Christopher Gillberg
1410583
223944628
2008-07-06T17:09:33Z
Rjwilmsi
203434
no 'of' between a month and a year per [[Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style_%28dates_and_numbers%29#Longer_periods|MOS]] using [[Project:AutoWikiBrowser|AWB]]
{{Redirect|DAMP|other uses|Damp (disambiguation)}}
{{Blpdispute}}
'''Lars Christopher Gillberg''' (born [[19 April]] [[1950]]) is a professor of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry at [[Gothenburg University]] in [[Gothenburg]], [[Sweden]], and an honorary professor at the Institute of Child Health (ICH), [[University College London]].<ref>[http://www.ich.ucl.ac.uk/ich/academicunits/Neurosciences/StaffList/ Staff list]. ICH, Academic units, Neurosciences. Retrieved 23 May 2008.</ref> He has also been a visiting professor at the universities of [[University of Bergen|Bergen]], [[New York University|New York]], [[Odense University|Odense]], [[St George's, University of London|St George's (University of London)]], [[University of San Francisco|San Francisco]], and [[University of Strathclyde|Strathclyde]].<ref name=APS>Munk-Jørgensen, P. (August 2003), "Biographies", [http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/journal.asp?ref=0001-690X ''[[Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica]]''], 108: 160, doi:10.1034/j.1600-0447.2003.00154.x. ISSN 0001-690X</ref><ref>[http://www.sword.nhs.uk/content/DDREG/Prof%20C%20Gillberg%20-%20Disorders%20of%20attention,%20motor%20control%20&%20perception.pdf Modern Approaches in Learning Disabilities Conference]. Developmental Disabilities Research Group (DDREG) 2005 annual conference, South West Centre for Education, Research & Development. Retrieved 23 May 2008.</ref>
Gillberg is known for his research of [[autism]] in children, [[Asperger's syndrome]], [[Tourettes syndrome]], [[Fragile X syndrome]], [[Autism Spectrum Disorder]] (ASD), [[ADHD]], and [[anorexia nervosa]]. He is the founding editor of the journal ''European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry'', and is the author and editor of many scientific and educational books. He is the recipient of several scientific awards,<ref name="Fernstrom">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| title = Eric K. Fernströms Svenska pris, pristagare 1979-1993
| publisher = Faculty of Medicine, [[Lund University]]
| date =
| url = http://www.med.lu.se/content/download/4564/35865/file/svenskapriset_1979-1993.pdf
| accessdate = }}</ref><ref name="McDonald"> {{cite web
| last =
| first =
| title = Tidigare pristagare Ronald McDonald Barnfonds Barnmedicinpris
| publisher = Ronald McDonald Barnfond
| date =
| url = http://www.rmdbarnfond.se/index.asp?pid=60
| accessdate = }}</ref><ref name="Utmarkelser">{{cite news |
| title = Utmärkelser
| pages = 1
| language = Swedish
| publisher = Dagens Medicin
| date = [[November 14]],[[1995]]}} </ref> including the ''Philips Nordic Prize 2004 for neurological research'',<ref>[http://philips.ansok.net/ Philips: Philips Nordic Prize for research within Neurodevelopmental Disorders.] Accessed [[19 August]] [[2006]]. "Last year's winner: Christopher Gillberg."</ref> and he has more than 300 scientific papers listed in [[Medline]]. Additionally, Gillberg has become known internationally for his contributions to pioneering research projects into the genetics of autism.<ref name=Gosline05>Gosline, Anna. [http://www.newscientist.com/channel/health/dn7597.html "Roadmap to unravelling autism revealed".] ''New Scientist'', [[28 June]] [[2005]]. Retrieved [[20 August]] [[2006]].</ref>
In Sweden, Gillberg is also known for his concern about the confidentiality of medical records and his role in a related controversy.<ref name="WhiteClash">White, Caroline. [http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/330/7486/273-a "Clash over public access rights and patient confidentiality sparks trial"]. British Medical Journal, 2005;330:273, [[5 February]] [[2005]], doi:10.1136/bmj.330.7486.273-a. Retrieved [[20 August]] [[2005]].</ref> The controversy involved <!---a study done on ADHD/DAMP. The integrity of the study was questioned.{{Clarifyme|post-text=(the allegations were dismissed)}} The study's records were then deliberately destroyed {{Clarifyme|post-text=(not by Gillberg)}}; it was claimed that this destruction was done to preserve the study subjects' confidentiality.<ref name=SVTf>[http://mobil.svt.se/svt/jsp/Crosslink.jsp?d=81516&a=1113108 Fördärvet] (one-hour documentary by [[Sveriges Television]], 14 April 2008, in Swedish).</ref>{{POV-statement|date=April 2008}}
He was later convicted of "misuse of office" for not making his research data available to the university management.{{Clarifyme|post-text=(data was available during the investigation, concerns only access granted w. ref. to the Principle of Public Access)}}{{POV-statement|date=April 2008}} He was also found to have been in contempt of court when refusing previous court orders to release the research data to independent investigators.<ref>White, Caroline. [http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/331/7510/180-f "Swedish court rules against doctor at centre of row over destroyed research data"]. British Medical Journal, 2005;331:180 ([[23 July]] [[2005]]).Retrieved [[18 December]] [[2006]].</ref>{{Clarifyme|post-text=(to two private individuals with no investigative powers or purposes)}}{{POV-statement|date=April 2008}}---> public access under the Swedish [[Constitution_of_Sweden#Public_access_to_governmental_documents|Principle of Publicity]] (''offentlighetsprincipen'') to medical records and other personal data about a group of children participating in an early longitudinal study on [[ADHD]]/DAMP, commenced in 1977 at Gothenburg University.<ref name="Gornall">Gornall, Jonathan (2007).[http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/reprint/335/7616/370.pdf "Hyperactivity in children: the Gillberg affair"]. ''BMJ'', 335 (7616): 370-373, 2007)</ref> Two critics of DAMP and ADHD diagnoses, who had previously filed complaints that questioned the integrity of the study, invoked the Swedish [[Constitution of Sweden#Public access to governmental documents|Freedom of Information Act]] in order to gain access to the raw data of the study after their fraud allegations had been investigated and officially dismissed by the regional [[ethics committee]].<ref>Björkman, Barbro and Sven Ove Hansson (2006). "[http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract;jsessionid=A7D3A340FAE5786F90BD05698205A629.tomcat1?fromPage=online&aid=433983 Bioethics in Sweden]". ''Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics''. New York: Summer 2006. Vol. 15, Issue 3; pp. 285-293: "After studying the case, the committee concluded that there was no ground for the accusations. At that stage, Kärfve and Elinder took an unusual step: They invoked the Swedish Freedom of Information Act and demanded access to Gillberg's research records. This was possible because Gothenburg University, like almost all Swedish universities, is a Government institution and because Sweden has a far-reaching legislation guaranteeing the public's free access to official documents unless secrecy is needed to protect important interests.