Chromium(III) picolinate
2876898
225832840
2008-07-15T16:39:36Z
MattieTK
434929
Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/71.147.0.44|71.147.0.44]] to last version by DOI bot (using [[WP:HG|Huggle]])
{{Chembox new
| Name = Chromium(III) picolinate
| ImageFile = Chromium_picolinate.png
| ImageSize = 200px
| ImageName = Chromium(III) picolinate
| IUPACName = Chromium(III) picolinate
| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers
| CASNo = 14639-25-9
}}
| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties
| Formula = Cr(C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>4</sub>NO<sub>2</sub>)<sub>3</sub>
| MolarMass = 418.33 g/mol
| Density =
| MeltingPt =
}}
}}
'''Chromium picolinate''' is the [[chemical compound]] that is sold as a nutritional supplement to prevent or treat [[chromium deficiency]]. This bright-red [[coordination complex]] is derived from [[chromium]](III) and [[picolinic acid]]. Small quantities of chromium are needed for [[glucose]] utilization by [[insulin]] in normal health, but deficiency is extremely rare and has only been observed in hospital patients on long-term defined diets.<ref>[http://www.food.gov.uk/multimedia/pdfs/reviewofchrome.pdf Review of Chromium] EXPERT GROUP ON VITAMINS AND MINERALS REVIEW OF CHROMIUM, 12 August 2002</ref> No biochemical basis for the human body's need for chromium has been identified.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Stearns DM |title=Is chromium a trace essential metal? |journal=Biofactors |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=149–62 |year=2000 |pmid=10875302}}</ref>
==Health claims and debates==
Some commercial organizations promote chromium picolinate as an aid to body development for [[sportsperson|athlete]]s and as a means of [[weight loss|losing weight]]. But a number of studies have failed to demonstrate an effect of chromium picolinate on either [[muscle]] growth or [[Adipose tissue|fat]] loss.<ref name="JBVincent">{{cite journal | author=Vincent J.B. | title=The potential value and toxicity of chromium picolinate as a nutritional supplement, weight loss agent and muscle development agent | journal=Sports Medicine | volume=33 | issue=3 | year=2003 | pages=213–230 | pmid=12656641 | doi=10.2165/00007256-200333030-00004}}</ref>
There are claims that the picolinate form of chromium supplementation aids in reducing [[insulin resistance]], particularly in [[diabetes|diabetics]], but a [[meta-analysis]] of chromium supplementation studies showed no association between chromium and glucose or insulin concentrations for non-diabetics, and inconclusive results for diabetics.<ref name="MDAlthuius">{{cite journal | author=Althuis MD, Jordan NE, Ludington EA, Wittes JT | title=Glucose and insulin responses to dietary chromium supplements: a meta-analysis | journal=American Journal of Clinical Nutrition | volume=76 | issue=1 | year=2002 | pages=148–155 |url=http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/76/1/148| pmid=12081828}}</ref> However, this study has been challenged on the grounds that it excluded significant results.<ref name="DSKalman">{{cite journal | author=Kalman DS | title=Chromium picolinate and type 2 diabetes| journal=American Journal of Clinical Nutrition | volume=78 | issue=1 | year=2003 | pages=192 |url=http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/78/1/192 | pmid=12816793}}</ref> Subsequent trials gave mixed results, with one finding no effect in people with impaired glucose tolerance,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Gunton JE, Cheung NW, Hitchman R, ''et al'' |title=Chromium supplementation does not improve glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, or lipid profile: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial of supplementation in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance |journal=Diabetes Care |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=712–3 |year=2005 |pmid=15735214 |url=http://care.diabetesjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=15735214 |doi=10.2337/diacare.28.3.712}}</ref> but another seeing a small improvement in glucose resistance.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Singer GM, Geohas J |title=The effect of chromium picolinate and biotin supplementation on glycemic control in poorly controlled patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a placebo-controlled, double-blinded, randomized trial |journal=Diabetes Technol. Ther. |volume=8 |issue=6 |pages=636–43 |year=2006 |pmid=17109595 |doi=10.1089/dia.2006.8.636}}</ref> In a review of these trials it was again concluded that chromium supplements had no effect on healthy people, but that there might be an improvement in glucose metabolism in diabetics, although the authors stated that the evidence for this effect remains weak.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Balk EM, Tatsioni A, Lichtenstein AH, Lau J, Pittas AG |title=Effect of chromium supplementation on glucose metabolism and lipids: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials |journal=Diabetes Care |volume=30 |issue=8 |pages=2154–63 |year=2007 |pmid=17519436 |url=http://care.diabetesjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=17519436 |doi=10.2337/dc06-0996}}</ref>
