the [[Han Chinese|Chinese]] could have started. [[Binondo]] became a center of commerce during the American colonial era of the Philippines, since the [[Han Chinese|Chinese]] were known to be experts in trading and finance. Banks, department stores, restaurants, insurance companies, nearly all giant commercial establishments were built in Binondo, the most prominent of which are located in the [[Escolta]] Avenue, though these are somewhat out of vogue and dilapidated today. [[World War II]] destroyed much of Binondo's commercial establishments. After the war, most companies relocated to [[Makati]], the current central business district of [[Metro Manila]]. '''Shinchimachi, Nagasaki, Japan''' With the overthrow of the [[Ming Dynasty]] by the [[Qing Dynasty|Qing]] in the late 17th century, some Chinese (supporters of the Ming) fled to Japan and formed a Chinatown community in Nagasaki before the start of the 18th century, making it (along with the [[Binondo]] district of [[Manila]] of the [[Philippines]]) one of the earliest Chinatowns to be established. Under the [[Sakoku|isolationist policies]] of the [[Tokugawa Shogunate]] of Japan, Chinese and [[Netherlands|Dutch]] traders and settlers were confined to Nagasaki. Trade was subsequently resumed with China and Shinchimachi became a trading hub. Shinchimachi has long been the ethnic Chinese cultural and commercial center in Japan, although it size pales in comparison to its counterpart in [[Yokohama]]. '''Cholon, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam''' In the early 18th century, Chinese settlers established Chinatowns mainly in Southeast Asia, including the [[Cholon]] district of the former [[Ho Chi Minh City|Saigon]], [[Vietnam]]. Cholon was heavily fortified by Chinese to protect against frequent harassment by native Vietnamese [[Tay Son]] loyalists. It remains largely a bustling Cantonese-speaking enclave, comprising Districts 5 and 6 of the city, now renamed Ho Chi Minh City. ===Americas === [[Image:San Francisco Chinatown 1993.jpg|thumb|An intersection in Chinatown, San Francisco.]] {{main|Chinatowns in North America}} {{Refimprove|date=April 2008}} '''[[Chinatown, San Francisco]], California, United States''' As a port city, San Francisco's Chinatown formed in the 1850s and served as a gateway for incoming immigrants who arrived during the California gold rush and construction of the transcontinental railroads of the wild western United States. Chinatown was later reconceptualized as a tourist attraction in the 1910s. Once a community of predominantly Taishanese Chinese-speaking inhabitants, it has remained the preeminent Chinese center in the United States. Incidentally, the [[fortune cookie]] was invented here. '''Chinatown, New York, New York, United States''' New York's Chinatown is one of the largest in the world and continues to be a location of shopping and recreation for both Chinese immigrants and those interested in Chinese cuisine and culture alike. As a major port of immigration to the United States, New York's Chinatown also includes large residential areas as well as common residential services such as laundromats, grocery stores, and markets. '''Chinatown, Boston, Massachusetts, United states''' Boston's Chinatown is smaller and focused on food, as almost every business in the roughly 4 blocks is in the food industry. While small supermarkets also exist, most Chinese immigrants in Boston go elsewhere to much larger and more complete markets that have set up elsewhere outside the cramped Chinatown. Boston's Chinatown also gained popularity for the several companies that served Boston Chinatown to New York Chinatown bus routes, of which today two continue to operate and use Boston's South Station instead, a short walk from Chinatown. '''[[Chinatown, Vancouver]], British Columbia, Canada''' [[Vancouver]]'s Chinatown is the largest in [[Canada]], and the second largest in North America, after San Francisco, CA.<ref>[http://vancouverchinatown.ca/ Chinatown Vancouver Online<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Dating back to the late 19th century, the main centre of the older Chinatown is Pender and Main Streets in downtown Vancouver, which is also, along with [[Victoria, British Columbia|Victoria]]'s ([[Chinatown, Victoria]]), one of the oldest surviving Chinatowns in North America, and has been the setting for a variety of modern Chinese Canadian culture and literature. Vancouver's Chinatown contains numerous galleries, shops, restaurants, and markets, in addition to the Chinese Cultural Centre and the [[Dr. Sun Yat Sen Classical Chinese Garden]] and park; the garden is the first and one of the largest [[Ming Dynasty|Ming]] era-style Chinese gardens outside [[China]]. '''[[Chinatown, Toronto]], Ontario, Canada''' Toronto's Chinatown took shape during the turn of the 20th century, as Chinese workers arrived from western Canada after the completion of the [[Canadian Pacific Railway]]. With changes in immigration patterns since the 1980s, the downtown enclave has come to reflect a more diverse set of East Asian cultures, particularly evident in the variety of restaurants that offer [[Chinese cuisine|Chinese]], [[Cuisine of Vietnam|Vietnamese]] and [[Thai cuisine|Thai]] cuisines. More recently, several satellite Chinese communities have formed in suburban parts of Greater Toronto, most notably in [[Markham, Ontario|Markham]] and [[Mississauga]]. [[Image:Chicagochinatown.jpg|right|thumb|The Chinatown Gate in Chinatown, [[Chicago]]]] '''[[Chinatown, Chicago]], Illinois, United States''' What once used to be one street of Chinese restaurants and gift shops has grown to include housing developments, businesses and an outdoor mall. Chinatown Square consists of restaurants, gift shops, doctor's clinics, groceries, banks, and other businesses such as insurance offices, hair saloons and eyeglass shops. Even though the area is constrained by the Red Line train at the east border, the Amtrak railway on the west side, 26th Street along the south end, and the empty railroad lot to the north, the area is growing outward toward McCormick (east), the Loop (north), Bridgeport (south/SW), and Pilsen (west/NW). Most of the Chinese population lives in Bridgeport where it was once dominated by Italians and Irish. Now the population is moving toward McKinley Park and Brighton Park. Chicago has another Chinatown uptown, predominately Chinese-Vietnamese. It is growing, and housing prices are almost double those of the original Chinatown. '''Chinatown, Detroit, Michigan, United States''' When the first "Oriental" came to Detroit in 1872 and opened a "washee" on Beaubien and Gratiot Ave. in Detroit, the Chinese population rapidly increased in southeast Michigan. Gradually shifting to Third and Michigan Avenues in Detroit, the ethnic borough once distinguished as Chinatown reached a population of over 3,000 residents. The Detroit News frequently ran stories that highlighted Chinese celebrations, customs, and cultural practices--many of which drew crowds of non-Asian individuals both in and outside of urban Detroit. "Double Ten Days" (October 10), the Independence Day of the Republic of China, and Chinese New Year were often celebrated during times of economic prosperity in the enclave. However, both the Great Depression and the gentrification caused by a land redevelopment plan, that included construction of the Lodge Freeway and an eventually defunct plan to fund a multi-ethnic commercial district called the "International Village," suppressed the often expensive and public display of fireworks, theatre, or parade. After deliberations regarding the construction of an "International Village" halted, the Chinese population opened a string of new restaurants and stores along the Cass Corridor, stretching north from Peterboro St., south to the Masonic Temple. This sudden revitalization of community was quickly referred to as the New Chinatown, but soon crime and other factors stirred residents to the point of dispersal. Currently, less than 100 Chinese Americans reside in Detroit city proper, although over 300 Chinese visiting students and scholars attend the local public university, Wayne State. The Association of Chinese Americans, an outreach center that serves both Detroit and satellite suburb, Madison Heights, is the only Chinese organization that remains operational in the geographic region once referred to as Chinatown, a now hollow stretch of vacant land and arsoned buildings. '''[[Chinatown, Houston]], Texas, United States''' There are two Chinatowns: the old Chinatown located downtown near the George R. Brown Convention Center and the new one located west of Bellaire in the Alief neighborhood along Bellaire Boulevard between Gessner and Dairy Ashford. Houston Chinatown is a place of food, Chinese groceries, films, souvenirs, and the offices of the Chinese Merchants’ Association. ===Europe=== {{Unreferenced|date=August 2006}} {{main|Chinatowns in Europe}} '''[[Chinatown, London]], United Kingdom''' London's Chinatown was established in the [[Limehouse]] district in the late 19th century as Chinese seamen established themselves in the city. Its reputation has come to define Chinatowns as exotic and dangerous with various vices, such as opium dens and gambling dens (called ''fan tans''). Chinatown served as the setting for classic British anti-Chinese literature such as villainous [[Dr. Fu Manchu]] as well as a setting for one [[Sherlock Holmes]] story. Its end came as Limehouse was destroyed during [[The Blitz]] by the [[Luftwaffe]] during the [[Second World War]]. With an influx of new immigrants from then British possession of [[Hong Kong]], a new Chinatown (mainly commercial) became established in the [[Soho]] district of