</ref> Gillberg and two [[physician|chief physician]]s involved in the study stated that [[Declaration of Helsinki|medical ethics principles]] prevented them from turning over sensitive personal and medical data as the participants' parents had been promised [[confidentiality]] in writing before giving [[informed consent]] on behalf of their children. However, the court ruled that all files related to the study were to be released under the Swedish Principle of Publicity. Rather than breaking their promises of confidentiality to the participants, the two chief physicians, along with a university administrator, shredded the sensitive files of the study.<ref name="Bioethics">Björkman, Barbro and Sven Ove Hansson (2006). "[http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract;jsessionid=A7D3A340FAE5786F90BD05698205A629.tomcat1?fromPage=online&aid=433983 Bioethics in Sweden]". ''Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics''. New York: Summer 2006. Vol. 15, Issue 3; pp. 285-293.</ref><ref name="Gornall" /> The following year, Gillberg, as head of the University's [[Neuropsychiatry|Neuropsychiatric Department]], and the University Vice-Chancellor were convicted and fined for "breach of duty" in their capacity as public officials at a government institution that had failed to release the documents in accordance with the court order.<ref name="JO2006">"Prosecution of employees of Gothenburg University for breach of duty arising from failure to comply with judgments of the Administrative Court of Appeal concerning the release of documents etc.(Reg. no. 1568-2003 and 1606-2003)". [http://www.riksdagen.se/debatt/visadok.aspx?spc=obj&guid=5570ce7f-0974-4ca2-9b8c-19549342e6af Redogörelse 2006/07:JO1 Justitieombudsmännens ämbetsberättelse] (The Swedish Parliamentary Ombudsmen Report for the period 1 July 2005 to 30 June 2006), English summary pp. 613-631.</ref>
==Autism research==
In the early 1980s, the concept of an [[autism spectrum]] was introduced by [[Lorna Wing]] and Gillberg.<ref>Gillberg, C. (2006) "Autism Spectrum Disorders". ''A Clinician's Handbook of Child and Adolescent''. Eds. Chirstoper Gillberg, Richard Harrington and Hans-Christoph
Steinhausen. Cambridge University Press, 2006. ISBN 0521819369, p. 447.</ref> Gillberg has done extensive research into autism throughout his academic career. Since 2006, he is involved in a large cross-disciplinary project titled "Autism spectrum conditions: the Gothenburg collaborative studies", financed by the [[Swedish Research Council]] (Vetenskapsrådet), expected to run until the end of 2009.<ref name="VRProjekt06">Vetenskapsrådet. [http://vrproj.vr.se/detail.asp?arendeid=44053 Detaljerad information för diarienr 2006-3449]: Gillberg, Christopher "Psychiatric diseases". 8 November 2006 (in Swedish). Retrieved 6 May 2008.</ref> The project is a collaboration between scientists specialized in child and youth [[psychiatry]], [[molecular biology]] and [[neuroscience]] and involves a genetic part with an international study team of French, British and U.S. researchers examining various aspects autism. Some of the results were published during 2007.<ref>[http://en.scientificcommons.org/christopher_gillberg Christopher Gillberg]. ''Scientific Commons''. Retrieved 6 May 2008.</ref><ref>Buxbaum, Joseph D. et al. (2007). "[http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2248565 Mutation analysis of the NSD1 gene in patients with autism spectrum disorders and macrocephaly"]. ''BMC Med Genet''. 2007; 8: 68. Published online 14 November 2007. doi: 10.1186/1471-2350-8-68. PMCID: PMC2248565.M</ref>The project also includes a genetic study on the [[Faroe Islands]].<ref>Ellefsen, Asa et al.(2008). "Autism in the Faroe Islands. An Epidemiological Study". ''Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders'', 37-3 (March 2007), pp. 437-444.</ref><ref name="VRProjekt06" />
In 2003, a French and Swedish research team at the [[Institut Pasteur]] and the psychiatric departments at Gothenburg University and [[University of Paris]], led by Thomas Bourgeron, Marion Leboyer and Gillberg, discovered the first precisely identified [[genetic mutation]]s in individuals with [[autism]].<ref name=Gosline05/> The team identified mutations altering two genes on the [[X chromosome]] which seem to be implicated in the formation of [[synapses]] (communication spaces between [[neuron]]s), in two families where several members are affected. Previous studies, such as the Paris Autism Research International Sib-Pair Study (PARIS), coordinated by Gillberg and Marion Leboyer, have more generally associated the X-chromosome regions with autism. The 2003 breakthrough indicated the location of the mutation to be on the NLGN4 gene and the NGLN3 gene. The mutation prevents a complete [[protein]] from forming and is inherited from the mother.<ref>Betancur, Catalina et al.(2003). "Mutations of the X-linked genes encoding neuroligins NLGN3 and NLGN4 are associated with autism". ''Nature Genetics'' 34 (1): 27-29. DOI:10.1038/ng1136. ISSN 1061-4036. Press release: [http://www.pasteur.fr/actu/presse/press/03autism-E.htm "Two genes associated with autism"]. Press Office, Institut Pasteur, University of Paris. [[31 March]] [[2003]]. Retrieved [[20 August]] [[2006]].</ref>
==Gillberg's criteria for Asperger's syndrome==
In 1989, Gillberg became instrumental in the publication of the first diagnostic criteria for [[Asperger's Syndrome]].<ref>Attwater, Tony (2006). [http://books.google.com/books?id=ZwQGsuCNMPYC&pg=PA36&dq=%22Christopher+Gillberg%22+date:2002-2008&lr=&as_brr=0&sig=nqLDE_ON9YeoQqDucTz77KGd-oE ''The Complete Guide to Asperger's Syndrome'']. Jessica Kingsley Publishers, 2006. ISBN 1843104954, p.36: "One of the results the discussions [at a small international conference about Aspeger's syndrome in London in 1988] was the publication of the first diagnostic criteria in 1989, revised in 1991 (Gillberg 1991; Gillberg and Gillberg 1989)".</ref> Gillberg's criteria most closely resemble the original description of [[Hans Asperger]], and for this reason, some clinicians consider them the first choice in clinical practice.<ref>Attwater, Tony (2006). [http://books.google.com/books?id=ZwQGsuCNMPYC&pg=PA36&dq=%22Christopher+Gillberg%22+date:2002-2008&lr=&as_brr=0&sig=nqLDE_ON9YeoQqDucTz77KGd-oE ''The Complete Guide to Asperger's Syndrome'']. Jessica Kingsley Publishers, 2006. ISBN 1843104954, p.36: "the criteria of Christopher Gillberg, who is based in Sweden and London, remain those that most closely resemble the original descriptions of Asperger. Thus, these are the criteria of first choice for me and many experienced clinicians."</ref> All of the following six criteria must be met for confirmation of diagnosis:<ref name=Gill>Gillberg IC, Gillberg C. "Asperger syndrome-some epidemiological considerations: A research note." ''J Child Psychol Psychiatry.'' 1989 Jul;30(4):631-8. PMID 2670981.</ref>
