Chronology of the Irish War of Independence
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This is a '''chronology of Irish War of Independence''' (or the '''Anglo Irish War'''<ref>The war is often referred to as the "Irish War of Independence" in Ireland and as the "Anglo-Irish War" in Britain, the "Tan War" by anti-Treaty republicans and was known contemporarily as "the Troubles", not to be confused with the later conflict in Northern Ireland, which is also referred to as the "[[the Troubles]]".</ref>) of 1919–1921. The [[Irish War of Independence]] was a [[guerrilla]] conflict and most of the fighting was conducted on a small scale by the standards of conventional warfare. Although there were some large scale encounters between the [[Irish Republican Army]] and the British state forces ([[Royal Irish Constabulary]] and [[Dublin Metropolitan Police]] [[paramilitary]] units - the [[Black and Tans]] and the [[Auxiliary Division]] - and the regular [[British Army]]), most of the casualties were inflicted in assassinations and reprisals on either side. The war began with an unauthorized ambush by IRA men [[Dan Breen]] and [[Seán Treacy (Irish Republican)|Seán Treacy]] at [[Soloheadbeg]] in 1919 and officially ended with a truce agreed in July 1921. However, violence continued, particularly in the disputed territory of [[Northern Ireland]] until mid 1922. In the south of Ireland, the war of Independence was immediately followed by the [[Irish Civil War]] between supporters and opponents of the [[Anglo-Irish Treaty]].
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==1918==
*[[14 December]] [[1918]]: A general election (which became known as the [[United Kingdom general election, 1918|Coupon Election]]) was held in the United Kingdom. The Unionist-dominated Coalition, led by Prime Minister [[Lloyd George]]'s won a majority. In the [[Irish general election, 1918|Irish general election of 1918]], [[Sinn Féin]] won 73 out of 105 seats.
==1919==
[[Image:Daniel Breen police notice.jpg|thumb|right|Wanted poster for Dan Breen, who killed the first [[Royal Irish Constabulary]] members to die in the war, on [[21 January]] [[1919]]]]
===January===
*[[21 January]] [[1919]]
** [[Sinn Féin]] MPs assembled in Dublin as the [[First Dáil]] and adopted a [[Declaration of Independence (Ireland)|Declaration of Independence]].
**IRA volunteers under [[Dan Breen]] killed two members of the [[Royal Irish Constabulary]] (RIC) when the police refused to surrender a consignment of [[gelignite]] they were guarding near [[Soloheadbeg]], [[County Tipperary]].
===March===
* Resident Magistrate, John Milling was shot dead in [[Westport, County Mayo]] because he sent volunteers to prison for unlawful assembly and drilling.
===April===
*[[6 April]] [[1919]]: [[Limerick]] city IRA members attempted to free a prisoner from the Limerick prison workhouse. Two RIC men and the prisoner were killed in the ensuing fire fight.
*[[10 April]] [[1919]]: The [[Dáil]] proclaimed a boycott of the RIC police force.
*[[15 April|15]] - [[19 April]] [[1919]]: The "[[Limerick Soviet]]", was a [[general strike]] called by the Limerick Trades and Labour Council, as a protest against the declaration of a "Special Military Area" under the [[Defense of the Realm Act]]. This covered of most of Limerick city and a part of the County. Special permits were to be issued by the [[Royal Irish Constabulary]], and would have been required to enter the city. The response was a general strike and boycott of the troops. A special Strike Committee was set up to print money, control food prices and publish newspapers. However, by [[April 27]] [[1919]] the Strike Committee issued a proclamation that the strike was at an end.
===May===
[[Image:Flyingcolumn westcork-DB668.JPG|thumb|right|The [[Seán Hogan]] [[flying column]] during the War of Independence]]]
*[[13 May]] [[1919]]: Two RIC men were killed in a shoot-out with Dan Breen and Sean Treacy, as they freed fellow IRA member Sean Hogan from the custody of the RIC, on train in Knocklong, [[County Tipperary]].
*[[17 May]] [[1919]] The first of the Republican law courts was set up at [[Ballinrobe]] [[County Mayo]]
===June===
*[[23 June]] [[1919]]: RIC Detective D.I. Hunt was killed in a gun battle with IRA men Jim Stapleton and James Murphy in [[Thurles]], County Tipperary. Jim Stapleton had been selected to shoot Hunt, but missed his shot wounding another man in the knee. In the ensuing chaos Hunt was killed at close quarters by a shot from Murphy's pistol.