central London in the 1950s and 1960s. '''[[Chinatown, Liverpool]], United Kingdom''' Similar in many respects to London's original Chinatown in its origins and the inter-marriage between local women and Chinese men, Liverpool's Chinatown never had the glamour of that of London. At the beginning of World War Two there were 20,000 Chinese seamen based in the city and London's Chinatown was reduced to insignificance. Chinese sailors settled down with local women and in the war years the city's Eurasian population grew rapidly. By the end of the conflict it numbered around 1,000. With the end of the War the men were forcibly repatriated leaving behind them their wives and their children. Few were ever to see their families again. see: [http://www.halfandhalf.org.uk] With the Communist victory in China 1949, men were no longer recruited from the Mainland. Rather they came from Hong Kong and Singapore. Some did settle and marry local women but Liverpool's Chinese or rather Eurasian population had reached its peak and was in decline as they married into the local community. In the late 1950s a new group of Chinese began to arrive in significant numbers from Hong Kong's [[New Territories]]. For the first time Liverpool and London had Chinese Chinatowns. Their mixed race past became forgotten. '''Chinatown, le quartier chinois, Paris, France''' During [[World War I]], 140,000 Chinese arrived in France as temporary labour, replacing French male workers who went to the war. Most left after 1918, but a community of 2,000 stayed and created the first Chinatown ([[l'Ilot Chalon]]) near the [[Gare de Lyon]]. Nothing is left of it today. In the 1930s and 1940s, [[Wenzhou]] Chinese settled in Paris and worked as leather workers near the Jewish neighborhood in the [[IIIe arrondissement|3<sup>e</sup> arrondissement]]. Taking over the wholesale trade lost by the [[Jew]]s during the [[German occupation of France]] during [[World War II]], this Chinese community still exists today, but remains extremely discreet. No obvious signs of Chinese culture are to be seen in the rue du Temple, though most shops in this wholesale neighborhood are held by overseas Chinese. Today's Chinatown was created in the 1970s in [[XIIIe arrondissement|13<sup>e</sup> arrondissement]]. Fleeing persecution and civil wars in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia, those overseas Chinese, mostly [[Teochew]] and Cantonese, settled in this newly renovated area. Unlike the Wenzhou settlement in 3<sup>e</sup> arrondissement, signs of Chinese culture are more likely to be seen and a strong business community has developed. An estimated 68,000 residents of Chinese origin now live in this area of Paris. With China opening up, more Chinese settlements are developing in Paris and its suburban areas. In [[Belleville, Paris|Belleville]] ([[XIXe arrondissement|19<sup>e</sup> arrondissement]]), another wave of Wenzhou have settled and has taken over this originally North African settlement. Large communities are to be found in small towns outside Paris like [[Lognes]]/[[Torcy, Seine-et-Marne|Torcy]], or [[Noisy Le Grand]], where earlier migrants settled, but again without bringing out the usual signs of Chinatown. Illegal immigration from China is booming; authorities also fear that France's "Authorized Destination Status" with easier visa procedures for China nationals will only increase uncontrolled migration. Illegal workshops have been existing for several years, without always being located within "official" chinatowns and still exist and flourish in different areas in the [[XIe arrondissement|11<sup>e</sup> arrondissement]] and outside of the city of Paris. ==Features== The features described below are characteristic of most Chinatowns. In some cases, however, they may only apply to Chinatowns in Western countries, such as those in North America, Australia, and Western Europe. (''See also: [[Chinatown patterns in North America]]'') [[Image:Chinatownsyd.jpg|left|thumb|right|Entrance to the [[Chinatown, Sydney]]]] ===Arches, or ''Paifang''=== Many tourist-destination metropolitan Chinatowns can be distinguished by large red arch entrance structures known in Mandarin Chinese as ''[[Paifang]]'' (sometimes accompanied by mason lion statues called "[[fu lion]]s" on the opposite sides of the street that greet visitors). They usually have special inscriptions in Chinese. Historically, these gateways were donated to a particular city as a gift from the [[Republic of China]] government (such as Chinatown, San Francisco) and business organizations—an exception is long-neglected Chinatown in [[Havana]], Cuba, which received materials for its paifang from the [[People's Republic of China]] as part of Chinatown's gradual renaissance. Construction of these red arches was also financed by local financial contributions from the Chinatown community. Some span an entire intersection and some are smaller in height and width. Some ''paifang'' can be made of [[wood]], [[masonry]], or [[steel]] and may incorporate an elaborate or simple design. [[Image:Paifang Boston Chinatown 1.jpg|thumb|right|[[Chinatown, Boston]] looking towards the ''[[paifang]]'']] However, some Chinatowns that still do not have the arch feature are considering installing one, such as the Chinatowns in the U.S. cities of Seattle (artistic renderings at http://www.chinatowngate.org) and Houston and the Canadian city of Toronto, as these arches are believed to increase tourist traffic. Additionally, work is being done by the Chinese community of London, United Kingdom, to promote a newer, more authentic Chinese arch on Wardour Street—as opposed to existing [[gwei lo]] versions present on Gerrard Street (pictured above)—in [[Chinatown, London]]. London's Chinatown now has an official website [http://www.chinatownlondon.org Chinatown London] === Bilingual signs=== [[Image:Oakland Chinatown streetsign (6426).JPG|thumb|The street signs in [[Oakland]] Chinatown are given in English and Chinese.]] Many major metropolitan areas with Chinatowns have bilingual street signs in Chinese and the language of the adopted country. Other public services are sometimes bilingual also (for example, banking machines; the [[Calgary Police Service]] began adding Chinese characters to patrol vehicles assigned to Chinatown in the 1980s to increase ties to the community). ===Antiquated features=== Many early Chinatowns were characterized by the large number of Chinese-owned [[chop suey]] restaurants (''chop suey'' itself is [[American Chinese cuisine]] and is not considered authentic Chinese cuisine), laundry businesses, and [[opium den]]s, until around the mid-20th century when most of these businesses began to disappear; though some remain, they are generally seen as anachronisms. In early years of Chinatowns, the opium dens were patronized as a relaxation and to escape the harsh and brutal realities of a non-Chinese society, although in North American Chinatowns they were also frequented by non-Chinese. Additionally, due to the inability on the part of Chinese immigrant men to bring a wife and lack of available local Chinese women for men to marry, [[brothel]]s became common in some Chinatowns in the 19th century. Chinese laundries, which required very little capital and English ability, were fairly prosperous. These businesses no longer exist in many Chinatowns and have been replaced by Chinese grocery stores, Chinese restaurants that serve more authentic Chinese cuisine, and other establishments. While opium dens no longer exist, illegal basement [[gambling]] parlors are still places of recreation in many Chinatowns, where men gather to play [[mahjong]] and other games. These shady gambling venues are featured, when portraying Chinatown, in the media such as an episode of [[The X-Files]] and the comedy film [[High School High]]. ===Restaurants=== [[Image:Chinatown cooks.jpg|thumb|right|Cooks at a [[Chinatown, Manhattan|New York Chinatown]] restaurant on a break]] Most Chinatowns are centered on food and hence Chinatowns worldwide are usually popular destinations for various ethnic Chinese and increasingly, other Asian cuisines such as Vietnamese, Thai, and [[Malaysia]]n. Some Chinatowns such as Singapore have their localized style of [[Chinese cuisine]]. Restaurants serve many Chinatowns both as a major economic component and social gathering places. In the Chinatowns in the western countries, restaurant work may be the only type of employment available for poorer immigrants, especially those who cannot converse fluently in the language of the adopted country. Most Chinatowns generally have a range of authentic and touristy restaurants. San Francisco's Chinatown retains many historic restaurants, including those established from the 1910s to the 1950s, although some that lasted for generations have shut in recent years and others have modernized their menus. Many Chinatown eateries from that era specialized in [[American Chinese cuisine]] (or, depending on where they were located, [[Canadian Chinese cuisine]], Chinese Cuban cuisine, etc.), especially [[chop suey]] and [[chow mein]]. They often used gaudy neon lighting to attract non-Chinese customers, large red doors, Chinese paper lanterns, and [[Chinese zodiac|zodiac]] [[placemat]]s. Often these restaurants had English-language signs written in a typeface intended to appear stereotypically "Chinese" by being composed of strokes similar to those in [[hanzi]] writing. Generally, restaurants serving authentic Chinese food primarily to immigrant customers have never conformed to these Chinatown stereotypes. Because of ethnic Chinese immigration and the expanded palate of many contemporary cultures, the remaining [[American Chinese cuisine|American Chinese]] and [[Canadian Chinese cuisine]] restaurants are seen as anachronisms but remain popular and profitable. In many Chinatowns, there are now many large, authentic Cantonese seafood restaurants, restaurants specializing in other varieties of Chinese cuisine such as [[Hakka cuisine]], [[Szechuan cuisine]], [[Shanghai cuisine]], etc., and small restaurants with delis. ====Chop suey and chow mein eateries ==== {{Expand-section|date=June 2008}} Lit by neon signage, restaurants offering [[chop suey]] or [[chow mein]] mainly for the benefit for non-Chinese customers were fairly frequent in Chinatowns of old. These dishes are offered in standard barbecue restaurants and takeouts (take-away restaurants). ====Cantonese seafood restaurants==== [[Image:China Gate, Philadelphia.jpg|thumb|[[Chinatown, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|Philadelphia]]]] [[Cantonese cuisine|Cantonese seafood restaurants]] (海鮮酒家, pronounced in Cantonese as ''hoy seen jau ga'') typically use a large dining room layout, have ornate designs, and specialize in seafood such as expensive Chinese-style [[lobster]]s, [[crab]]s, [[prawn]]s, [[clam]]s, and [[oyster]]s, all kept live in tanks until preparation. They also offer the delicacy of [[shark fin soup]]. Some seafood restaurants may also offer [[dim sum]] in the morning through the early afternoon hours as Chinese-speaking female waiters announce the names of dishes whilst pushing steamy carts (Britisher: trolleys) of food and other pastries across the restaurant. Despite the popularity of dim sum brunch among ethnic Chinese and often crowded and very chatty atmosphere of the dining rooms, they are generally considered [[loss leader]]s. These restaurants are also used for weddings, banquets, and other special events. These types of restaurants flourished and became in vogue in Hong Kong during the 1960s and subsequently began opening in various Chinatowns overseas. Owing to their higher menu prices and greater amount of investment capital required to open and manage one (due to higher levels of staffing needed), they tend to be more common in Chinatowns and satellite communities in developed countries and in fairly affluent Chinese immigrant communities, notably in Australia, Canada, and the United States, where they have received significant population of Hong Kong Chinese émigrés. Poorer immigrants usually cannot start these kinds of restaurants, although they too are employed in them. There are generally fewer of them in the older Chinatowns; for example, they are practically non-existent in [[Vancouver]]'s Chinatown, but more are found in its suburbs such as [[Richmond, British Columbia]], [[Canada]]. Competition between these restaurants is often fierce; hence owners of seafood restaurants hire and even "steal" well-rounded chefs, many of whom are from [[Hong Kong]]. ====BBQ delicatessens/restaurants==== [[Image:Cantonese roast duck in Los Angeles Chinatown.jpg|thumb|right|A display of Cantonese roast duck for sale in a delicatessen in [[Chinatown, Los Angeles]]]] Also, Chinese barbecue deli restaurants , called ''siu laap'' (燒臘) and sometimes called a "[[noodle house]]" (麵家, ''mein ga'') in Cantonese, are generally low-key and serve less expensive fare such as [[wonton]] noodles (or ''wonton mein''), [[chow fun]] (炒粉, stir-fry rice noodles), [[yang chow fried rice]] (揚州炒飯), and [[rice porridge]] or [[congee]], known as ''juk'' in Cantonese Chinese. They also tend to have displays of whole pre-cooked roasted ducks and suckling pigs hanging on their windows, a common feature in most Chinatowns worldwide and in which Chinatowns are widely known for. These delis also serve barbecue pork (叉燒, ''[[cha siu]]''), chicken feet and other Chinese-style items less welcome to the typical Western palate. Food is usually intended for takeaway (American: take-out). Some of these Chinatown restaurants sometimes have the reputation of being "greasy spoons" and reputation for poor service. Nonetheless, with their low prices, they are still patronized by both Chinese and any other customers on a budget. To adapt to local tastes, the best Chinese Mexican-style Cantonese cuisine is said to be found in Mexicali's Chinatown (or La Chinesca in its local Spanish) or the Chinese Peruvian cuisine in the Barrio Chino of Lima. Vietnamese immigrants, both ethnic Chinese and non-Chinese, have opened restaurants in many Chinatowns, serving Vietnamese [[pho]] [[beef noodle soup]]s and Franco-Vietnamese sandwiches. Some immigrants have also started restaurants serving Teochew Chinese cuisine. Some Chinatowns old and new may also contain several pan-Asian restaurants offering a variety of Asian noodles under one roof. ==== ''Chifas''==== A special feature of Chinatown in Lima, Peru (''Barrio Chino de Lima'') is the chifa, a [[Peruvian-Chinese]] type of restaurant which mixes Cantonese Chinese cuisine with local Peruvian flavors. Chifa is the Peruvian Spanish deriative of the Cantonese phrase ''jee fon'' (饎飯), which renders as "cook rice" or as "cook meal'". This type of restaurant is popular with native Peruvians. ==== Street vendors ==== Besides restaurants, the Chinatowns of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia and Singapore are noted for their street vendors selling local-style Chinese food from carts and stalls. They are also known as hawker stands and many have developed into hawker centers. ===Shops=== {{Expand-section|date=June 2008}} Most Chinatown businesses are engaged in the import-export and wholesale businesses; hence a large number of trading companies are found in Chinatowns. ====Ginseng, herbs and animal parts==== Small [[ginseng]] and herb shops are common in most Chinatowns, selling products used in [[Chinese medicine|traditional Chinese medicine]]. The Canadian government has stepped up policing of Chinese traditional medicinal stores and on a few occasions several Chinese stores in [[Chinatown, Vancouver|Vancouver]] and [[Chinatown, Toronto|Toronto]] have been raided for products taken from the harvesting of rare and endangered species, such as tiger bone, bear paw and bear gall bladder. {{Fact|date=February 2007}} This has been alleged by some Chinese to be racial persecution, despite environmental and moral concerns. {{Fact|date=June 2007}} Other products sold in this trade include sea cucumbers, sea horses, lizards, deer musk glands, , shark fins, swallows' nests, antlers, bear bile pills, crocodile bile pills, deer musk pills, rhino skin pills, and pangolin pills, as well as a wide range of mushrooms, herbs, bark, seaweed, roots and more. ====Markets==== [[Image:Chinatown Victoria gate lion hires.jpg|thumb|Stone lions at the gate to the [[Victoria, BC]] Chinatown]] As with the restaurant trade, grocery stores and seafood markets serve a key function in Chinatown economies, and these stores sell Chinese ingredients to such restaurants. Such markets are [[wholesaler]]s. Chinatown grocers and markets are often characterized by sidewalk vegetable and fruit stalls &ndash; a quintessential image of Chinatowns &ndash; and also sell a variety of grocery items imported from East Asia (chiefly Mainland China, [[Taiwan]], Japan, and South Korea) and Southeast Asia (principally Vietnam, Thailand, and Malaysia). For example, most Chinatown markets stock items such as sacks of Thai [[jasmine rice]], Chinese [[chrysanthemum]] and [[oolong]] [[tea]]s, bottles of [[oyster sauce]], rice [[vermicelli]], Hong Kong [[soybean]] beverages, Malaysian snack items, Taiwanese [[rice cracker]]s, and Japanese [[seaweed]] and Chinese specialties such as black [[duck egg]]s (often used in rice porridge), ''[[bok choy]]'' and [[Eleocharis dulcis|water chestnut]]s. These markets may also sell fish (especially [[tilapia]]) and other seafood items, which are kept alive in aquariums, for Chinese and other Asian cuisine dishes. Until recently, these items generally could not be found outside of the Chinatown enclaves, although since the 1970s [[Asian supermarket]]s have proliferated in the suburbs of North America and Australia, competing strongly with the old Chinatown markets. ====Religious and funerary supplies==== In keeping with [[Buddhist]] and [[Taoist]] funeral traditions, Chinese specialty shops also sell incense and funeral items which provide material comfort in the afterlife of the deceased. Shops sell specially-crafted replicas of small paper houses, paper radios, paper televisions, paper telephones, paper jewelry, and other material items. They also sell "[[Hell Bank Notes|hell money]]" currency notes. These items are intended to be burned in a furnace. These businesses also sell red, wooden Buddhist [[altar]]s and small [[statue]]s for worship. Per Chinese custom, an offering of oranges are usually placed in front of the statue in the altar. Some altars are stacked atop each other. These altars may be found in many Chinatown businesses. ====Video CD stores ==== Chinatowns may contain small businesses that sell [[International trade|import]]ed [[Video CD|VCD]]s and [[DVD]]s of [[Chinese-language]] films and [[karaoke]]. The VCDs are mainly titles of Hong Kong and PRC films, while there are also VCDs of Japanese [[anime]] and occasionally [[pornography]]. Often, imported [[counterfeit|bootleg]] DVDs and VCDs are sold owing to lax enforcement of [[copyright law]]s. ====Street merchants==== Street merchants selling low-priced vegetables, fruits, clothes, newspapers, and knickknacks are common in most Chinatowns. Most of the peddlers tend to be elderly (Cantonese: ''lo wah cue''). ===Benevolent and business associations=== [[Image:Waverly Street, San Francisco (6524).JPG|thumb|Benevolent associations have been associated with the [[Kuomintang]]. The [[flag of the Republic of China]] is still