#Severe impairment in reciprocal social interaction (at least two of the following)
##inability to interact with peers
##lack of desire to interact with peers
##lack of appreciation of social cues
##socially and emotionally inappropriate behavior
#All-absorbing narrow interest (at least one of the following)
##exclusion of other activities
##repetitive adherence
##more rote than meaning
#Imposition of routines and interests (at least one of the following)
##on self, in aspects of life
##on others
#Speech and language problems (at least three of the following)
##delayed development
##superficially perfect expressive language
##formal, pedantic language
##odd [[Prosody (linguistics)|prosody]], peculiar voice characteristics
##impairment of comprehension including misinterpretations of literal/implied meanings
#Non-verbal communication problems (at least one of the following)
##limited use of gestures
##clumsy/gauche body language
##limited facial expression
##inappropriate expression
##peculiar, stiff gaze
#Motor clumsiness: poor performance on neurodevelopmental examination
Gillberg's criteria differ from those given in the [[Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders|DSM]]-IV-TR. Some scholars have therefore criticized them for "making it difficult to compare with other studies".<ref name="Klinetal">Ami Klin, David Pauls, Robert Schultz, Fred Volkmar (2005). "Three Diagnostic Approaches to Asperger Syndrome: Implications for Research", ''Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders'', 35: 221-234. DOI 10.1007/s10803-004-2001-y.</ref> It has been argued that the failure of some research groups to replicate some of Gillberg's findings "may relate primarily to fundamental differences in diagnostic approach".<ref name="Klinetal"/>
==DAMP, MBD, and ADHD==
In the 1970s, Gillberg played a leading role in developing the concept Deficits in Attention, Motor control and Perception (DAMP), a concept primarily used in [[Scandinavia]].<ref>Gillberg, C. (2003). "[http://adc.bmj.com/cgi/content/abstract/88/10/904 Deficits in attention, motor control, and perception: A brief review]". ''Archives of Disease in Childhood''. London: Oct 2003. Vol. 88, Iss. 10; p. 904: "In Scandinavia, the DAMP (deficits in attention, motor control, perception) concept was developed in the 1970s, in an attempt to operationalise the syndrome of MBD, long before the publication of the DSM-III-R (in which ADHD appeared in a formalised fashion for the first time)."</ref><ref>Tervo, Raymond C. et al. (2002).[http://journals.cambridge.org/article_S0012162201002250 "Children with ADHD and motor dysfunction compared with children with ADHD only"]. ''Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology'' 2002, 44, p. 383: "Establishing a diagnosis is often difficult because separately identified disorders such as DCD and attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have a substantial overlap (Bax 1999). A child who has problems of attention may have difficulties with movement, perception, and memory (Gillberg and Rasmussen 1982a,b). In Scandinavia these overlapping symptoms and signs are labelled as deficits in attention, motor control, and perception (DAMP)".</ref> The DAMP concept as used in more recent publications, refers to [[Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder]] (ADHD) in combination with [[Developmental Coordination Disorder]] (DCD). According to Gillberg, it constitutes a "subgroup of the diagnostic category of ADHD, conceptually similar - but not clinically identical - to the [[WHO]] concept of HKD (hyperkinetic disorder)" and is diagnosed on the basis of "concomitant attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and developmental coordination disorder in children who do not have severe learning disability or cerebral palsy".<ref name="DAMP_review" />
Some scholars disagree with the lumping of ADHD and DCD, with the argument that they are unrelated.<ref name="Tervo" /> Gillberg stated in 2003 that, although he feels that there is a "very real issue of how to deal with the conflict between splitting (ADHD plus developmental coordination disorder (DCD)) and lumping (DAMP)", he nevertheless feels that "the DAMP construct has been helpful in identifying a group of children with ADHD and multiple needs that will not be self evident if the diagnosis is just ADHD or just DCD."<ref name="DAMP_review" /> Before the Scandinavian studies, recognition that individuals with attention problems may also have difficulties with movement, perception, and memory had received little attention in studies.<ref name="Tervo">Tervo, Raymond C. et al. (2002).[http://journals.cambridge.org/article_S0012162201002250 "Children with ADHD and motor dysfunction compared with children with ADHD only"]. ''Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology'' 2002, 44: 383–390.</ref> According to various studies, half of the children with ADHD also have DCD.<ref name="AHDH_DCD"> {{ cite journal
| last = Martin
| first = Neilson C.
| authorlink =
| coauthors = Piek Jan P, Hay, David
| title = DCD and ADHD: A genetic study of their shared aetiology
| journal = Human Movement Science 25
| volume = 25
| issue = 1
| pages = 110–124
| publisher = The Association for Child Psychology and Psychiatry
| date = Feb, 2006
| url =
| doi = 10.1016/j.humov.2005.10.006
| id = ISSN 0167-9457
| accessdate = }}
</ref>
With the development of the ADHD concept, the previous, less precise, category of ''Minimal Brain Dysfunction'' (MBD), "a term almost universally employed in child psychiatry and developmental paediatrics from the 1950s to the early 1980s"<ref name="DAMP_review" /> was replaced. Gillberg began to study DAMP in the late 1970s, when ADHD was still called MBD and the DAMP concept has been adjusted as the term ADHD was introduced and became internationally used. Around 1990, DAMP had become a generally accepted diagnostic concept in two [[Nordic countries]],<ref name="Airaksinen">{{cite journal |coauthors=Airaksinen E,; Bille B; Carlström G; Diderichsen J; Ehlers S; Gillberg C ''et al.''
|title= Barn och ungdomar med DAMP/MBD
|journal=Läkartidningen
|date=1991
|volume=88
|pages=714
}}</ref> but when the [[DSM-IV]] appeared in 1994, DAMP became considered a redundant term in many countries, since DAMP is essentially equivalent to [[ADHD]] in combination with DCD as defined by [[DSM-IV]].<ref name="Nordisk">{{cite journal |last=Gillberg
|first= Christopher
|title= Nordisk enighet om DAMP/ADHD - Aktuellt dokument sammanfattar dagens kunskap
|journal=[[Läkartidningen]]
|date=1999
|volume=96
|pages=3330–3331
}}</ref><ref name="DAMP_review"/>
Gillberg's four criteria for DAMP are:
* ADHD as defined in [[DSM-IV]];
* [[Developmental Coordination Disorder]] as defined in DSM-IV;
* Condition not better accounted for by cerebral palsy; and
* IQ higher than about 50 [Gillberg, 2003: box 1].