There is concern that chromium picolinate is more likely to cause [[DNA repair#DNA damage|DNA damage]] and [[mutation]] than other forms of [[Valence (chemistry)|trivalent]] chromium,<ref name="SChaudhary">{{cite journal | author=Chaudhary S, Pinkston J, Rabile MM, Van Horn JD | title=Unusual reactivity in a commercial chromium supplement compared to baseline DNA cleavage with synthetic chromium complexes | journal=Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry | volume=99 | issue=3 | year=2005 | pages=787–794 | pmid=15708800 | doi=10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2004.12.009}}</ref> but these results are also debated.<ref name=pmid_17512455>{{cite journal |author=Hininger I, Benaraba R, Osman M, Faure H, Marie Roussel A, Anderson RA |title=Safety of trivalent chromium complexes: no evidence for DNA damage in human HaCaT keratinocytes |journal=Free Radic. Biol. Med. |volume=42 |issue=12 |pages=1759–65 |year=2007 |pmid=17512455 |doi=10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.02.034}}</ref> Other studies indicate that chromium picolinate is safe even at very high doses.<ref name="RAnderson">{{cite journal | author=Anderson R, Cheng N, Bryden N, et al | title=Elevated intakes of supplemental chromium improve glucose and insulin variables in individuals with type 2 diabetes | journal=Diabetes | volume=46 | issue=11 | year=1997 | pages=1786–1791 | doi=10.2337/diabetes.46.11.1786 | pmid=9356027 | unused_data=|[http://diabetes.diabetesjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/46/11/1786]}}</ref> In mice, chromium(III) picolinate supplementation results in skeletal defects in their offspring.<ref name=pmid_16767758>{{cite journal |author=Bailey MM, Boohaker JG, Sawyer RD, ''et al'' |title=Exposure of pregnant mice to chromium picolinate results in skeletal defects in their offspring |journal=Birth Defects Res. B Dev. Reprod. Toxicol. |volume=77 |issue=3 |pages=244–9 |year=2006 |pmid=p|doi=10.1002/bdrb.20081}}</ref>
In fruit flies, chromium(III) picolinate supplementation generates chromosomal aberrations, impedes progeny development,<ref name=pmid_16887379>{{cite journal |author=Stallings DM, Hepburn DD, Hannah M, Vincent JB, O'Donnell J |title=Nutritional supplement chromium picolinate generates chromosomal aberrations and impedes progeny development in Drosophila melanogaster |journal=Mutat. Res. |volume=610 |issue=1-2 |pages=101–13 |year=2006 |pmid=16887379 |doi=10.1016/j.mrgentox.2006.06.019}}</ref> and causes sterility and lethal mutations.<ref name=pmid_12649323>{{cite journal |author=Hepburn DD, Xiao J, Bindom S, Vincent JB, O'Donnell J |title=Nutritional supplement chromium picolinate causes sterility and lethal mutations in Drosophila melanogaster |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=100 |issue=7 |pages=3766–71 |year=2003 |pmid=12649323 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0636646100}}</ref>
==Regulation==
On the basis of the results suggesting that this compound might cause cancer, the Expert Group on Vitamins and Minerals of the UK Joint Food Standards and Safety Group requested in March 2003 that the supplement industry voluntarily withdraw all chromium picolinate products from sale.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Vincent JB |title=Recent advances in the nutritional biochemistry of trivalent chromium |journal=Proc Nutr Soc |volume=63 |issue=1 |pages=41–7 |year=2004 |pmid=15070438 |doi=10.1079/PNS2003315}}</ref><ref>[http://www.advisorybodies.doh.gov.uk/Com/chromium.htm STATEMENT ON THE MUTAGENICITY OF TRIVALENT CHROMIUM AND CHROMIUM PICOLINATE] COM/04/S3 - December 2004</ref> A later review of the data on human toxicity by the Committee on Mutagenicity at the Food Standards and Safety Group, noted several case reports of [[renal failure]] that may have been caused by these supplements and called for further research into if this compound is toxic to humans.<ref>[http://www.food.gov.uk/multimedia/pdfs/evm_chromium.pdf Risk assessment: Chromium] Expert Group on Vitamins and Minerals 2003</ref>
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
==External links==
* [http://www.npi.gov.au/database/substance-info/profiles/24.html National Pollutant Inventory - Chromium (III) and compounds fact sheet]
*[http://www.merck.com/mrkshared/mmanual/section1/chapter4/4f.jsp Merck Manual]
*[http://www.vanderbilt.edu/AnS/psychology/health_psychology/chromiumpicolinate.htm Chromium Picolinate and Weight Loss]
*[http://www.berkeleywellness.com/html/ds/dsChromium.php UC Berkeley Wellness Center information on chromium picolinate]
[[Category:Chromium compounds]]
[[Category:Coordination compounds]]
[[Category:Dietary supplements]]
[[Category:Pyridines]]
[[ar:بيكولينات كروم ثلاثي]]