flown by most benevolent associations in San Francisco Chinatown, including these on Waverly Street.]] A major component of many Chinatowns is the family benevolent association, which provides some degree of aid to immigrants. These associations generally provide social support, religious services, death benefits (members' names in Chinese are generally enshrined on tablets and posted on walls), meals, and recreational activities for ethnic Chinese, especially for older Chinese migrants. Membership in these associations can be based on members sharing a common [[Chinese surname]] or belonging to a common clan, spoken [[Chinese dialect]], specific village, region or country of origin, and so on. Many have their own facilities. Some examples include San Francisco's prominent [[Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association]] (中華總會館), aka [[Chinese Six Companies]], and Los Angeles' Southern California Teochew Association. The Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association is among the largest umbrella groups of benevolent associations in the North America, which branches in several Chinatowns. Politically, the CCBA has traditionally been aligned with the Kuomintang and the [[Republic of China]]. The London Chinatown Chinese Association is active in Chinatown, London. [[Paris]] has an institution in the ''Association des Résidents en France d'origine indochinoise'' and it servicing overseas Chinese immigrants in Paris who were born in the former [[French Indochina]]. Traditionally, Chinatown-based associations have also been aligned on ethnic Chinese business interests, such as restaurant, grocery, and laundry (antiquated) associations in Chinatowns in North America. In Chicago's Chinatown, the On Leong Merchants Association was active. ===Annual events in Chinatown=== Most Chinatowns present ''[[Chinese New Year]]'' (also known as [[Lunar New Year]]) festivities with [[Chinese dragon|dragon]] and [[lion dance]]s accompanied by the rhythm of clashing of [[cymbal]]s, clanging on a [[gong]], clapping of hardwood clappers, by pounding of [[drum]]s, and by loud Chinese [[firecracker]]s, set off especially in front of ethnic Chinese storefronts, where the "lion" character attempts to reach for a [[lettuce]] or catch an [[orange (fruit)|orange]]. The lion typically contains two performers and performances may involves several stunts. In return, storekeepers usually donate some money to the performers, some of whom belong to local [[martial art]]s affiliations. In addition, some streets of Chinatowns are closed off for [[parade]]s, Chinese [[acrobatic]]s and [[martial art]]s demonstrations, [[street festival]]s, and [[carnival ride]]s—this is dependent on the promoters or organizers of the events. Other festivals may also be held in a [[parking lot]]/[[car park]], local [[park]], or [[school]] grounds within Chinatown. Some Chinatowns hold an annual "[[Miss Chinatown]]" [[beauty pageant]], such as "Miss Chinatown San Francisco," "Miss Chinatown Hawaii," "Miss Chinatown Houston" or "Miss Chinatown Atlanta." ===Dragon and lion dances=== [[Image:Chinese Dragon Dance in Calgary.jpg|thumb|Like Chinese worldwide, the people in [[Calgary]], [[Alberta]]'s Chinatown perform [[dragon dance]]s for good luck.]] [[Dragon dance|Dragon]] and [[lion dance]]s are performed in Chinatown every Chinese New Year, particularly to scare off evil spirits and bring good fortune to the community. They are also performed to celebrate a grand opening of a new Chinatown business, such as a restaurant or bank. Ironically, many lion and dragon dances are considered more preserved in true form in Chinatowns than in China itself. This discrepancy is attributed to the fact that traditional Chinese customs, including lion and dragon dances, were unable to flourish during the political and social instabilities of [[Imperial China]] under rule of the [[Qing Dynasty]] and were almost eliminated completely under the communist order of the People's Republic of China under Chairman [[Mao Zedong]]. However, due to the migration of Chinese all over the world (particularly Southeast Asia), the dances were continually practiced by overseas Chinese and performed in Chinatowns. Ceremonial [[wreath]]s and leafy green plants with red-coloured ribbons strewn across are also usually placed in front of new Chinatown businesses by well-wishers (particularly family members, wholesalers, community organizations, and so on), to assure future success. == Developments of newer Chinese retail from 1970s to present day == [[Image:Montereypark.jpg|right|thumb|The Los Angeles suburb of [[Monterey Park, California]] has been described as a “suburban Chinatown”.]] Newer arrivals of Chinese immigrants—from [[mainland China]], [[Hong Kong]], [[Taiwan]], and [[Southeast Asia]]—generally ignored the older Chinatowns that were established by the earlier immigrants. Political instabilities and upheavals in East Asia during the 1970s and 1980s, caused an influx of new immigration. Additionally, investors and developers were taking advantage of major real estate opportunities. For example, developers have built up strip malls. Satellite Chinese communities outside old Chinatowns are especially common in Pacific Rim [[anglosphere]] countries of Australia, Canada, and United States. Later waves of immigrants from Hong Kong and Taiwan have arrived with comparative affluence and may have no need for the benevolent associations described above. These communities contain restaurants and stores but in sprawled out fashion (some in suburban form), rather than in cramped conditions. They are not called "Chinatowns" per se, but serve as quasi-Chinatowns. In place of the term "Chinatown", some of these business districts have earned nicknames which correspond to the cities of the immigrants' origins, such as "[[Little Taipei]]" ([[Monterey Park, California]], United States), "[[Little Shanghai]]" ([[Ashfield, New South Wales]], [[Australia]]), and "[[Little Hong Kong]]" ([[Richmond, British Columbia]], Canada). [[Image:AshfieldNSWLiverpoolRd.jpg|thumb|Liverpool Road in [[Ashfield]], [[New South Wales]], [[Australia]].]] These new forms of Chinese retail are typically to be located in the cities of Australia, Canada, and the United States and serve as newer centers of Chinese activity. As a result, some cities that received significant amounts of recent Chinese—namely San Francisco, Los Angeles, Vancouver, Toronto, and Sydney—have one main Chinatown (often of historic value) and an alternative center of retail and cultural activities in outlying communities. The article [[Chinatown patterns in North America]] describes these developments. Effects on the old Chinatowns are mentioned in [[Social problems in Chinatown#Decaying Chinatowns|Social problems in Chinatown]]. ===Factors influencing developments of newer quasi-Chinatowns=== {| |Country || Reason |- |[[People's Republic of China]] ("[[Mainlander]]") || Market reforms in Communist China allowing for migration, growing social stratification forcing poor to seek to their fortunes elsewhere (some as illegal immigrants), and elites such as relatives of leaders like [[Hu Jintao]] and [[Jiang Zemin]] settling in the West in order to obtain Western nationalities before returning to the mainland. |- |[[Republic of China|Republic of China (Taiwan)]] (''"[[Waisheng Ren]]"'') || Pro-Kuomintang Chinese perceive they did not belong in the island of Taiwan as the [[Taiwanese localization movement]] gathered full steam after [[Chiang Ching-kuo]]'s death, but could not expect return to the still-Communist mainland China either, so went to the West. |- |[[Hong Kong]] ("[[Hongkonger]]") || Fear by businessmen and opponents of Chinese Communists of implications of [[Transfer of the sovereignty of Hong Kong|1997 handover of Hong Kong]] from Britain to Communist China |- |[[Vietnam]] ([[Hoa]])|| Persecution of Vietnamese-born ethnic Chinese by the Communist Vietnamese government; left Vietnam as impoverished [[boat people]] |} ===Examples of new Chinatowns=== [[Image:china-town-brisbane.jpg|right|thumb|The [[Chinatown, Brisbane|Chinatown Mall]] in [[Brisbane]], Australia]] The articles [[Chinatowns in North America]] and [[Chinatowns in Australasia]] provide more detail while the [[List of Chinatowns]] has general locations. '''Flushing, Queens, New York''' (New York City) In the 1970s and 1980s, [[Flushing, Queens|Flushing]] was settled by an influx of Chinese immigrants from Taiwan—who have largely avoided Chinatown, Manhattan for the most part. The Chinese business district is located on Roosevelt Avenue. Today, the community is not exclusively Taiwanese/Chinese but also contains an adjacent Korean area. '''Cabramatta, New South Wales, Australia''' (Sydney) A new Chinese retail district was formed by ethnic Chinese refugees from Vietnam in the heavily working-class Sydney suburb of [[Cabramatta]], but it also services the Vietnamese and Southeast Asian communities in general. This community contains a Chinese paifang that was built in 1989. '''Richmond, British Columbia, Canada''' (Vancouver) Hong Kong Chinese immigrants settled in the Vancouver area in the 1980s and 1990s. The shopping malls are located upon No. 3 Road (in an area called the [[Golden Village (Richmond, British Columbia)|Golden Village]]) in the fairly affluent suburb of Richmond, which have replaced the cultural influence of the poorer Chinatown in downtown Vancouver. '''Markham, Ontario, Canada''' (Greater Toronto Area) Many Chinese strip plazas are foundalong Highway 7 and Steeles (particularly around Steeles and Kennedy). The construction of Pacific Mall (North America's biggest Chinese-theme mall) in 1997 has attracted visitors from Toronto and