Choir dress
2066968
224215930
2008-07-07T21:04:32Z
Garzo
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sorting out the overload of pictures: no need for elector, keep Catholic choir dress images from pushing others down the page
{{Unreferenced|date=April 2007}}
[[Image:Ghent; Bishop in choir dress - Summer.JPG|thumb|[[Roman Catholic]] [[bishop]] in choir dress: [[cassock]], [[rochet]], [[cappa magna]] with ermine hood, and [[pectoral cross]] on cord, 18th century.]]
'''Choir dress''' is the vesture of the [[cleric]]s, [[seminary|seminarian]]s and [[religious order|religious]] of traditional [[church]]es worn for public prayer, either apart from the [[eucharist]] or by those attending the eucharist as the clergy part of the congregation rather than as the [[celebrant]]s. Choir dress is different from the [[vestment]]s worn by the celebrants of the eucharist, and is normally made of fabrics such as wool, cotton or silk, as opposed to the fine [[brocade]]s used in vestments (with the exception of the [[cope]], which is both a vestment and choir dress).
Choir dress also differs from "house dress" which is worn outside of a liturgical context (whether in the house or on the street). House dress may be either formal or informal.
==Catholic choir dress==
[[Image:Sint-Salvatorskapittel Bruges Precious Blood 2008.JPG|thumb|Roman Catholic [[canon (priest)|canons]] in choir dress: cassock, rochet, [[mozzetta]], and pectoral cross on chain.]][[Image:Canon van Necke.JPG|thumb|right|Roman Catholic [[canon (priest)|canon]] from Flanders in Winter choir dress, ca. 1925: over his rochet he wears a cappa with striped fir hood and a pectoral cross on a chain.]]
Choir dress in the [[Roman Catholic Church]] is worn by deacons, priests and bishops when presiding at or celebrating a [[liturgy]] that is not the [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]], especially the [[Liturgy of the Hours]], or when attending Mass without celebrating or concelebrating the Eucharist. It is worn by seminarians, instituted lectors and acolytes, and altar servers and choir members at Mass or other liturgical events.
The basic components of choir dress are:
* the [[cassock]], with or without [[fascia (disambiguation)|fascia]] (finged sash worn around the waist),
* if the person is a brother or priest in a [[religious order]] that has its own [[religious habit|habit]] ([[Benedictines]], [[Franciscans]], [[Dominican Order|Dominicans]], etc.), the habit is worn in place of the cassock,
* the [[surplice|cotta]] (or [[rochet]] if the wearer is a [[bishop]], [[Cardinal (RC)|cardinal]], or [[canon (priest)|canon]]), and
* the [[biretta]] (though in practice this is now optional).
For [[seminarian]]s, [[deacon]]s, and [[priest]]s the cassock is exactly the same as their normal cassock: a black cassock with black buttons, girded with a black fascia.
Priests who hold additional honors may wear a different cassock: [[Monsignor|chaplains of honor]] wear a black cassock with purple piping and fascia, while [[Monsignor|honorary prelates]] and [[protonotary apostolic|protonotaries apostolic]] wear either a [[purple]] cassock with [[amaranth (color)|amaranth]] piping or a black cassock with red piping. [[Canon (priest)|Canons]] may wear the [[rochet]] with a distinctive [[mozzetta]], the particular colors of which are determined by the [[chapter (religion)|chapter]].
Bishops wear the above mentioned purple cassock with amaranth piping, and add a [[pectoral cross]] suspended from a [[green]] and [[gold]] cord, a [[mozzetta]] over the rochet, and a purple [[zucchetto]] under the biretta. A [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|cardinal]] wears a [[scarlet]] cassock with scarlet trim, pectoral cross on a red and gold cord and a red mozzetta over the rochet, with a red zucchetto. The [[Pope]]'s choir dress includes a white cassock, rochet, red silk mozetta and his pectoral cross hangs from a golden cord. Some canons wear their cross on a ribbon, but only a bishop may wear the cross on a cord. Under new regulations, neither bishops nor canons wear fir trimmed cappas.
The [[cope]] and/or [[stole]] may be worn over choir dress when a cleric presides over a [[sacrament]] (for instance, at [[matrimony]], if not celebrated during Mass), or by the cleric presiding over prayers (for instance, the priest presiding at a solemn celebration of [[Vespers]] in the Liturgy of the Hours at a seminary might wear cope and stole over choir dress, while the priests of the faculty and seminarians would wear simple choir dress of cassock and surplice).
Monks who are neither deacons nor priests also have a form of choir dress: the full monastic habit with the monastic cowl forms their formal wear for attending the Liturgy of the Hours or Mass.
Informal house dress for the higher clergy is the [[simar]] with fascia (a fringed sash worn around the waist), and [[zucchetto]]. Formal house dress may include additionally the [[biretta]] and [[ferraiuolo]]. For everyday wear, especially in North America, a clergyman may wear a collared [[clergy shirt]] with black coat and pants. Sometimes, cardinals or bishops will have piping and colored buttons attached to their clergy shirts so it resembles the simar.
