Chrome plating 517737 219454224 2008-06-15T08:50:29Z Francis Flinch 3669230 /* References */ {{Unreferenced|date=December 2007}} {{context|date=December 2007}} [[Image:Motorcycle Reflections bw edit.jpg|thumb|250px|Decorative chrome plating on a motorcycle.]] '''Chrome plating''' is a technique of [[electroplating]] a thin layer of [[chromium]] onto a [[metal]] object. The chromed layer can be decorative, or it may help provide [[corrosion]] resistance. ==Process== The component will generally go through these different stages. * [[Degreasing]] to remove heavy soiling. * Manual cleaning to remove all residual traces of dirt and surface impurities. * Various pretreatments depending on the substrate. * Placed into the chrome plating vat and allowed to warm to solution temperature. * Plating current applied and component is left for the required time to attain thickness. There are many variations to this process depending on the type of substrate being plated upon. Different etching solutions are used for different substrates. Hydrochloric, [[hydrofluoric acid|hydrofluoric]], and [[sulfuric acid]]s can be used. [[Ferric chloride]] is also popular for the etching of Nimonic alloys. Sometimes the component will enter the chrome plating vat electrically live. Sometimes the component will have a conforming anode either made from lead/tin or platinized titanium. A typical hard chrome vat will plate at about 25 micrometres (0.001 inches) per hour. To put that into perspective a human hair is between 50 to 100 micrometres. [[Image:Rover75.jpg|thumb|250px|Bright chrome is often used as a decorative feature on consumer products such as cars.]] ==Chromium plating solutions== Industrial chromium plating is also known as "Hard Chrome" or "Engineered Chrome". There are two types of Industrial chrome plating solutions: # [[Hexavalent chromium]] baths whose main ingredient is [[chromic anhydride]]. # Trivalent chromium baths whose main ingredient is [[chromium sulfate]] or [[chromium chloride]]. Trivalent chromium baths are not yet common, due to restrictions concerning color, brittleness, and plating thickness.{{Fact|date=January 2008}} A typical bath composition of a hexavalent chromium bath is as follows: * [[Chromic acid]] (CrO<sub>3</sub>): 225&ndash;300 g/l. * [[Sulfuric acid]]: 2.25&ndash;3.0 g/l, Although it is measured in molarity or % concentration and not g/l. * Operating temperature: 45 to 60 °C. * Plating current: 1.55&ndash;3.10 kiloamperes per square meter [[direct current|DC]]. * Maximum superimposed [[alternating current|AC]] ripple allowed is 18%, preferred ripple is 5% to 10%. * Anodes: [[lead]] with up to 7% [[tin]] or [[antimony]]. * Chromium may be stripped anodically in an aqueous solution of [[sodium hydroxide]] or inhibited [[hydrochloric acid]]. ==Quality requirements== Hard chromium layers (over 10 micrometres) can be used in various applications and consequently subject to different types of quality requirements. Hard chromium layers on piston rods of hydraulic cylinders are tested on corrosion resistance in salt spray cabinets. Because these are destructive tests, only representative sample material can be tested. The salt spray solutions and the conditions in the cabinet are normed as well as the evaluation of the result after the test. The duration of the test is depending the agressivity of the test and the standard the industry has developed for this type of materials. Typically for engineering purposes the hardness value will be between 800 - 1000 HV500 when subject to a [[Vickers hardness test]]. In general there is a requirement that the deposit be uniform in thickness on all surfaces, and should be smooth, homogeneous and free from frosty areas, pin holes, pits, nodules, and other defects. ==See also== *[[Stainless steel]] ==References== <references/> *[http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20080323154203AAm3tzi Chrome lined gun barrels] ==Further reading== Chromium plating specifications, including quality requirements, can be found in the following documents: AMS 2406K, AMS 2438, Plating, Chromium Hard Deposit AMS-QQ-C-320 retired by AMS 2460, Chromium Plating (Electrodeposited). [[Category:Industrial processes]] [[Category:Chemical processes]] [[Category:Corrosion prevention]] [[Category:Metal plating]] [[Category:Coatings]] [[Category:Chromium]] [[Category:Automotive styling features]] [[de:Chromelektrolyte]] [[es:Chapa cromada]] [[id:Pelapisan krom]] [[it:Cromatura]] [[pl:Chromowanie]] [[pt:Cromagem]]