abroad. '''Cyrildene, South Africa (in Johannesburg)''' As an example of a growing satellite Chinatown outside the Pacific rim, immigrants from Fujian, China have set up shops in the newer Chinese enclave in Cyrildene (Derrick Ave), an eastern suburb of [[Johannesburg]]. It compares favouraby to the much faded Cantonese Chinatown in the CBD. ==Names for Chinatowns== In [[Chinese language|Chinese]], Chinatown is usually called, in [[Standard Mandarin|Mandarin]], '''''Tángrénjiē''''' (唐人街 ''Tong yan gai'' in [[Cantonese (linguistics)|Cantonese]], ''Hong ngin gai'' in [[Taishan dialect|Toisan]], and ''Tong ngin gai'' in [[Hakka (linguistics)|Hakka]]), literally meaning "Tang people's street(s)". The [[Tang Dynasty]] was a zenith of the Chinese civilization, after which some Chinese--especially in [[southern China|the South]]--call themselves. Some Chinatowns are indeed just one single street, such as the relatively short [[Chinatown, Victoria, British Columbia|Fisgard Street]] in [[Victoria, British Columbia]], Canada or the sprawling 4-mile (6.4-km) [[Chinatown, Houston|new Chinatown]] in [[Houston, Texas]]. However, most Chinatown are in fact multiple intersecting streets. [[Image:Chinatown Arch Newcastle UK.jpg|thumb|right|Chinatown entry arch in [[Newcastle-upon-Tyne|Newcastle]], [[UK]]]] A more modern Chinese name is '''''Huábù''''' (華埠 ''Chinese City''), used in the semi-official Chinese translations of some cities' documents and signs. ''Bù'', pronounced sometimes as ''fù'', usually means ''seaport''; but in this sense, it means ''city'' or ''town''. Likewise, ''Tong yan fau'' (唐人埠 "Tang people's town") is also used in Cantonese nowadays. The literal word-for-word translation of ''Chinatown''--''Zhōngguó Chéng'' (中國城)--is rarely used in Chinese. In [[Francophone]] regions (such as [[France]] and [[Quebec]]), Chinatown is often referred to as '''''le quartier chinois''''' (''the Chinese Quarter''; plural: ''les quartiers chinois'') and the Spanish-language term is usually '''''el barrio chino''''' (''the Chinese neighborhood''; plural: ''los barrios chinos''), used in [[Spain]] and [[Latin America]]. (However, ''barrio chino'' or its [[Catalan language|Catalan]] cognate ''barri xines'' do not always refer to a Chinese neighborhood: these are also common terms for a disreputable district with drugs and prostitution, and often no connection to the Chinese.). The Vietnamese term for Chinatown is ''Khu người Hoa'', due to the prevalence of the Vietnamese language in Chinatowns of Paris, Los Angeles, Toronto, and Montréal as ethic Chinese from Vietnam have set up shop in them. Other countries also have idiosyncratic names for Chinatown in local languages and in Chinese; however, some local terms may not necessarily translate as ''Chinatown''. For example, Singapore's tourist-centric Chinatown is called in local [[Singaporean Mandarin]] ''Niúchēshǔi'' (牛车水), which literally means "Ox-cart water" from the Malay 'Kreta Ayer' in reference to the water carts that used to ply the area. Some languages have adopted the English-language term, such as [[Dutch language|Dutch]], [[German language|German]], and [[Bahasa Malaysia]]. In Malaysia, the term ''Chinatown'' is named under administrative reason. Instead, the name ''Chee Chong Kai'' (茨厂街)is preferred and agreed upon by the locals. ''Chee'' in Hakka means tapioca, ''chong'' means factory and ''kai'' means street. This is originated from a factory that was set up by Yap Ah Loy, a rich [[Kapitan]] (a Chinese immigrant that has administrative and political power under the British rule) that made tapioca. Chee Chong Kai is also called ''jalan Petaling'' or "Petaling Street". Several alternate English names for Chinatown include '''China Town''' (generally used in [[British English|British]] and [[Australian English]]), '''The Chinese District''', '''Chinese Quarter''' and '''China Alley''' (an antiquated term used primarily in several [[rural]] towns in the [[American West|western United States]] for a Chinese community; some of these are now historical sites). In the case of Lillooet, British Columbia, Canada, China Alley was a parallel commercial street adjacent to the town's Main Street, enjoying a view over the river valley adjacent and also over the main residential part of Chinatown, which was largely of adobe construction. All traces of Chinatown and China Alley there have disappeared, despite a once large and prosperous community. ==Chinatowns worldwide== {{chinatown}} {{Seealso|List of Chinatowns}} Chinatowns are most common in [[North America]], [[Asia]], [[Australia]] and [[Europe]], but are common across the world. ===United Kingdom=== ''Main articles: [[Chinatown, London]], [[Chinatown, Manchester]], [[Chinatown, Liverpool]] and [[Chinatown, Birmingham]]'' Chinatowns in the UK are not heavily residential, the Chinese in the UK are relatively dispersed, and do not form ethnic enclaves as in many other countries, although the highest number are to be found in large cities and in the South-East. The [[United Kingdom]] has several Chinatowns, including the largest one in central [[Chinatown, London|London]], located in the [[Soho]] area, established in the 1950s and 1960s. Other UK Chinatowns are found in the English cities of [[Liverpool, England|Liverpool]], [[Manchester]] and [[Newcastle upon Tyne|Newcastle]], the Scottish cities of [[Glasgow]] and [[Edinburgh]], the [[Wales|Welsh]] capital [[Cardiff]] and a growing population of Chinese immigrants are present in [[Belfast]], [[Northern Ireland]]. ===== England ===== ;London [[Chinatown, London|London's Chinatown]] is mainly commercial with many Chinese restaurants and businesses. A new Chinese gate over [[Wardour Street]] marking the entrance to Leicester Square is planned as well. London's Chinatown is undergoing the politics of gentrification, with a £50 million planned regeneration. There are plans to revive London's original Chinese district in [[Limehouse]] as part of the wider regeneration of [[East London, England|East London]]. This area was bombed out, as with much of London, during the Blitz in the Second World War causing a relocation of the few ethnic Chinese who had lived there to other areas. Other major Chinese-run businesses can be found in other parts of London, e.g. in suburban [[Croydon]]. At present, they consist mainly of a shopping centre with a major Chinese British supermarket chain as the anchor. One such centre in Croydon is called China Town Mall and has been built complete with Chinese-style architecture and gateway. Oriental City in Colindale, boasts a well stocked supermarket, a large food court of E/SE Asian cuisines, several other restaurants, a games arcade, herbal shops, masseurs, and a cultural performance space. Queensway, though a cosmopolitan blend of many cultures, also has a sizable Chinese presence and a substantial cluster of Chinese restaurants and other businesses. [[Image:Manchester Chinatown.jpg|thumb|Chinatown, [[Manchester]], [[England]]]] ;Manchester Manchester's Chinatown on Faulkner Street is the second largest in Britain after London's Soho Chinatown. The Chinese British population, many of whom are immigrants from former British-ruled Hong Kong, has especially settled in the [[Greater Manchester]] area. However, Hong Kong immigration to the United Kingdom has leveled off over the years and there has been a rise in Mainland Chinese immigration to the country. ;Birmingham The [[Chinese Quarter]] is an area of Birmingham, United Kingdom. First emerging as an informal cluster of Chinese community organizations, social clubs, and businesses in the 1960s centred around [[Hurst Street]], as a result of post-World War II migration from Hong Kong, the Chinese Quarter was officially recognized in the 1980s. It is well-known for its Chinese restaurants, such as the China Court Restaurant; for the parade which is held there each year to celebrate the Chinese New Year; for the Birmingham Hippodrome; and for being the location of the headquarters of [[Wing Yip]]. To the rear of the area is the [[Irish Quarter]] which is located directly next to a large supermarket selling typical Chinese produce. ;Newcastle The Chinatown in Newcastle was primarily based on Stowell Street, but has expanded in recent years with many Chinese businesses in the surrounding area. The Chinatown encorporates the area from Stowell Street to Westgate Road. According to the BBC, Newcastle's Chinatown is also undergoing regeneration. A gateway costing £160,000 (€240,000) has recently been constructed by Mainland Chinese engineers as part of the plans. ;Liverpool [[Image:ChinatownLiverpool20041231 CopyrightKaihsuTai.jpg|thumb|left|Gateway to the Chinatown,[[Liverpool]], [[England]]]] The Chinatown in Liverpool in the Merseyside area is on Duke Street and is home to the oldest Chinese community in Europe. The arch located at the gateway is also the largest of its kind outside of China. It has been under regeneration. ;Sheffield Sheffield has no official Chinatown although [[London Road (Sheffield)|London Road]], [[Highfield, Sheffield|Highfield]] is the centre of the Sheffield Chinese community. There are many Chinese restaurants, supermarkets and community stores and home of the Sheffield Chinese Community Centre. The Sheffield Chinese community is pressing for the street to be formally labelled Sheffield's Chinatown. ===== Northern Ireland ===== '''Belfast''' [[Belfast]] in Northern Ireland has a large Chinese immigrant population. Although there is no formal Chinatown, the area on the street of Donegall Pass and Dublin Road exhibits the properties of many Chinatowns. ===== Scotland ===== [[Glasgow]] contains a Chinatown. In 2003, the city council of [[Aberdeen]] approved plans for a new Chinatown in the northern part of the city. ===Artificial Chinatowns=== {{Refimprove|date=February 2007}} The latest trend of Chinatowns has been to build-up artificial Chinatowns, constructed as Chinese-themed shopping malls in lieu of actual traditional communities. Examples are in [[Las Vegas, Nevada|Las Vegas]] (United States—see [[Chinatown, Las Vegas]]), [[Dubai]] (United Arab Emirates), [[Glasgow]] (United Kingdom), [[Incheon]] (South Korea), [[Dobroieşti]] (Romania), [[St. Petersburg]] (Russia) and [[Darwin, Northern Territory|Darwin]] (Australia) and in some Canadian cities, most notably the [[Golden Village (Richmond, British Columbia)|Golden Village]] in [[Richmond, British Columbia]]. There is one such mall going up in 2006 in [[Manila]] in the Philippines, in which the project is called "Neo Chinatown" and is to be developed in conjunction with Filipino Chinese and Mainland Chinese businessmen.