===July===
*[[30 July]] [[1919]]: The first assassination authorised by [[Michael Collins (Irish leader)|Michael Collins]] - Detective Sergeant ''the Dog'' Smith was shot by [[The Squad (IRA unit)|''the Squad'']] <ref name=Mackay>''Michael Collins: A Life'';'''James Mackay''' p132</ref>.
===September===
*[[7 September]] [[1919]]: An unofficial government policy of reprisals began in [[Fermoy]], [[County Cork]]. Two hundred British soldiers looted and burned several commercial buildings in the town, after Volunteers, under the leadership of Liam Lynch, killed one of their own while the soldiers (Royal Shropshire Light Infantry) were en route to services at the Wesleyan Church. During the action three soldiers were wounded and fifteen rifles were captured. Lynch was also wounded and taken to West Waterford where he was tended to by Dr. Maloney of Dungarvan.
*[[12 September]] [[1919]]: The Dáil was outlawed by the British<ref name=Mackay>''Michael Collins: A Life'';'''James Mackay''' p132</ref>.
===December===
*[[19 December]] [[1919]] The IRA attempted to assassinate British General [[John French]] in his car at [[Phoenix Park]] [[Dublin]]. French was unhurt, but one IRA Volunteer, [[Martin Savage]] was killed and two [[Dublin Metropolitan Police]] men were wounded. A [[Royal Irish Constabulary]] (RIC) Sergeant was knocked unconscious.
==1920==
===January===
*Early 1920: Dublin dock workers refused to handle war material, and were soon joined by members of the [[Irish Transport and General Workers Union]]. Despite hundreds of sackings the strike continued. Train drivers were brought over from [[England]] after Irish drivers refused to drive trains carrying British troops.
===February===
*[[2 February]] [[1920]]: Deputy Inspector King of the RIC had threatened to shoot Hannah Mansfield of Old Parish unless she informed on her two sons. Volunteers under O/C Pax Whelan (George Lennon, Joe Wyse, Pat Lynch and Pat Power), to teach the policeman a lesson, took the Inspector's car and set it afire in front of his Church Street, Dungarvan residence. At his request, the Captain was subsequently transferred to Mallow.
*[[12 February]] [[1920]]: The Cork IRA members commanded by [[Tom Hales]] and [[Sean Hales]] attacked four RIC barracks in west Cork, but the attacks were unsuccessful.
===March===
*[[20 March]] [[1920]]: [[Thomas Mac Curtain]], [[Lord Mayor of Cork]] and a [[Sinn Féin]] member, was shot dead in front of his wife at his home, by men with blackened faces who were later seen entering the local police barracks.
*[[25 March]] [[1920]]: The first of the [[Black and Tans]] arrived in Ireland.
*[[26 March]] [[1920]]: [[Resident Magistrate]] Alan Bell, from [[Banagher]] was killed. He was tasked by the British to track down Sinn Féin funds; he had successfully confiscated over £71,000 from Sinn Féin's HQ and, by investigating banks throughout the country, was set to seize much more. He was pulled from a tram in south Dublin and shot three times in the head.
*[[31 March]] [[1920]]: There was an unsuccessful IRA attack on the RIC barracks at [[Durrus]], west Cork.
*March 1920: The Kilkenny IRA captured the RIC barracks at [[Hugginstown]] County Kilkenny.
*March 1920: West [[County Limerick|Limerick]] IRA men killed a man for spying. This was the first such killing in the conflict.
===April===
*April 1920: Rioting erupted in Limerick city on Roches Street between the [[Royal Welsh Fusiliers]] and the local population. The troops used rifles and bayonets and the crowd threw stones and bottles. The troops fired indiscriminately, killing a publican and an usherette from the Coliseum Cinema.
*Easter Weekend, April 1920: The IRA burned 300-400 abandoned RIC barracks in rural areas and 22 income tax offices around the country.
*[[24 April]] [[1920]]: IRA shot and killed a [[Dublin Metropolitan Police]] sergeant in [[Clonakilty]] County Cork.
*[[25 April]] [[1920]]: IRA ambushed and killed two RIC men near Upton, County Cork.
