Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride
2419630
221869898
2008-06-26T13:25:14Z
66.16.13.45
/* Fire properties */
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<tr><th colspan="2" align=center bgcolor="#cccccc">'''Chlorinated Polyvinyl chloride'''</th></tr>
<tr><td>[[Density]]</td><td>1.56 [[gram|g]]/[[cubic centimetre|cm<sup>3</sup>]]</td></tr>
<tr><td>[[Young's modulus]] (''E'')</td><td>2.9-3.4 [[Giga|G]][[Pascal (unit)|Pa]]</td></tr>
<tr><td>[[Tensile strength]](σ<sub>t</sub>)</td><td>50-80 [[Mega|M]][[Pascal (unit)|Pa]]</td></tr>
<tr><td>Elongation @ break</td><td>20-40%</td></tr>
<tr><td>Notch test</td><td>2-5 [[kilo|k]][[joule|J]]/[[Metre|m]]<sup>2</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td>[[Glass transition temperature|Glass temperature]]</td><td> 106 - 115 °[[Degree Celsius|C]]</td></tr>
<tr><td>[[Melting point]]</td><td>212 °C</td></tr>
<tr><td>Vicat B<sup>1</sup></td><td>106 to 115 °C</td></tr>
<tr><td>Heat Transfer Coefficient (λ)</td><td>0.16 W/([[Metre|m]]·[[Kelvin|K]])</td></tr>
<tr><td>[[Coefficient of thermal expansion|Linear Expansion Coefficient (α)]]</td><td>8 x 10<sup>-5</sup> /[[Kelvin|K]]</td></tr>
<tr><td>[[Specific heat capacity|Specific heat]] (''c'')</td><td>0.9 [[joule per kilogram-kelvin|kJ/(kg·K)]]</td></tr>
<tr><td>Water absorption (ASTM)</td><td>0.04-0.4</td></tr>
<tr><td>Price</td><td>0.5-1.25 €/[[kilogram|kg]]</td></tr>
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[[Image:Cpvc sprinkler rohr kanadische holzkabache.jpg|thumb|right|250px|CPVC Sprinkler Pipe inside a [[firestop]] mock-up at Mission Manor, [[Mission, British Columbia]], [[Canada]] in 1992.]]
'''Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride''' ('''CPVC''') is a [[thermoplastic]] produced by chlorination of [[polyvinyl chloride]] (PVC) [[resin]]. Uses include hot and cold water pipe, and industrial liquid handling.
== Production process ==
CPVC is PVC (polyvinyl chloride) that has been chlorinated via a [[Free radical halogenation|free radical chlorination]] reaction. This reaction is typically initiated by application of thermal or [[UV]] energy utilizing various approaches. In the process, [[chlorine]] gas is decomposed into [[radical (chemistry)|free radical]] chlorine which is then reacted with PVC in a post-production step, essentially replacing a portion of the hydrogen in the PVC with chlorine.
Depending on the method, a varying amount of chlorine is introduced into the polymer allowing for a measured way to fine tune the final properties. The chlorine content may vary from the base PVC 56.7% to as high as 74% by mass, although most commercial resins have chlorine content from 63% to 69%. As the chlorine content in CPVC is increased, its [[glass transition temperature]] (''T''<sub>g</sub>) increases significantly. Under normal operating conditions, CPVC becomes unstable at 70% mass of chlorine.
Various additives are also introduced into the resin in order to make the material processible. These additives may consist of stabilizers, impact modifiers, pigments and lubricants.
== Physical properties ==
CPVC shares most of the features and properties of PVC. It is also readily workable, including machining, welding, and forming. Because of its excellent corrosion resistance at elevated temperatures, CPVC is ideally suited for self-supporting constructions where temperatures up to 200 °F (90 °C) are present. The ability to bend, shape, and weld CPVC enables its use in a wide variety of process applications including tanks, scrubbers, and ventilation systems. It exhibits [[Flammability|fire-retardant]] properties, chemical resistance, and is readily available in sheets, rods, and tubing.
== Uses ==
CPVC is a popular engineering material due to its relatively low cost, high glass transition temperature, high heat distortion temperature, chemical inertness, and flame and smoke properties. CPVC is used in a variety of industrial applications where a high functional temperature and resistance to corrosive chemicals are desirable. Besides pipe and fittings, it is used in pumps, valves, strainers, filters, tower packing, and duct, as well as sheet for fabrication into storage tanks, fume scrubbers, large diameter duct, and tank lining.
=== Pipe ===
In use as plumbing materials, CPVC exhibits comparatively high impact and tensile strength and is non-toxic. In pressurized systems, it can be used with fluids up to 80°C and higher in low-pressure systems. It does require specialized solvent cement for assembly. Depending on local building codes, it can be used in hot and cold water systems as well as hot and cold chemical distribution systems in conditions where metal pipe is not indicated.
== Comparison to polyvinyl chloride (PVC) ==
=== Chemical resistance ===
CPVC as well as PVC exhibits a good resistance to acids and bases (depending on the acid/base). There are several cases where it is useful to stay with PVC (e.g. ammonia hydrous solution, hydrofluoric acid). Additionally, it exhibits excellent resistance to salts and aliphatic hydrocarbons. Being a non-conductive long chain polymer, CPVC is also immune to [[galvanic cell|galvanic corrosion]].
Since the chemical properties of resins may vary according to the amount of chlorination and the types and quantity of additives, manufacturers' recommendations should be consulted before designing material handling systems using CPVC.
=== Heat resistance ===
CPVC can withstand corrosive water at temperatures greater than PVC, typically 40°C to 50°C (70°F to 90°F) higher, contributing to its popularity as a material for water piping systems in residential as well as commercial construction.
=== Mechanical properties ===
The principal mechanical difference between CPVC and PVC is that CPVC is significantly more [[ductility|ductile]], allowing greater [[flexure]] and crush resistance. Additionally, the mechanical strength of CPVC makes it a viable candidate to replace many types of metal pipe in conditions where metal's susceptibility to [[corrosion]] limits its use.
=== Fire properties ===
CPVC is similar to PVC in resistance to fire. It is typically very difficult to ignite and tends to self-extinguish when not in a directly applied flame.
Due to its chlorine content, the incineration of CPVC, either in a fire or in an industrial disposal process, can result in the creation of [[dioxin]]s.
[[Category:Vinyl polymers]]
[[Category:Plastics]]
[[fr:Polychlorure de vinyle surchloré]]