[http://www.manilatimes.net/national/2006/mar/28/yehey/business/20060328bus5.html] ==Chinatown in film, television, and the arts== {{trivia|date=February 2008}} ===Film=== *''[[Broken Blossoms]]'' (1919) directed by D.W. Griffith starring Lillian Gish. *''[[The Hatchet Man]]'' (1931), Los Angeles, [[Edward G. Robinson]] *''[[Mr. Wong in Chinatown]]'' (1939), [[Boris Karloff]] *''[[Mr. Wong in Phantom of Chinatown]]'' (1940), Boris Karloff *''[[The Lady from Shanghai]]'', (1946), [[Orson Welles]] * ''[[Confessions of an Opium Eater]]'', (1962), [[Vincent Price]], the horror film about opium smoking in Chinatown, San Francisco in 1902 *''[[Chinatown (1974 movie)|Chinatown]]'' (1974), Los Angeles, [[Jack Nicholson]], [[Faye Dunaway]] (despite the title, very little footage in Chinatown, which functions more as a metaphor, though the scenes that are filmed there are key scenes) *''[[Invasion of the Body Snatchers (1978 film)|Invasion of the Body Snatchers]]'' (1978), San Francisco, [[Donald Sutherland]], [[Brooke Adams]], two key scenes are set in the City by the Bay's Chinatown. *''[[Blade Runner]]'' (1982), Los Angeles Chinatown of 2019, [[Harrison Ford]], [[Sean Young]] *''[[Chan Is Missing]]'' (1982) directed by [[Wayne Wang]], set in San Francisco's Chinatown. *''[[Year of the Dragon(movie)|Year of the Dragon]]'' (1985), Manhattan Chinatown, [[Mickey Rourke]] *''[[Big Trouble in Little China]]'' (1986), San Francisco, [[Kurt Russell]], [[Kim Cattrall]] * ''China Girl'' (1987), filmed in NYC Chinatown *''[[Eat a Bowl of Tea]]'' (1989), set in the New York Chinatown of the 1940s *''[[Bird on a Wire (film)|Bird on a Wire]]'' (1990), [[Chinatown, Victoria, British Columbia]], [[Mel Gibson]], [[Goldie Hawn]] (Note: Victoria's Chinatown in this film is standing in for a fictional Chinatown in [[Racine, Wisconsin]]. Racine has no actual Chinatown.) *''[[The Joy Luck Club]]'' (1992), based on the novel by Amy Tan (see below) *''[[Dragon: The Bruce Lee Story]]'' (1993), [[San Francisco]] *''[[Golden Gate]]'' (1994), San Francisco, [[Matt Dillon]] and [[Joan Chen]] *''[[Jade (film)|Jade]]'' (1995), San Francisco, with [[David Caruso]], [[Linda Fiorentino]] *''[[Jackie Chan's First Strike]]'' (1996), [[Brisbane]] (Australia) Chinatown, [[Jackie Chan]] *''[[The Game (film)|The Game]]'' (1997), San Francisco, [[Michael Douglas]] and [[Sean Penn]] *''[[Mr. Nice Guy]]'' (1997), [[Melbourne]] (Australia) Chinatown, Jackie Chan *''[[Tomorrow Never Dies]]'' (1997), [[Pierce Brosnan]], motorcycle chase scene supposedly set in [[Ho Chi Minh City]]'s ''Cholon'' district ([[Vietnam]]) but actually filmed in [[Bangkok]]'s ''Yaowarat'' ([[Thailand]]) *''[[Lethal Weapon 4]]'' (1998), [[Los Angeles]] *''[[Rush Hour (movie)|Rush Hour]]'' (1998), [[Los Angeles, California|Los Angeles]] Chinatown, [[Jackie Chan]] and [[Chris Tucker]] *''[[The Corruptor]]'' (1999), set in [[Manhattan]] Chinatown but filmed in [[Toronto, Canada]] Chinatown, [[Chow Yun-Fat]] and [[Mark Wahlberg]] * ''[[Entrapment (movie)|Entrapment]]'' (1999), [[Sean Connery]] and [[Catherine Zeta Jones]], a scene filmed in Chinatown of Malacca (Malaysia) * ''[[Now Chinatown]]'' (2000), independent film, Los Angeles Chinatown *''[[Romeo Must Die]]'' (2000), San Francisco Chinatown but filmed in part in Vancouver, Canada, Jet Li and [[Aaliyah]] *''[[Long Life, Happiness & Prosperity]]'' (2002), [[Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada]] *''[[The Sweetest Thing]]'' (2002), [[Cameron Diaz]], [[Selma Blair]] and [[Christina Applegate]], three scenes including a comical musical sequence are set in San Francisco's Chinatown *''[[Freaky Friday (2003 film)|Freaky Friday]]'' (2003), several key scenes are set in the [[Los Angeles]] Chinatown * ''[[The Departed]]'' ([[2006]]), [[Martin Scorsese]]'s [[Boston]]-set crime epic with [[Matt Damon]], [[Leonardo DiCaprio]] and [[Jack Nicholson]] features one key scene in the city's Chinatown neighborhood. * ''[[Year of the Fish]]'' (2007), a Chinese folk tale variant of ''Cinderella'' set entirely in modern-day Chinatown, New York. *''[[High School High]]'', (1996), Jon Lovitz, story set and filming in Chinatown, Los Angeles *''[[Fast and furious]]'' (2001), scene of the race scene with motorcycle gang set in a fictional Chinatown of Los Angeles (complete with Confucianist statues and a Chinese paifang), but actually filmed in [[Little Saigon]] in suburban Orange County, California *''[[Saving Face]]'' (2004), the main character, Wil is from Flushing Chinatown in New York; notable scenes in the beginning and end of the film are set there *''[[Falling for Grace]]'' (2007), the main character, Grace Tang is from [[Manhattan]] Chinatown in New York; several scenes are set there *''[[21]]'' (2008), [[Boston]] MIT student, Ben Campbell visits chinatown to practice card counting in an underground casino. *''[[The Forbidden Kingdom]]'' (2008), [[Boston]] the main character visits a shop there to procure his kung-fu video obsession. ===Television=== *''[[Father Ted]]'' (1998): episode titled "Are You Right There, Father Ted?" Features a Chinatown on Craggy Island, the fiction island off the coast of Ireland. *''[[Hawaii Five-O]]'' (1978): episode titled "A Death in the Family", [[Honolulu]] Chinatown *''[[The Incredible Hulk (1977 TV series)|The Incredible Hulk]]'' (1981): episode titled "East Winds" *''[[Reading Rainbow]]'' (1980): educational series, "Liang & the Magic Paintbrush" episode, Manhattan Chinatown * ''Gideon Oliver'' (1989), episode 2 ("Tongs"), Louis Gossett, Jr., filmed in Manhattan. *''[[My Secret Identity]]'' (1989): episode titled "The Eyes of the Shadow" *''[[The Simpsons]]'' (1989–present day): animated series. Characters visit the Manhattan Chinatown in the episode "[[The City of New York vs. Homer Simpson]]". The first part of the episode titled "[[A Hunka Hunka Burns in Love]]" takes place in the fictitious [[Springfield (The Simpsons)|Springfield]] Chinatown. Included are many exaggerated or ridiculous depictions of a [[dragon dance]], [[fortune cookies]], and an imagining of the inhabitants beating up "Tibettown". *''[[Kung Fu: The Legend Continues]]'' (1993–1997): starring [[David Carradine]] and [[Chris Potter]]. Numerous episodes are set in the Chinatown of an unnamed major U.S. city as the protagonist lives in one. Filmed in [[Chinatown, Toronto|Toronto]]. *''[[Nash Bridges]]'' (1996–2001): episode titled "Promised Land", San Francisco's Chinatown, that has title character Nash ([[Don Johnson]]) and his unit investigating a powerful crime lord ([[Michael Paul Chan]]). *''[[The X-Files]]'' (1996): episode titled "Hell Money", portraying San Francisco's Chinatown. Filmed in [[Chinatown (Vancouver)|Vancouver]]. *''[[Charmed]]'' (1998): episode titled "Dead Man Dating", San Francisco's Chinatown. *''[[Law and Order: Special Victims Unit]]'' (1999–2006): two episodes in Manhattan Chinatown. The episode "[[Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 6)|Debt]]" deals with the issue of immigrant smuggling, whereas "[[Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 3)|Inheritance]]" deals with a serial offender who targets members of the Chinese community. *''Time Machine: Chinatown: Strangers in a Strange Land'' (2000): documentary, [[The History Channel]]. *''[[Law and Order: Criminal Intent]]'' (2001): cold open of the episode "Chinoiserie" features a heinous crime taking place in Manhattan Chinatown. * ''[[Martin Yan]]'s Chinatowns'' (2002–2004): cooking show on Food Network Canada, shows multiple worldwide Chinatowns and their various Chinese cuisine. *''Sucker Free City'' (2004) filmed for cable television and directed by [[Spike Lee]], set and filmed on-location in San Francisco's Chinatown, a vignette dealing with a teenage Chinatown racketeer and selling of pirated gangsta rap CDs in Chinatown. *''[[Family Guy]]'' (2005): In the episode "[[Breaking Out Is Hard to Do]]", Lois is sentenced to three years in prison for stealing. Peter smuggles Lois out of prison and they hop into a laundry van which brings them to "Asiantown" where they seek refuge. "Asiantown" is a reference to and resembles a Chinatown. ===Other=== *''[[Flower Drum Song]]'' (1958), musical, San Francisco *''[[The Joy Luck Club]]'' (1988), novel by Amy Tan *''[[Lethal Enforcers]]'' (1992): video game. The assignment "Chinatown Assault" takes place in Chicago's Chinatown. *''[[Driver: You Are The Wheelman]]'' (1999), video game, San Francisco Chinatown *''[[Paper Shadows: A Chinatown Childhood]]'' (1999), memoir by [[Wayson Choy]] *''[[Kill the Messenger (novel)|Kill the Messenger]]'' (2004), novel by Tami Hoag * [[Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas]], video game, contains an in-game city called [[San Fierro]], modeled after [[San Francisco]], complete with a Chinatown. * [[The Doobie Brothers]]' album [[Livin' on the Fault Line]] contained a song called Chinatown, describing the mysteriousness of the area. * [[Need For Speed: Carbon]], video game, a territory in downtown Palmont houses a Chinatown. It is called Historic Chinatown. ==See also== * [[Asian supermarket]] * [[Chinatown bus]] * [[Japantown]] * [[Koreatown]] * [[Little Saigon]] * [[Thai Town]] * [[List of U.S. cities with large Chinese American populations]] * [[List of cities with large Chinese Canadian populations]] * [[List of named ethnic enclaves in North American cities]] * [[Overseas Chinese]] * [[Sunset Park, Brooklyn|Sunset Park]], home to "[[Brooklyn]] Chinatown" * [[Jack Manion]] San Francisco's Chinatown squad * [[List of Chinatowns]] * [[Europe Street]], a street in China dedicated to European culture ==References== <references/> ==Further reading== * Sons of the Yellow Emperor: A History of the Chinese Diaspora (1994) by Lynn Pan. Book with detailed histories of Chinese diaspora communities (Chinatowns) from San Francisco, Honolulu, Bangkok, Manila, Johannesburg, Sydney, London, Lima, etc. * Chew, James R. "Boyhood Days in Winnemucca, 1901–1910." ''Nevada Historical Society Quarterly'' 1998 41(3): 206-209. ISSN 0047-9462 Oral history (1981) describes the Chinatown of Winnemucca, Nevada, during 1901–10. Though many Chinese left Winnemucca after the Central Pacific Railroad was completed in 1869, around four hundred Chinese had formed a community in the town by the 1890s. Among the prominent buildings was the Joss House, a place of worship and celebration that was visited by Chinese president Sun Yat-Sen in 1911. Beyond describing the physical layout of the Chinatown, the author recalls some of the commercial and gambling activities in the community. *"Chinatown: Conflicting Images, Contested Terrain", K. Scott Wong, ''Melus'' (Vol. 20, Issue 1), 1995. Scholarly work discussing the negative perceptions and imagery of old Chinatowns. *Daniel Williams, [http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn?pagename=article&contentId=A17537-2004Feb29&notFound=true "Chinatown Is a Hard Sell in Italy"], ''[[Washington Post]]'' Foreign Service, [[March 1]], [[2004]]; Page A11. ==External links== {{Commons|Chinatown|Chinatown}} *[http://www.flickr.com/groups/chinatown_time_travel_usa/ Historical Photos of American Chinatowns] *[http://www.chinatownology.com Chinatownology: Singapore Chinatown] *[http://www.chinatownparade.org Chinese New Year Parade and Festivals] *[http://www.nychinatown.org A Journey through Chinatown] New York City's 3 Chinatowns. *[http://chinatownnewyorkcity.blogspot.com Chinatown New York City Blog] *[http://citadel.wingus.ampedhost.com/chinatown Toronto's six Chinatowns Blog] *[http://www.sakura.cc.tsukuba.ac.jp/~yamakiyo/English-Home.htm Yamashita's Web Site]—Pictures of Chinatowns *[http://www.asian-nation.org/enclaves.shtml Asian-Nation: Ethnic Enclaves & Communities] *[http://ben-yosef.com/pics/chinatown/ Boston's Chinatown] *[http://www.markmcgowan.co.uk/photo_882340.html Liverpool's Chinese Arch - the largest outside of China] *[http://www.chinainsightstoday.com China Insights Today Magazine] ===<font color=#FFFFFF>Australian Chinatowns</font>=== <div style="clear: both; width: 100%; padding: 0; text-align: left; border: none;" class="NavFrame"> <div style="background: #ccddcc; text-align: center; border: 1px solid #667766" class="NavHead">'''Australian Chinatowns''' </div> <div class="NavContent"> {| class="toccolours" style="width: 100%; border-top: none;" ====Australia==== *[http://www.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/asiapcf/auspac/06/19/australia.chinatown/ CNN.com - Triad turf war in Sydney] *[http://www.chinatown.com.au/defaulte.asp Guide to Chinatown, Sydney, Australia] *[http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2002/09/06/1031115933806.html Eastern promise spread to the suburbs] - ''[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]'' article on suburban Chinatowns in Australia * [http://www.melbourne-chinatown.vic.gov.au/ Melbourne] ====Solomon Islands==== * [http://www.pacific-pictures.com/pacific/cities.html Honiara, Solomon Islands] |} </div> </div> ===<font color=#FFFFFF>African Chinatowns</font>=== <div style="clear: both; width: 100%; padding: 0; text-align: left; border: none;" class="NavFrame"> <div style="background: #ccddcc; text-align: center; border: 1px solid #667766" class="NavHead">'''African Chinatowns''' </div> <div class="NavContent"> {| class="toccolours" style="width: 100%; border-top: none;" * [http://www.madanight.com/madagascar-gallerie-photo_177.htm Antananrivo Chinatown Gallery] Antananrivo * [http://archive.mg.co.za/NXT/gateway.dll/PrintEdition/MGP1998/3lv02315/4lv02447/5lv02499.htm Johannesburg] |} </div> </div> ===<font color=#FFFFFF>Asian Chinatowns</font>=== <div style="clear: both; width: 100%; padding: 0; text-align: left; border: none;" class="NavFrame"> <div style="background: #ccddcc; text-align: center; border: 1px solid #667766" class="NavHead">'''Asian Chinatowns''' </div> <div class="NavContent"> {| class="toccolours" style="width: 100%; border-top: none;" ====India==== * [[China Town, Kolkata]] * [http://www.angelfire.com/empire/hakka/ Welcome to Hakka Community] - Calcutta * [http://www.rediff.com/travel/1998/feb/17slide1.htm Calcutta's Chinese Puja] * Bombay/Mumbai, India ====Indonesia==== * Jakarta * Medan * Semarang * Surabaya ====Japan==== * [http://gojapan.about.com/cs/kantoregion1/a/yokohama_china.htm Yokohama] * [http://www.nagasaki-chinatown.com/ Nagasaki Chinatown] (Japanese) * [http://www.city.kobe.jp/cityoffice/17/010/english/scape/nankin.html Kobe: Nankinmachi] * [http://www.nankinmachi.or.jp/ Kobe Chinatown] (Japanese) ====Singapore==== * [http://www.chinatownology.com Singapore Chinatown] * [http://www.rgs.edu.sg/events/Chinatown/main/main1.html Singapore] ====South Korea==== * [http://www.korea.net/news/news/newsView.asp?serial_no=20040916021&part=109&SearchDay= Incheon, South Korea] ====Malaysia==== * [http://www.tourism-melaka.com/MelakaNewChinatown/town.html Malacca, Malaysia] * Chee Cheong Kai ([[Petaling Street]]), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia * [http://www.wcities.com/en/record/,190596/364/record.html Campbell Avenue], Georgetown, Penang * Tunku Abdul Rahman Road, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia * Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia * Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia ====Thailand==== * [http://thailandforvisitors.com/central/bangkok/chinatown Bangkok] ====Philippines==== * http://www.flickr.com/photos/my_soul_insurance2004/422627577/ manila] |} </div> </div> ===<font color=#FFFFFF>Latin American Chinatowns</font>=== <div style="clear: both; width: 100%; padding: 0; text-align: left; border: none;" class="NavFrame"> <div style="background: #ccddcc; text-align: center; border: 1px solid #667766" class="NavHead">'''Latin American Chinatowns''' </div> <div class="NavContent"> {| class="toccolours" style="width: 100%; border-top: none;" ====Argentina==== *[http://www.mibelgrano.com.ar/barriochino.htm El barrio chino en Belgrano] ====Brazil==== *[http://www.mytravelguide.com/attractions/profile-79743405-Brazil_Sao_Paulo_Liberdade.html São Paulo's Bairro da Liberdade] ====Cuba==== *[http://www.geocities.com/paseovedado/chinatown.html Havana] ====Dominican Republic==== * [http://www.listindiario.com.do/antes/febrero05/140205/cuerpos/republica/rep1.htm Celebración del año del Gallo une a chinos con dominicanos] (Spanish) ====Peru==== *[http://www.enjoyperu.com/multimediagallery/photos/htm-eng/6-32.htm Lima, Peru] *[http://www.exitocoastal.net/chinatown_peru.html Barrio Chino: El Chifa Original Negocio Lima, Peru] |} </div> </div> ===<font color=#FFFFFF>Middle East Chinatowns</font>=== <div style="clear: both; width: 100%; padding: 0; text-align: left; border: none;" class="NavFrame"> <div style="background: #ccddcc; text-align: center; border: 1px solid #667766" class="NavHead">'''Middle East Chinatowns''' </div> <div class="NavContent"> {| class="toccolours" style="width: 100%; border-top: none;" ====United Arab Emirates==== *[http://www.net-wave.net/eventpartners/dubai_chinatown.html Dubai] ====Iran==== *[http://www.net-wave.net/eventpartners/iran_chinatown.html Iran] |} </div> </div> ===<font color=#FFFFFF>North American Chinatowns</font>=== <div style="clear: both; width: 100%; padding: 0; text-align: left; border: none;" class="NavFrame"> <div style="background: #ccddcc; text-align: center; border: 1px solid #667766" class="NavHead">'''North American Chinatowns''' </div> <div class="NavContent"> {| class="toccolours" style="width: 100%; border-top: none;" ====Canada==== *[http://archives.cbc.ca/IDD-1-69-1433/life_society/chinese_immigration/ CBC News - Indepth: Chinese Migrants] - History of Chinese immigration in Canada =====British Columbia===== *[http://www.chinatownvancouver.ca Vancouver] *[http://collections.ic.gc.ca/generations/community/vancouver.html History of Vancouver's Chinatown] *[[Chinatown, Victoria, British Columbia|Victoria]] *[http://www.bcarchives.gov.bc.ca/exhibits/timemach/galler02/frames/chinatown.htm Photos of Victoria's Chinatown] - six pages (use "forward" button) *[[New Westminster, British Columbia#Chinatown|New Westminster]] *[http://www.explorasian.org/2006/07/new-westminster-museum-and-archives.html New Westminster Museum and Archives Chinatown Project] *[http://www.cayoosh.net/chinatown.html Lillooet's Chinatown] - the BC Interior's first Chinatown *[http://collections.ic.gc.ca/generations/community/barkerville.html Barkerville's Chinatown] - although ostensibly about Barkerville, content here is all Chinese-related. *[http://www.barkerville.com/mapbv.htm Map of