According to Gillberg, clinically severe form DAMP (or ADHD+DCD) affects about 1.5% of the general population of school age children; another few per cent are affected by more moderate variants. Boys are overrepresented; girls are currently probably underdiagnosed. There are many overlapping conditions, including conduct disorder, depression/anxiety, and academic failure. There is a strong link with autism spectrum disorders in severe DAMP. Familial factors and pre- and perinatal risk factors account for much of the variance. Psychosocial risk factors appear to increase the risk of marked psychiatric abnormality in DAMP. Outcome in early adult age was psychosocially poor in one study in almost 60% of unmedicated cases. About half of all cases with ADHD have DCD, and conversely, ADHD occurs in about half of all cases of DCD.<ref name="DAMP_review" />
Gillberg has published around 80 papers on DAMP, ADHD and related conditions.<ref name="DAMP_review">{{cite journal |last=Gillberg
|first= Christopher
|title= Deficits in attention, motor control, and perception: a brief review
|journal= Archives of Disease in Childhood
|date=2003
|volume=88
|pages=904–910|doi=10.1136/adc.88.10.904
|pmid= 14500312
}}</ref>
==Controversy==
<!---{{cleanup-reason|date=April 2008|This section may contain unverified claims about scientific misconduct, including speculations about third-party motivations and opinions without proper attribution}}--->
<!--- Comment to editors: please note that the section following this comment contains information that has been discussed on the talk page and in order to reference each item, the footnotes have been added after the exact word considered in need of a source, and not at the end of the sentence. --->
One of Gillberg's early research projects, the Gothenburg study,<ref name="Hart">Hart, Deborah and Thomas Kennedy. [http://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/pressparliament/pressreleasearchive/pr238.aspx "Five percent of children may have DAMP"]. ''A Mind Odyssey: Science and Caring'', Royal College of Psychiatrists, London, [[11 July]] [[2001]]. Retrieved [[20 August]] [[2006]].</ref> has become the center of a heated controversy.<ref>Kennedy, Christina. [http://www.dagensmedicin.se/Article.jsp?article=35834&title= "Applåder mötte den åtalade Gillberg utanför rättssalen"] ("Prosecuted, Gillberg is met with applauds outside the courtroom").''Dagens Medicin'', online edition, [[2 June]] [[2005]], in Swedish. Retrieved [[20 August]] [[2006]]. Paragraph 1: "Efter år av böcker, myndighetsbeslut, överklagade domar och ett oändligt antal debattartiklar landade forskarstriden slutligen i tingsrätten i förra veckan." (After years of books, decisions by government authorities, appeals and an endless number of debate articles, the research dispute finally landed in district court last week.)</ref> The controversy concerns <!---alleged scientific misconduct and the willful destruction of research data in order to avoid outside scientific scrutiny.<ref name=SVTf/>{{POV-statement|date=April 2008}}{{Failed verification|date=April 2008}} A judicial ruling to release the research data to independent investigators has also raised--->the question to what extent the principle of public access, which in Sweden supports transparency in publicly funded activities, can be applied to sensitive data collected in medical studies involving human subjects.<ref name="WhiteClash">White, Caroline. [http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/330/7486/273-a "Clash over public access rights and patient confidentiality sparks trial"]. British Medical Journal, 2005;330:273, [[5 February]] [[2005]], doi:10.1136/bmj.330.7486.273-a. Retrieved [[20 August]] [[2005]].</ref><ref name="Osvald">Osvald, Clara. [http://www.sr.se/Ekot/artikel.asp?artikel=647481 "Professor Christopher Gillberg fälldes".] ("Professor Christopher Gillberg convicted") ''Ekot'', Sveriges Radio, [[27 June]] [[2005]], in Swedish. Retrieved [[20 August]] [[2006]].</ref> In 2003, Gothenburg University was ordered by the court to release the research material. The court ordered the University to set conditions for the access so that the interests of the children and the families would be protected.<ref name="Bioethics" /> In April 2003, the University's Vice-Chancellor set the conditions: one of the persons requesting access, the [[sociologist]] [[Eva Kärfve]], would have to get her research project approved by the ethical review committee, and each concerned individual would have to consent before documents about her or him could be read by Eva Kärfve and [[Leif Elinder]], the other person who had requested access.<ref name="Bioethics" /> However, Kärfve and Elinder appealed the University's conditions and the Administrative Court of Appeal reversed its decision, removing the conditions. In an analysis of the case, Sven Ove Hansson, Professor and Head of the Department of Philosophy and the History of Technology at the [[Royal Institute of Technology]] (KTH), Stockholm, a former member of the Swedish Government Research Advisory Board, wrote: "[I]t is particularly interesting to note that the Court of Administrative Appeal nullified the decision by Gothenburg University to require individual consent and approval from an ethical review committee before giving access to sensitive data on individual research subjects. These are two of the cornerstones of the scientific community's own system for protecting research subjects."<ref name="Bioethics" />
===Background and legal battle===
Beginning in 1996, [[pediatrics|pediatrician]] Leif Elinder criticized Gillberg's research and alleged that the numbers reported by Gillberg were made up.<ref name="Elinder began"</name>{{cite news
| last = Elinder
| first = Leif
| title = Läs- och skrivsvårigheter
| language = Swedish
| publisher = [[Uppsala Nya Tidning]]
| date = [[December 12]],[[1996]]
| pages = }}
{{cite news
| last = Elinder
| first = Leif
| title = Det diagnostiska samhället
| language = Swedish
| publisher = [[Uppsala Nya Tidning]]
| date = [[February 19]],[[1997]]
| pages = }}
{{cite news
| last = Elinder
| first = Leif
| title = Medicinska diagnoser löser inte skolans problem
| language = Swedish
| publisher = [[Svenska Dagbladet]]
| date = [[September 30]],[[1997]]
| pages = 12 }}
{{cite journal
| last = Elinder
| first = Leif
| title = Dyslexi, DAMP och Aspergers syndrom - Friska sjukförklaras i ett diagnostiskt samhälle
| journal = [[Läkartidningen]]
| volume = 94
| issue = 39
| pages = 3391–3393
| date = 1997 }}
{{cite news
| last = Elinder
| first = Leif
| title = Dyslexi och neuropsykiatrin
| language = Swedish
| publisher = [[Uppsala Nya Tidning]]
| date = [[February 13]],[[1998]]
| pages = }}
{{cite news
| last = Elinder
| first = Leif
| title = Klassificering på gott och ont
| language = Swedish