==Eastern choir dress==
[[Image:Stjohn shanghai.png|thumb|right|[[John (Maximovitch) of Shanghai and San Francisco|Saint John (Maximovich)]] wearing choir dress of an Orthodox bishop: [[klobuk]], [[outer riassa]], [[Panagia]], and episcopal [[mandyas]]; holding his [[paterissa]] (crozier).]]
The choir dress of clergy in the [[Eastern Orthodoxy|Eastern Orthodox]], [[Oriental Orthodoxy|Oriental Orthodox]] and [[Eastern Catholic Churches|Eastern Catholic]] churches are relatively similar. Over the inner [[cassock]] (''rasson'' or ''podrasnik''), a deep-sleeved ''[[cassock#Eastern practice (Orthodox)|exorason]]'' (''riassa''), which is often black, is worn. In the [[Russian Orthodox Church]], married clergy often wear grey, while monastic clergy wear black. During the [[Easter|paschal]] season both monastic and married clergy will often wear a white inner cassock. Some Russian [[Metropolitan bishop|Metropolitans]] wear a white inner cassock and a blue outer when formally arriving to celebrate the [[Divine Liturgy]].
===Eastern Orthodox===
In Eastern Orthodoxy and [[Byzantine Catholic|Byzantine Catholicism]], [[monk]]s wear a black cloak, the ''[[mandyas]]'' over the outer cassock. The mandyas completely covers the monastic below the chin and reaches to the floor. In the Greek usage, the mandyas is usually only worn when performing certain liturgical roles; in the Slavic usage, all monks and [[nun]]s of the rank of [[Degrees of Eastern Orthodox monasticism|Stavrophore]] or above wear the mandyas at every service, so long as they are in their own [[monastery]]. The mandyas of an [[hegumen]] ([[abbot]]) is of black silk, that of an [[archimandrite]] or [[bishop]] is of coloured silk (specific usages will differ by jurisdiction), and has four square "tablets" on it: two at the neck and two at the feet. A bishop's mandyas additionally has "rivers" on it: three horizontal stripes either of gold (Greek practice) or red and white (Slavic practice).
Monastic clergy wear different headcoverings than married clergy. Married clergy wear either a coloured ''[[kamilavka|kalimaukion]]'' or ''[[skufia]]''; monastic clergy wear a black kalimaukion and [[Epanokamelavkion|veil]] (together known as the ''[[klobuk]]''). For monastics, the skufia is reserved for house dress, and the klobuk is worn in church. Russian [[archbishop]]s have a jewelled cross attached to the front of their klobuks; Russian Metropolitans wear a white klobuk with jewelled cross. Several Orthodox [[Patriarch]]s wear a rounded headcovering called a [[koukoulion]].
[[Priest]]s who have been awarded a [[pectoral cross]] wear it with their choir dress (these pectoral crosses are of several degrees: silver, gold, or jewelled). Bishops wear a ''[[panagia]]'' ([[icon]] of the [[Theotokos]]) in place of the pectoral cross. Archbishops may wear a pectoral cross and a panagia. All [[primate (religion)|primates]] and some bishops below primatial rank have the dignity of wearing an ''[[enkolpion]]'' (icon of Christ), a pectoral cross, and a panagia.
A ruling Igumen (so long as he is inside his own monastery) and a bishop may carry his ''[[paterissa]]'' (crozier) when he is in church. However, the paterissa is never to be carried inside the sanctuary; instead, when he goes into the [[altar]], the paterissa is either handed to an [[altar server]] or left leaning against the [[iconostasis]] outside the [[Holy Doors]].
In North America, some Orthodox clergy have begun to wear a [[Roman collar]] ([[clergy shirt]]), though this is discouraged among the more traditional Orthodox.
===Oriental Orthodox===
[[Image:By Grace of God, Ignatius Zakka I Iwas.jpg|thumb|left|[[Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch]], [[Ignatius Zakka I Iwas]] (in red cassock) and a priest (in black).]]
In the [[Syriac Orthodox Church]], married priests wear a black [[skullcap]], or ''phiro'', while monastic priests wear the [[Great Schema|schema]], ''eskimo''. For certain [[sacrament]]al functions, a priest or bishop puts on the [[epitrachelion]] ([[stole]]).
==Anglican choir dress or choir habit==
[[Image:Choirhabit.jpg|thumb|An [[Anglicanism|Anglican]] [[priest]] in choir dress: cassock, [[surplice]] and [[tippet]]. The dark red of his [[academic hood]] can be seen on his shoulders.]]
[[Image:Williamtemple1.jpg|thumb|[[Archbishop of Canterbury|Archbishop]] [[William Temple (archbishop)|William Temple]] in Anglican episcopal choir dress: black cassock, white [[rochet]] with black wrist bands, black [[chimere]], tippet and academic hood.]]