Barkerville, explaining location and circumstances of Chinatown] *[http://collections.ic.gc.ca/yale/tour/china.htm Yale's Chinatown] - the first Chinatown on the BC Mainland *[http://collections.ic.gc.ca/yale/tour/onlee.htm Yale's On Lee House] - a surviving structure of Yale's Chinatown *[[Cumberland, British Columbia|Cumberland's Chinatown]] - once the second-largest on the West Coast of North America (c.1910) *[http://collections.ic.gc.ca/kingcoal/10/bigstrike/chinese.html Cumberland's Chinese Strikebreakers ("scabs"), from Digital Collections "King Coal" series] *[http://www.cumberlandforest.com/photos/Chinatown.gif Picture of Cumberland's Chinatown, 1910] =====Alberta===== *[http://www.ecmcc.ca/ Edmonton] *[http://www.dave-stephens.com/calgary/calchina.htm Calgary] =====Manitoba===== *[http://www.winterpeg.com/Town/Chinatown.htm Winnipeg] =====Ontario===== *[http://collections.ic.gc.ca/generations/community/toronto.html Short history of Toronto's Chinatown] *[http://www.eye.net/eye/issue/issue_07.04.02/news/chinatown.html Historic (Toronto) Chinatown desperately seeking revival] *[http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/~salaff/conference/papers/MPhan-DraftSinoVietnamese.pdf Sino-Vietnamese: Chinese sub-ethnic relations in Toronto’s Chinatown West District] - Academic paper about the Chinese Vietnamese in Toronto's Chinatown (PDF file) *[http://www.ottawakiosk.com/somerset/ Ottawa's Chinatown - Somerset Heights] *[http://www.somersetstreet.com Photographs of buildings in Ottawa's Chinatown] *[http://citadel01.co.nr/chinatown Toronto's six owns Blog - photos, items, restaurant reviews] =====Quebec===== *[http://www.vehiculepress.com/montreal/chinatown.html Montreal] ====Mexico==== =====Baja California===== *http://www.cpamedia.com/articles/0203_03/ Mexicali’s Chinatown: Sharks fin Tacos and Barbecued Chow Mein ====United States==== =====California===== *[http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/award99/cubhtml/cichome.html Library of Congress: The Chinese in California, 1850-1925] *[http://www.sanfranciscochinatown.com/ Chinatown] - San Francisco *[http://www.countyofplumas.com/museum/museum_chinese_history.htm The Chinese in Plumas County (California)] - Several examples of early rural Chinatowns in Northern California *[http://www.chinatownla.com Los Angeles] *[http://www.asianweek.com/052496/LittleTaipei.html The Chinese Beverly Hills] - ''Asian Week'' article on the first Chinese American suburban community of Monterey Park, California, USA (Greater Los Angeles area). *[http://www.latimes.com/la-fo-tour15jan15001435.htmlstory Where the action is] - Los Angeles Times article on the suburban Chinese business district of San Gabriel, California, USA (Greater Los Angeles area) *[http://www.aamovement.net/community/Urban%20Cultural%20Playground.html Urban Cultural Playground: Art, Hollywood, and the Gentrification of Los Angeles Chinatown] - from a communist-leaning perspective *[http://cgsd.com/rlatham/OaklandChinatown/ Oakland] *[http://users.rcn.com/racestdo/chinatown1.html Sacramento] =====Texas===== *[http://www.chinatownaustin.com/ Austin Chinatown Center], located at North Lamar Boulevard *[http://www.chinatownconnection.com/ Houston] *[http://www.2002china.net/chinatowns/dallas/indexee.shtml Dallas] =====U.S. Pacific Northwest===== *[http://www.internationaldistrict.org/ Seattle Chinatown / International District] *[http://www.pova.org/arts_culture/cultural_tours/chinese/chinatown.html Portland] =====Southwestern U.S.===== *[http://www.lvchinatown.com Las Vegas Chinatown Plaza] *[http://www.specialtyretail.net/issues/aug02/feature.htm Article: Asian-themed centers quickly dotting the desert in Las Vegas] - Las Vegas, Nevada, USA *[http://www.phxchinatown.com Chinese Cultural Center] - A Chinatown-themed shopping center located in [[Phoenix, Arizona]], USA =====Other Western U.S.===== *[http://www.2002china.net/chinatowns/denver/indexee.shtml Denver Chinatown] *[http://www.sdsmt.edu/wwwsarc/projects/deadwood/ Deadwood, South Dakota excavations] - Remains of an old Chinatown *[http://visitmt.com/history/Montana_the_Magazine_of_Western_History/spring_summer04/buttechinatown.htm Remembering Butte's Chinatown] *[http://historytogo.utah.gov/celebrateyr.html Celebrating the New Year in Salt Lake's Chinatown] *[http://www.kued.org/chineseamerican/utah/plumalley.html History of Plum Alley, Salt Lake's Chinatown - KUED 7: Utah: The Chinese Experience] *[http://www.chinese-groups.com/post/14056/Chinese_were_the_victum_of_lynching_in_America.html Denver Chinatown/Hop Alley: Chinese were the victim of lynching in America] =====Northeastern U.S.===== *[http://www.explorechinatown.com NYC Chinatown] *[http://www.asiancdc.org/heritage/index.html Boston's Chinatown Heritage Project] *[http://www.culturaltourismdc.org/dch_tourism2555/dch_tourism.htm?doc_id=44107&area=2521 Washington DC Chinatown] *[http://www.geocities.com/washingtonchinatown Washington DC Chinatown] *[http://www.nychinatown.org A Journey through Chinatown] Chinatowns in New York City *[http://www.phillychinatown.com Philadelphia Chinatown] *[http://www.chinatownpgh.com Pittsburgh Chinatown] *[http://www.pbase.com/image/34841442/ Pittsburgh's Forgotten Chinatown] *[http://www.pittsburghpostgazette.com/lifestyle/20031209chinatown1209p1.asp Inn to the past: Downtown Cantonese restaurant points back to Pittsburgh's vanished Chinatown] *[http://www.sumei.org/newarkchinatown/index.html When Newark Had A Chinatown] - A project researching the hidden history of a former Chinatown of a large American city, [[Newark, New Jersey]] *[http://www.aquapulse.net/knowledge/chinatown Constructing New York's Chinatown: The Urban Development of a Neighbourhood] *[http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~chira/chinatown/ Chinatown Boston: Past, Present, and Future] *[http://www.law.umaryland.edu/faculty/tbanks/chinatown/index.htm Baltimore Chinatown Project] *[http://www.asiainnyc.org/3_0_interview.html Yan Can Eat: An Interview with Martin Yan] *[http://www.geocities.com/pittsburghchinatown Pittsburgh Chinatown] *[http://ben-yosef.com/pics/chinatown/ Photos of Boston's Chinatown] =====Midwest U.S.===== *[http://www.chicago-chinatown.com Chicago Chinatown] *[http://www.clevelandchinatown.com/ Cleveland Asiatown] *[http://www.cleveland.com/heritage/index.ssf?/heritage/more/chinese/chinese1.html A growing and energized Chinese community is developing plans for a new Cleveland Chinatown] *[http://www.freep.com/voices/columnists/qqa2.htm Detroit's Lost Chinatown] *[http://www.asiandistrictokc.com/ Oklahoma City Chinatown / Asia District] *[http://www.enquirer.com/editions/2001/12/06/loc_sept_11_evokes.html Cincinnati Chinatown - Sept. 11 evokes echoes of Dec. 7] =====Southeastern U.S.===== *[http://www.atlantachinatown.com Atlanta Chinatown] *[http://www.urbanplanet.org/forums/index.php?showtopic=1893 Charlotte Asian Corner Mall - Charlotte's Chinatown] *[http://www.neworleanschinatown.com/ New Orleans Chinatown] *[http://www.geocities.com/charlottechinatown Charlotte Chinatown] =====Florida===== *[http://www.miamichinatown.com/ Miami Chinatown] *[http://www.sptimes.com/2003/02/07/Northoftampa/A_culture_takes_root_.shtml Tampa Chinatown - A culture takes root in Tampa] =====Other===== *[http://www.chinatown-bus.org Lists of Chinatown bus lines available in United States] *[http://www.fungwahbus.com Fung Wah Bus: NYC - Boston Shuttle Bus] *[http://urbanlegends.about.com/library/bl-sars-restaurants.htm Urban Legends and Folklore: SARS Infects Restaurant Workers in Asian Neighborhoods] - Lists Chinatown SARS hoaxes that were distributed online *[http://www.chinatownhi.com Chinatown - Honolulu, Hawaii] |} </div> </div> ===<font color=#FFFFFF>European Chinatowns</font>=== <div style="clear: both; width: 100%; padding: 0; text-align: left; border: none;" class="NavFrame"> <div style="background: #ccddcc; text-align: center; border: 1px solid #667766" class="NavHead">'''European Chinatowns''' </div> <div class="NavContent"> {| class="toccolours" style="width: 100%; border-top: none;" ====Germany==== *[http://www.taz.de/pt/2002/02/01/a0193.nf/text Chinatown für vietnamesische Händler (Chinatown for Vietnamese merchants)] - ''Die Tageszeitung'' (''The Daily Paper'') article about the potential development of Berlin's (Germany) future "Chinatown" or "Asiatown" (German-language) ====Netherlands==== *[http://www.hiptravelguide.com/amsterdam/php/article-118.html Amsterdam Chinatown] (Amsterdam Hip Guide); more broadly East Asian than specifically Chinese *[http://www.chinatown-denhaag.com The Netherlands Holland Chinatown Den Haag] ([[Macromedia Flash]]) ====Italy==== *[http://ciaomilano.it/e/shops/sarpi.asp Paolo Sarpi (Milan Chinatown)] ====Ireland==== *[http://www.dublin.ie/gallery-all.aspx?catid=11 Dublin, Ireland] ====Belgium==== * Antwerp chinatown situated in the vicinity of the [[Van Wesenbekestraat]] near the Central Station of Antwerp _ [http://www.chinatown-antwerpen.be] ====France==== *[http://www.chinatown-paris.com/ Portal of Chinatown Paris] *[http://www.chinatownparis.com/ Chinatown Paris] *[http://www.chinatownfrance.com/ Bienvenue à Chinatownfrance (Paris Chinatown)] -Southeast Paris' Chinatown in the 13th arrondissement |} </div> </div> {{China Town}} [[Category:Chinatowns| ]] [[Category:Chinese American history]] [[Category:Ethnic enclaves]] <!-- The below are interlanguage links. --> [[da:Chinatown]] [[de:Chinatown]] [[es:Chinatown]] [[fr:Chinatown]] [[ko:차이나타운]] [[id:Pecinan]] [[it:Chinatown]] [[he:צ'יינהטאון (רובע)]] [[lt:Kinų kvartalas]] [[ms:Pekan Cina]] [[nl:Chinatown]] [[ja:中華街]] [[no:Chinatown]] [[pl:Chinatown (dzielnica)]] [[pt:Chinatown]] [[ru:Чайна-таун]] [[fi:Chinatown]] [[tr:Chinatown]] [[zh:唐人街]]