| publisher = [[Psykologtidningen]]
| date = 1998
| issue=17
| pages = 19-20 }} </ref> Elinder became associated with the [[sociology|sociologist]] Eva Kärfve at [[Lund University]], whose research had been devoted to early [[witch-hunt|witch hunts]] and [[Parzival|medieval myths]] in Europe. They coordinated their criticism and Kärfve wrote a book, published in 2000, rejecting most of the research on DAMP, and especially Gillberg's.<ref name="hjarnspoken">{{cite book
| last = Kärfve
| first = Eva
| title = Hjärnspöken - Damp och hotet mot folkhälsan
|language = Swedish
| publisher = Brutus Östlings Bokförlag Symposion
| date = 2000
| id = ISBN 91-7139-482-6}}</ref> Other psychiatrists and neuroscientists in Sweden defended the Gillberg group and argued that Elinder and Kärfve had crossed the line from scientific criticism to personal attacks and vilification.<ref name="Fernell">{{cite news |
| coauthors = Fernell, Elisabeth; Arvidsson, Jan; Larsson, Christer & al
| title = "Börjar likna personförföljelse"
| pages = 12
| language = Swedish
| publisher = [[Svenska Dagbladet]]
| date = [[November 8]],[[2000]] }} </ref><ref name="Beijerot">Bejerot, Susanne ''et al.'' [http://www.dn.se/DNet/jsp/polopoly.jsp?d=572&a=99265 "'Rättshaverist skadar dampforskningen'. Sex psykiatriforskare kräver ett slut på mångårig personlig kampanj"] ('Litigious doctrinaire hurts damp research'. Six psychiatry researchers demand an end to the long-running personal campaign". Dagens Nyheter, [[22 January]] [[2003]], p. A04 (A6 A2), in Swedish. Retrieved [[20 August]] [[2006]].</ref> The conflict escalated further in 2002, when Kärfve and Elinder wrote separate letters to [[Gothenburg University]], accusing the Gillberg group of scientific misconduct.<ref name="Elindanm"> {{cite news
| last = Karlsson
| first = Hasse
| title = Damp-forskare anmälda av känd kritiker för möjligt fusk
| pages = 13
| language = Swedish
| publisher = Dagens Medicin
| date = [[April 23]], [[2002]] }} </ref><ref name="Karfusk"> {{cite news
| last = Kärfve
| first = Eva
| title = Ni försöker tysta ner forskningsfusk. Sociologidocent slår tillbaka mot anklagelserna att hon driver personlig kampanj mot dampforskare.
| pages = A04 (A6 A2)
| language = Swedish
| publisher = [[Dagens Nyheter]]
| date = [[January 25]], [[2003]] }} </ref> The accusations were investigated by the Ethics Council and dismissed.<ref name="TT_frias">{{cite news
| title = Anmälan mot dampstudie lämnas utan åtgärd
| language = Swedish
| publisher = [[Tidningarnas Telegrambyrå]]
| date = [[February 25]], [[2003]]}} </ref><ref name="DM_frias">{{cite news
|last = Nordin
| first = Jessica
| title = Etiska rådet lämnar dampstudie utan åtgärd
| url= http://www.dagensmedicin.se/print/printarticle.jsp?version=63425
| language = Swedish
| publisher = Dagens Medicin
| date = [[February 25]], [[2003]]}} </ref><ref name="GP_frias">{{cite news
| last = Grahn
| first = Marie
| title = Professor frias från misstanke om fusk vid dampforskning
| pages = 9
| language = Swedish
| publisher = [[Göteborgsposten]]
| date = [[February 26]], [[2003]]}} </ref>
Elinder and Kärfve also demanded access to the original research material for the main DAMP studies. Under a section of the Swedish [[basic law]] that grants citizens access to government documents, Elinder and Kärfve were given full access to the documents by an administrative court.<ref name="Mal_5741-2002">Kammarrätten i Göteborg [[February 6]], [[2003]] Dom i mål nr 5741-2002</ref><ref name="Mal_6208-2002">Kammarrätten i Göteborg [[February 6]], [[2003]] Dom i mål nr 6208-2002</ref> The University, the Gillberg group, and the participants of the study were strongly opposed to this decision, on the grounds that the material contained medical records and other sensitive information, and that the participants had been promised full confidentiality.<ref name="Mal_5741-2002" /><ref name="Mal_6208-2002" /><ref name="part">{{cite news
| last = L.
| first = K.
| title = Ge inte Eva Kärfve min sons journaler (Don't give my son's journals to Eva Kärfve)
| pages = 4
| language = Swedish
| publisher = [[Göteborgsposten]]
| date = [[March 5]], [[2003]]}}</ref><ref name="Ahl">Ahl, Viggo. [http://www.gp.se/gp/jsp/Crosslink.jsp?d=114&a=131038 "Mitt liv är dömt till offentlighet"] (My life is condemned to public access). Göteborgs-Posten, [[25 June]] [[2003]]. Retrieved [[20 August]] [[2006]].</ref> A higher court decided that neither the participants, the researchers, nor their institution, were formally entitled to appeal the decision.<ref name="Mal_1273-03">Regeringsrätten [[April 4]], [[2003]] Avgörande i mål nr 1273-03</ref> When all legal avenues had been exhausted, two of Gillberg's coworkers and a university administrator destroyed the 12–27 years old research material. In the legal aftermath, Gillberg and the [[Rector]] of [[Gothenburg University]] were found guilty of "misuse of office" for not complying with the administrative court's decision.<ref name="White1">White, C. [http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/331/7510/180-f "Swedish court rules against doctor at centre of row over destroyed research data"]. ''British Medical Journal'', [[23 July]] [[2005]], 331(7510):180. PMID 16037439. Retrieved [[20 August]] [[2006]].</ref>
<!---The section below was moved here from the bottom of the article.--->
The two researchers (both chief physicians at [[Sahlgrenska University Hospital]], one of them married to Gillberg), defended their decision to shred the files by referring to the promises of confidentiality that had been issued to the subjects of the study and the letters of objection that had been received from the families that they did not want their personal data used or shared with the private individuals. They argued that turning the files over would have exposed the researchers and the university to potential lawsuits from the subjects for failing to honor a written agreement.<ref name="SvDGillberg">Gillberg, Christopher. [http://www.svd.se/dynamiskt/brannpunkt/did_12647041.asp "Forskare ger falska löften"] (Researchers give false promises). ''Brännpunkt'', Svenska Dagbladet, [[13 May]] [[2006]]. Retrieved [[20 August]] [[2006]].</ref> They were convicted and fined for destruction of government property.<ref name="White1" />
In July 2005 the lower criminal court in Gothenburg upheld the right of Kärfve and Elinder to see any data from the Gothenburg study still held by the University. The court fined Gillberg for "misuse of office".<ref>White, Caroline. [http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/331/7510/180-f "Swedish court rules against doctor at centre of row over destroyed research data"]. British Medical Journal, 2005;331:180 ([[23 July]] [[2005]]).Retrieved [[18 December]] [[2006]].</ref>
<!---End of section moved from the bottom of the article.--->