What is now referred to as ''choir dress'' in [[Anglicanism]] was the only vesture permitted to the clergy in the 1552 Prayer Book, but this was changed in 1559. The so-called Ornaments Rubric permitted all the vestments that were in use during the reign of Edward VI, namely the cope, chasuble and tunicle along with the surplice and alb. By the 18th century these medieval vestments were not in general use although the cope was used for coronations and in certain cathedrals; but after the Oxford Movement in the mid-19th century they were restored in many cathedrals and parish churches. In many low-church dioceses and parishes the choir dress continued to be the norm, but in the Episcopal Church in the United States they are less frequently worn because the 1979 Prayer Book called for the Holy Eucharist as the principal Sunday service; consequently there has been a sharp reduction in the number of choral services of Morning Prayer. U. S. Episcopal Clergy could wear choir dress (or alternatively surplice and cope) for Choral Evensong, but this service has never achieved the popularity that it has enjoyed in the United Kingdom.
The [[cassock]] is almost invariably black for priests and deacons. An Anglican cassock is double-breasted, being buttoned on the shoulder rather than up the front. There is a single button sewn to the center of the chest used to fasten the academic hood if worn. A black (purple in the case of bishops) [[fascia]] may be worn over the cassock by ordained clergy and [[seminarians]]. Over this is worn the [[surplice]], which is longer and fuller than that worn by Roman Catholic clergy, sometimes reaching to well below the knees. Traditionally, an [[academic hood]] is worn around the shoulders and down the back with black [[tippet]] (scarf worn around the nape and hanging straight down in front of the wearer). The hood and tippet were once one garment called an [[almuce]]. The tippet is not to be confused with the [[stole]], which is also worn around the neck like a scarf. The [[Canterbury cap]] is the traditional headgear of [[Church of England]] clergy; some prefer the [[mortar board]], but neither is widely worn, although the cap is specified in English [[canon law]]. Some clergy also wear [[Bands (neckwear)|Geneva bands]] (or "preaching tabs") from their collars. At some periods of history a black gown, either academical or 'Genevan', was worn for [[Morning Prayer|Morning]] and [[Evening Prayer]] instead of the surplice which was reserved for use at the [[Holy Communion]] - the cassock, bands, gown, academical hood and tippet still being the normal liturgical costume for ordained minister of the [[Church of Scotland]] and other [[Reformed]] and [[Presbyterian]] churches.
Chaplains in the Armed Forces wear tippets with officially sanctioned badges and any medals which they have achieved. A bishop or priest may wear a tippet with the arms of the [[seminary]] from which he received his degree. In England the cathedral clergy wear tippets on which is embroidered the distinctive symbol or cathedral coat of arms. Members of the [[high church]] or [[Anglo-Catholicism|Anglo-Catholic]] parts of the church sometimes wear choir dress of a more Roman Catholic style, including a shorter surplice (or ''cotta'') and [[biretta]], excluding hood and tippet.
[[Reader (liturgy)|Readers]] officiating in the absence of ordained clergy often wear a blue tippet. At the Eucharist, it is most fitting for readers of Scripture to wear street clothing, since in the 1979 Prayer Book the role of the laity is given greater prominence. However in some parishes readers wear the traditional vestments of the subdeacon at High Mass: alb fastened with a white cincture and a tunicle. In other parishes they wear the cassock and surplice, as do members of the choir.
Anglican [[bishop]]s usually wear a purple cassock. Over this, instead of the surplice, they wear the [[rochet]] with red or black [[chimere]] and matching cuffs, black tippet, and sometimes an academic hood. At the Eucharist they typically wear the alb, stole and chasuble if it is the tradition of the parish; or they may wear a cope (a floor-length vestment with a hood) and mitre (a hat often silk and even embroidered, with two ribbons [or falls] down the back). In evangelical dioceses and parishes they wear the choir dress (rochet, chimere and tippet).
For street wear, an Anglican clergyman in clerical clothing may wear a clergy shirt either with or without a black suit coat. Anglican bishops may wear a purple clergy shirt.
Anglican bishops wear a pectoral cross, usually on a chain, which may be adorned with jewels.
==See also==
*[[Vestments]]
{{commons|Catholic Choir dress}}
==External links==
*[http://www.catholicsites.org/clericaldress/ Dress of Roman Catholic Clergy]
*[http://dappledphotos.blogspot.com/2005/12/mozzetta.html The Mozzetta] Information and photos
*[http://dappledphotos.blogspot.com/2005/12/mantelletta.html The Mantelletta]
*[http://dappledphotos.blogspot.com/2006/11/canons.html Canons]
*[http://www.st-joseph-foundation.org/cfd17-2.htm Chaplains of His Holiness] detailed information on the choir dress of prelates of the [[papal household]] both before and after Vatican II
[[Category:Roman Catholic vestments]]
[[Category:Anglican vestments]]
[[Category:Eastern Christian vestments]]
[[Category:Gowns]]