*[[27 April]] [[1920]]: IRA personnel attacked the RIC barracks at [[Ballylanders]], County Limerick. The barracks roof was set on fire with [[petrol bombs]]. The garrison surrendered and the barracks was allowed to burn. The IRA seized arms and ammunition.
*April: A joint patrol of RIC and [[Highland Light Infantry]] fired into an unarmed crowd in [[Miltown Malbay]], who were celebrating the release of republican prisoners, killing three Volunteers and wounding nine others. The County Coroner found nine soldiers and policemen guilty of murder and served warrants on them, but no disciplinary action was taken.
===May===
*[[9 May]] [[1920]]: 200 IRA men under [[Frank Aiken]] attacked the RIC barracks in [[Newtownhamilton]], [[County Armagh]]. A mine was used to breach the barracks wall and a potato spraying machine was used to spray it with [[petrol]], before it was set alight. The six policemen inside refused to surrender until the roof fell in.
*[[11 May]] [[1920]]: IRA personnel attacked the RIC barracks at [[Hollyford]] County Tipperary.
*[[28 May]] [[1920]]: IRA personnel attacked the RIC barracks at [[Kilmallock]], [[County Limerick]]. (In the 1867 Fenian Rising the same barracks had been unsuccessfully attacked. The Constabulary, subsequent to September 1867, were to be known as the "Royal" Irish Constabulary in honour of their suppression of the revolt) Two RIC men were killed, two were wounded, and ten more surrendered. Volunteer Liam Scully from Glencar, County Kerry was killed.
===June===
*[[6 June]] [[1920]]: RIC sergeant Tim Holland and a civilian Peter McReesh were killed by gunfire in an IRA ambush near [[Cullyhanna]] in south Armagh.
*[[7 June]] [[1920]]: IRA personnel attacked [[Drangan]] barracks on Tipperary/Kilkenny border.
*[[12 June]] [[1920]]:One RIC policeman was killed and one wounded in an IRA ambush at [[Clonee Wood]], [[County Cork]]; .
*[[16 June]] [[1920]]: The IRA attacked the RIC barracks at [[Cookstown]], [[County Tyrone]]. IRA man Patrick Loughrane was killed.
*[[26 June]] [[1920]]: About 200 IRA men attacked an RIC barracks at [[Borrisokane]], north [[County Tipperary]]. The attack was unsuccessful, but the building was so badly damaged that it was evacuated the next day.
*[[29 June]] [[1920]]: An IRA ambush in [[Ballina]], north [[Mayo]] left One RIC man killed and one wounded.
*June 1920: An RIC man was killed in an IRA ambush in south [[Armagh]].
*June-July 1920: Summer assizes failed across the South and West, and trials by jury could not be held because jurors refused to participate. [[Hamar Greenwood, 1st Viscount Greenwood|Hamar Greenwood]] told the Coalition Cabinet that "the administrative machinery of the courts has been brought to a standstill". The collapse of the court system demoralized the [[Royal Irish Constabulary]]; many policemen resigned or retired over the summer. What historian Peter Hart has called "a spirit of murderous self-reliance" grew among the remainder.
===July===
*[[11 July]] [[1920]]: Alexander Will, from Forfar in Scotland, became the first Black and Tan to die in the conflict, during an IRA attack on the RIC barracks in [[Rathmore]], County Kerry.
*[[13 July]] [[1920]]: Two RIC men were killed in an IRA ambush in [[Dingle]], County Kerry.
*[[17 July]] [[1920]]: British Colonel [http://www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=661303 Gerard Smyth] was assassinated by the IRA in Country Club in Cork city in a reprisal for a speech he made to RIC men encouraging reprisals. Railway workers refused to carry Smyth's body. Smyth is from [[Banbridge]], [[County Down]] and his killing provoked retaliation in the north against Catholics in Banbridge and [[Dromore]].
*19/[[20 July]] [[1920]]: IRA personnel ambushed a police party near [[Tuam]], [[County Galway]]. Two policemen were killed. The remaining two surrendered, and were then released unharmed. After searching unsuccessfully for the ambushers, police reinforcements rioted in Tuam, firing and throwing grenades in the streets, burned the town hall and a drapery warehouse and threatened to kill some Republican suspects. The Tuam police riot inspired copycat reprisals across Ireland in the summer and autumn of 1920.