===Reaction to the ruling===
The court's decision to grant the two critics access to the data was controversial. When the study participants were contacted by Gillberg and asked if they would be prepared to have the data released, all but one family refused.<ref name="White1" /> Citing that, and the promise of confidentiality given to the participants as a precondition, Gillberg and the other researchers decided to not turn over the personal data.<ref>Osvald, Clara. [http://www.sr.se/Ekot/artikel.asp?artikel=627126 Gillberg gav sin syn under rättegången] (Gillberg gave his view during the trial). ''Ekot'', Sveriges Radio, [[25 May]] [[2005]], in Swedish. Retrieved [[20 August]] [[2006]]</ref> 267 Swedish doctors signed a letter in support of Gillberg's decision to not hand over the data.<ref name="Letter 267"> "267 läkare stöder Christopher Gillberg mot JO". ''Dagens Medicin'' [[March 23]], [[2005]].</ref> After the verdict, the chairman of the Central Ethical Review Board of Sweden, Johan Munch, said that in Swedish legislation, the Principle of Public Access<ref>[http://www.sweden.gov.se/sb/d/2184/a/15521 Principle of Public Access]. Ministry of Justice, Swedish Government Offices, [[14 June]] [[2005]]. Retrieved [[20 August]] [[2006]].</ref> is incompatible with promises of absolute confidentiality, and that the Central Ethical Review Board therefore no longer approves such promises.<ref name="Osvald">Osvald, Clara. [http://www.sr.se/Ekot/artikel.asp?artikel=647481 "Professor Christopher Gillberg fälldes".] ("Professor Christopher Gillberg convicted") ''Ekot'', Sveriges Radio, [[27 June]] [[2005]], in Swedish. Retrieved [[20 August]] [[2006]]. Original sentence in Swedish: "Enligt Johan Munch som är ordförande i Centrala etikprövningsnämnden fungerar den svenska lagstiftningen med offentlighetsprincipen inte tillsammans med den här typen av förbindelser om absolut sekretess. Därför godkänner etikprövningsnämnden inte den typen av löften i samband längre. " </ref> According to Martin Ingvar of the [[Karolinska Institute]], medical researchers in Sweden will be forced to change the current practice because of the verdict. Ingvar told media that medical studies in Sweden must now adhere to a strict anonymization encoding, even in extensive studies like Gillberg’s which contain large amounts of clinical material collected over long periods of time, in spite of the increase in cost and the larger margins of error.<ref name="Osvald" />
Elisabeth Rynning, a professor of Medical Law at the [[University of Uppsala]] questioned whether the court had been fully aware of the relevant laws. Access to these kinds of records may only be granted for the purpose of research or for the collection of statistics. Elinder had not stated any such purpose in his application, and Kärfve had only argued that the material would be ''useful'' for her research, not that it would actually ''be used'' in a research project. She was in fact not allowed to use the material in her research project, since that would have required a previous approval by an ethics committee. There was also the problem that Elinder and Kärfve requested the material as private citizens, while at the same time stating that they needed it in their professional capacities. If they had requested the material as representatives of their employers, the court would not have jurisdiction. Finally Rynning questioned how the court could decide that no one would be hurt, as the law requires, if Elinder and Kärfve were given full access to the data. Several participants had testified to the court that they would be deeply offended and hurt if Elinder and Kärfve could read their medical records.<ref name="Rynning 2005">Rynning, Elisabeth. "Domarnas okunskap om lagen tvingade forskare till lagbrott" (The judges' lack of knowledge about the law forced researchers to break the law). ''[[Dagens Nyheter]]'' [[May 14]], [[2005]].</ref>
The Swedish [[Parliamentary Ombudsman]] also investigated the affair.<ref name="JO2006" /> In the 18-page summary dedicated to the case in the yearly report by the Ombudsman, Gillberg and Gothenburg University are criticized for violating the Freedom of Information Act and thus Kärfve's and Elinder's civil right to access to records belonging to the state.<ref name="JO2006" /> Both the lower court and the appeal court were unanimous in finding Gillberg guilty of breach of duty arising from failure to comply in regards to the release of documents; additionally, the Supreme Court of Sweden did not agree to retry Gillberg's breach of duty case. In response to the concerns raised by Gillberg at the trial that a situation had arisen for him whereby "he was prevented by medical ethics and research ethics from disclosing information about the participants in the study and their next-of-kin", the Swedish Parliamentary Ombudsman stated that "the international declarations drawn up by the [[World Medical Association]] and also the European Convention [...] do not categorise them as undertakings that can be considered to take priority over Swedish law." The Parliamentary Ombudsman also stated that, "it is not possible to make decisions on issues concerning confidentiality until the release of a document is requested. It follows therefore that the assurances of confidentiality cited above cannot take priority over the law as it stands or a court’s application of the statutes".<ref name="JO2006" />
===Law revisions and debate===
In 2003, a bill was introduced in the Swedish parliament, [[Riksdagen]], due to the secrecy issues raised during the trial that granted the two private individuals access to sensitive personal data.<ref>Motion 2003/04:K379. [http://www.riksdagen.se/Webbnav/index.aspx?nid=410&typ=mot&rm=2003/04&bet=K379 Sekretess och handlingars offentlighet] (Secrecy and public documents). Motion till riksdagen, 2003/04:K379], [http://www.riksdagen.se/Webbnav/index.aspx?nid=3120&doktyp=motion&bet=2003/04:K379 Sekretess och handlingars offentlighet (decision by Riksdagen)] </ref> This bill did not pass, but in 2004, a new act on ethical review of research involving humans was introduced. Changes were put in place in order to strengthen the protection for human subjects participating in medical research and to expand the scope of the ethical councils, while bringing the Swedish legislation closer to the European Commission directive.<ref>SOU 2005:78 [http://www.vr.se/download/18.1fba95bc10a40a4c97e80001615/Changes_in_the_ethical_review_act.pdf Changes in the ethical review act]. Swedish government official report on ethical review, September 2005 and [http://www.regeringen.se/content/1/c6/05/06/64/2c24d3b7.pdf Betänkande av Etikprövningsutredningen SOU 2005:78], Stockholm 2005, in Swedish. Retrieved [[20 August]] [[2006]].</ref> The official act governing medical research was further adjusted in 2008: ethical review is now legally required in Sweden, the review committees have official status,<ref>Björkman, Barbro and Sven Ove Hansson (2006). "[http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract;jsessionid=A7D3A340FAE5786F90BD05698205A629.tomcat1?fromPage=online&aid=433983 Bioethics in Sweden]". ''Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics''. New York: Summer 2006. Vol. 15, Issue 3; pp. 285-293.</ref> and consent can be withdrawn by participants in medical research at any point.<ref>"[http://www.codex.uu.se/codex_eng/codex/oversikter/medicin/medicin.html "Medical Research"] . ''Codex''. The Swedish Research Council, 23 April 2008. Retrieved 22 May 2008: "On 1 January 2004, the ''The Act concerning the Ethical Review of Research Involving Humans came into effect''. [...] A person's welfare is to be given higher priority than the needs of the community and science. It is therefore that safeguards are in place, such as a subject's right to withdraw consent to participate in research, effective immediately.[...] By a change of the Act effectuated 2008, [...] the definition of handling personal data is redefined. Research involving handling of certain personal data shall from now on be examined [by an ethics council] regardless of whether research subjects give their informed consent or not. Research that clearly involves a risk of harming subjects, it can be interviews or surveys for example, shall likewise be ethically examined." </ref> However, voices in the medical research community have raised concerns about law revisions' lack of attention to additional safeguards for researchers falsely accused of scientific misconduct and are calling for procedures that would ensure that scientific misconduct investigations are handled in a correct and legally secure manner.<ref>Stenqvist, Ola (2008). [http://www.dagensmedicin.se/debatt/2008/02/20/anklagelser-om-forskningsf/ Anklagelser om forskningsfusk måste hanteras korrekt]. (Accusations of research fraud must be handled correctly). ''Dagens Medicin''. 20 February 2008: "The consequences of unclear handling of abuse allegations can be devastating, as in the notorious Gillberg case where the cheating allegations are used in an attempt to destroy the opponents in an ideological and / or personal conflict. When Leif Elinder and Eva Kärfve could not win the debate on Christopher Gillberg's research results they chose to accuse him of cheating. None of the circumstances they refer to are the least reason to suspect cheating, and the scientists are also formally acquitted of all suspicion, but the case also illustrates how innocent and acquitted researchers may be damaged unless the investigation is handled in a correct and legally secure manner."</ref>
<!---Information about the verdicts was moved up to the beginning of this section. See sub-section "Background and legal battle".--->
The debate about the case between representatives from the [[social sciences]] and [[natural sciences]] has continued in the popular press and in media. In 2007, the controversy resulted in a book by science journalist Vanna Beckman,<ref>Beckman, Vanna (2007). ''Strider under hjärnåldern: Om ADHD, biologism, sociologism.'' Pavus Utbildning AB, 2007. ISBN 9789197666008.</ref> with a focus on the larger issues of [[biologism]] and [[Social determinism|sociologism]] as they played out in the debate, a book which also described the ideological battle against research in [[psychology]] and [[psychiatry]] driven by various religious groups.<ref>Ulfstrand, Staffan. [http://www2.unt.se/avd/1,,MC=5-AV_ID=697573,00.html Bittra stridigheter i adhd-frågan] ("Bitter controversies in the ADHD question"). Uppsala Nya Tidning, online edition, 27 November 2007. In Swdish. Retrieved 20 April 2008.</ref> In April 2008, a hotly debated<ref>Hultgren, Fredrik. [http://www.dagensmedicin.se/nyheter/2008/04/16/adhd-dokumentar-kritiseras/index.xml Adhd-dokumentär kritiseras] ("Adhd documentary criticized"). ''Dagens Medicin'', online edition, 16 April 2008. (In Swedish).</ref><ref>Heilig, Markus et al.[http://www.dn.se/DNet/jsp/polopoly.jsp?d=572&a=764671 ""SVT desinformerar om adhd-drabbade"] ("SVT misinforms about adhd-affected") ''Dagens Nyheter'', online edition, 24 April 2008. (In Swedish).</ref><ref>Jersild, P.C. [http://www.dn.se/DNet/jsp/polopoly.jsp?d=578&a=766265 "Sveriges tabloidteve"]. ("Sweden's tabloid TV") ''Dagens Nyheter'', online edition, 3 May 2008. (In Swedish).</ref><ref>Hultin, Kicki and Tina Thunander. [http://www.dn.se/DNet/jsp/polopoly.jsp?d=572&a=766962 "'Gillberg duckade'. Angripna SVT-producenter: 'Martin Ingvar hyllar Gillberggruppen med irrelevanta argument'.] ("'Gillberg ducked'. SVT producers under attack: 'Martin Invar praises the Gillberg group with irrelevant arguments'"). DN, online edition, 6 May 2008. (In Swedish).</ref> television documentary aired on Swedish television, where Kärfve and Erlinder returned to the spotlight to air their concerns about the [[shredding]] of the documents.<ref>Hultin, Kicki and Tina Thunander. [http://svt.se/svt/jsp/Crosslink.jsp?d=81516&a=1113776 Fördärvet]. One-hour documentary. ''Sveriges Television'', 14 April 2008.(In Swedish).</ref>
<!---Information about the verdicts was moved up to the beginning of this section. See sub-section "Background and legal battle".--->
===See further===
* [[The Gothenburg Study of Children with DAMP]]
==Notes==
<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;">
<references /></div>
==Selected publications by Gillberg==
===Journal Articles===
*{{ cite journal
| last = Steffenburg
| first = Suzanne
| authorlink =
| coauthors = Gillberg Christopher, Hellgren Lars & al.
| title = A Twin Study of Autism in Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden
| journal = Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines
| volume =30
| issue = 3
| pages = 405–416
| publisher = The Association for Child Psychology and Psychiatry
| date = May, 1989
| url =
| doi =
| id = ISSN 0021-9630
| accessdate = }}
*{{ cite journal
| last = Baroncohen
| first = Simon
| authorlink =
| coauthors = Jane Allen, Christopher Gillberg
| title = Can Autism Be. Detected at 18 Months? The Needle, the Haystack and the CHAT
| journal = The [[British Journal of Psychiatry]]
| volume = 161
| pages = 839–143
| publisher = The Royal College of Psychiatrists
| date = December, 1992
| url =
| doi =
| id = ISSN 0007-1250
| accessdate = }}
*{{cite journal |author= Ehlers S, Gillberg C |title= The epidemiology of Asperger's syndrome. A total population study |journal= J Child Psychol Psychiat |year=1993 |volume=34 |issue=8 |pages=1327–50 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7610.1993.tb02094.x |pmid=8294522}}
*{{ cite journal
| last = Happe
| first = Francesca
| authorlink =
| coauthors = Ehlers Stefan, Fletcher Paul & al.
| title = 'Theory of mind' in the brain. Evidence from a PET scan study of Asperger syndrome
| journal = Neuroreport
| volume = 8
| issue = 1
| pages = 197–201
| publisher = Rapid Science Publishers
| date = [[December 20]], [[1996]]
| url =
| doi =
| id = ISSN 0959-4965
| accessdate = }}
*{{ cite journal
| last = Philippe
| first = Anne
| authorlink =
| coauthors = Martinez Maria, Guilloud-Bataille Michel ''et al.''
| title = Genome-wide scan for autism susceptibility genes
| journal = Human Molecular Genetics
| volume = 8
| issue = 5
| pages = 805–812
| publisher = Oxford University Press
| date = May, 1999
| url = http://hmg.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/8/5/805
| doi = 10.1093/hmg/8.5.805
| id = ISSN 1460-2083
| accessdate =
| pmid = 10196369 }}
*{{ cite journal
| last = Jamain
| first = Stéphane
| authorlink =
| coauthors = Quach1 Hélène, Betancur Catalina ''et al.''
| title = Mutations of the X-linked genes encoding neuroligins NLGN3 and NLGN4 are associated with autism
| journal = Nature Genetics
| volume = 34
| issue = 1
| pages = 27–29
| publisher = Nature Publishing Group
| date = [[31 March]] [[2003]]
| url =
| doi = 10.1038/ng1136
| id = ISSN 1061-4036
| accessdate = }}
*{{ cite journal
| last = Ståhlberg
| first = Ola
| authorlink =
| coauthors = Söderström Henrik, Råstam, Maria ''et al.''
| title = Bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and other psychotic disorders in adults with childhood onset AD/HD and/or autism spectrum disorders
| journal = Journal of Neural Transmission
| volume = 111
| issue = 7
| pages = 891–902
| publisher = Springer Wien
| date = July 2004
| url =
| doi = 10.1007/s00702-004-0115-1
| id = ISSN 0300-9564
| accessdate = }}
*{{ cite journal
| last = Miller
| first = Marilyn T.
| authorlink =
| coauthors = Strömland, Kerstin, Ventura Liana ''et al.''
| title = Autism associated with conditions characterized by developmental errors in early embryogenesis: a mini review
| journal = International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience
| volume = 23
| issue = 2-3
| pages = 201–219
| publisher = Elsevier
| date = April-May 2005
| url =
| doi = 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2004.06.007
| id = ISSN 0736-5748
| accessdate = }}
===Books===
* {{cite book
| first=Christopher | last = Gillberg
| year = 1981
| title= Neuropsychiatric aspects of perceptual, motor and attentional deficits in seven-year-old Swedish children
| publisher = Uppsala University
| location = [[Uppsala]]
| id = ISBN 91-554-1212-2
}}
* {{cite book
| author=Coleman, Mary; Gillberg, Christopher
| year = 1985
| title= The biology of the autistic syndromes
| publisher = Praeger
| location = [[New York]]
| id = ISBN 0-03-000834-4
}}
* {{cite book
| author=Gillberg, Christopher (ed.)
| year = 1989
| title= Diagnosis and treatment of autism
| publisher = Plenum Press
| location = [[New York]]
| id = ISBN 0-306-43481-4
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Gillberg | first = Christopher
| title=Clinical Child Neuropsychiatry
| publisher=Cambridge University Press
| year=1995
| id=ISBN 0-521-54335-5
}}
* {{cite book
| author = Gillberg, Christopher
| title=Barn, Ungdomar och vuxna med Asperger Syndrom - Normala, geniala, nördar? (in Swedish)
| year=1997
| publisher=Bokförlaget Cura AB
| location = [[Gothenburg]]
| id=ISBN 91-972641-6-4
}}
* {{cite book
| author = Gillberg, Christopher; Peeters, Theo
| title=Autism : medical and educational aspects
| year=1998
| publisher=Whurr
| location = [[London]]
| id=ISBN 0-521-54335-5
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Gillberg | first = Christopher
| title=A Guide to Asperger Syndrome
| publisher=Cambridge University Press
| year=2002
| id=ISBN 0-521-00183-8
}}
* {{cite book
| author = Gillberg, Christopher;Harrington, Richard; Steinhausen, Hans-Christoph
| title=A clinician's handbook of child and adolescent psychiatry
| year=2006
| publisher=Cambridge University Press
| location = [[Cambridge]]
| id=ISBN 978-0-521-81936-7
}}
==External links==
{{wikinewshas| a story related to this article|
* [[Wikinews:Swedish doctor prosecuted for refusal to hand over patient data|Swedish doctor prosecuted for refusal to hand over patient data]]
}}
*[http://www.iriss.ac.uk/audio/by/title/child_psychiatric_diagnoses_-_christopher_gillberg Child psychiatric diagnoses - Christopher Gillberg] - Institute for Research and Innovation in Social Services, 14 January 2008
*[http://www.philips.se/about/article-14407.html Philips Prize] - Information about the Philips Prize
*[http://www.springerlink.com/openurl.asp?genre=journal&issn=1018-8827 ''European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry''] (journal)
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcfour/documentaries/features/autism.shtml The Autism Puzzle] (A [[BBC]] documentary featuring Gillberg)
*[http://www.lookingupautism.org/Articles/ChristopherGillberg.html An interview with Gillberg] in ''Looking Up'' (an autism newsletter) 3:12, 2005.
*[http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/eletters/329/7457/72 Kärfe, Elinder, and others defend their accusations] - "Rapid responses" submitted to ''British Medical Journal'', 2004
*[http://web.archive.org/web/20021122234355/http://www.barnneuropsykiatri.org.gu.se/ Various responses to Kärfve] [[Gothenburg University]], 2001 (in Swedish)
*[http://www.attention-riks.se/index.php?id=118,296,0,0,1,0 ''Riksförbundet Attention'' supports Gillberg] Official web page in Swedish, [[August 21]], [[2005]]. (''Riksförbundet Attention'' is a national Swedish association for people with neuropsychiatric disabilities.)
*[http://autism.verktyget.se/site.aspx?id=612 ''Riksföreningen Autism'' supports Gillberg] Press release in Swedish. Undated, 2006. (''Riksföreningen Autism'' is the national Swedish association for people with autism and autism-like disorders.)
*[http://www.childnps.se/Welcome/News.html Letter to the Swedish Chancellor of Justice] The Swedish Child Neuropsychiatry Science Foundation. Letter detailing the actions by Christopher Gillberg opponents, the involvement of public figures and the media, and the legal process.
<!-- Categories: alphabetical -->
<!-- Wikilinks: alphabetical -->
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gillberg, Christopher}}
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:Autism researchers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Medical researchers]]
[[Category:Swedish psychiatrists]]
[[Category:University of Gothenburg faculty]]
[[no:Christopher Gillberg]]
[[sv:Christopher Gillberg]]