*[[21 July]] [[1920]]: [[Ulster loyalism|Loyalists]] forced over 7000 Catholics and left-wing Protestants from their jobs at [[Harland and Wolff]] shipyards in [[Belfast]]. There was [[sectarian]] rioting in Belfast and [[Derry]], where many Catholics and Protestants were expelled from their homes. Up to 40 people were killed in the disturbances in Derry. Another 22 people were killed in rioting in Belfast.
*[[23 July]] [[1920]]: A critical meeting of the Coalition Government's Cabinet was held in London. The Cabinet was divided on how to proceed. Some Liberal ministers and Dublin Castle officials were in favor of offering dominion status to Ireland. Unionist ministers argued that the Government must crush the insurgency and proceed with the [[Government of Ireland Act|Government of Ireland Bill]]. Debate continued after the meeting: [[Walter Hume Long, 1st Viscount Long|Walter Long]] warned of "the gravest consequences in Ulster" if the Government changed course; by [[2 August]], the hawks prevailed.
*[[25 July]] [[1920]]: An RIC intelligence officer was assassinated by the IRA outside the local Catholic Church in [[Bandon]] as he was leaving Mass.
*[[26 July]] [[1920]]: IRA personnel attacked an RIC cycling patrol at [[Ballyrush]], [[County Sligo]].
*[[27 July]] [[1920]]: An RIC man shot was dead by IRA personnel in [[Clonakilty]], [[County Cork]].
*[[28 July]] [[1920]]: Two British soldiers were killed and two wounded, in an IRA ambush at [[Oola]], [[County Limerick]].
*[[29 July]] [[1920]]: One RIC man was killed and one wounded in an IRA ambush in [[Ballina]], [[County Mayo]].
*[[30 July]] [[1920]]: The New York Times (August 3 1920), relying on British GHQ reported, on a "small battle" near Bruree on the road to Kilmallock. Ambushed was a military cycling patrol of an officer and five men. The engagement was of approximately one half hour duration. One military death was reported. The attack was carried out by the East Limerick Flying Column and Vice O/C George Lennon of West Waterford
*[[30 July]] [[1920]]: IRA man [[Paddy Daly]] shot and killed [[Frank Brooke]], the director of Great Southern and Eastern Railway in his office in [[Dublin]]. Brooke was a member of the British military's Advisory Council.
*July 1920: Two successful ambushes were carried out by the IRA South Tipperary unit led by [[Dinny Lacey]]. In the first ambush at [[Thomastown]], 6 British troops were killed. At [[Glen of Aherlow]] 4 [[Black and Tans]] were killed.
===August===
* On various dates in August, members of the IRA and the Volunteers swore allegiance to Dáil Éireann; previously they had sworn to obey their Executive Councils.
*[[2 August]] [[1920]]: The [[Restoration of Order in Ireland Act|Restoration of Order in Ireland Bill]] was introduced and first read in the House of Commons. The Government used [[cloture]] to limit the debate.
*[[7 August]] [[1920]]: Forced to move out of the area after the successful ambush of a military cycling patrol at Bruree, the East Limerick Flying Column under Donnchadh O'Hannigan joined forces with Tom Barry's Cork Brigade and George Lennon of West Waterford to ambush a six man RIC foot patrol near Kildorrery, County Cork. All RIC were wounded. Fatally wounded was Black and Tan Ernest S. Watkins. Seized were six revolvers and 250 rounds of ammunition.
*[[9 August]] [[1920]]: The [[Restoration of Order in Ireland Act]] received Royal assent. The Act gave [[Dublin Castle]] the power to govern by regulation; to replace the criminal courts with courts martial; to replace coroners' inquests with military courts of inquiry; and to punish disaffected local governments by withholding their grants of money.
*[[12 August]] [[1920]]: [[Terence McSwiney]], [[Lord Mayor of Cork]] was arrested. McSwiney began on a [[hunger strike]] in protest and was joined by ten other prisoners. IRA officers [[Liam Lynch (general)|Liam Lynch]] and Sean Hegarty were also arrested, but mistakenly released by the British.
*[[16 August]] [[1920]]: British forces burned buildings in [[Templemore]] as a reprisal for IRA actions.
*[[18 August]] [[1920]]: IRA personnel led by [[Sean MacEoin]] raided the British army barracks in [[Longford]] town and [[Ballymahon]] to obtain arms.
*[[22 August]] [[1920]]:
**IRA forces from East [[Mayo]], led by Sean Corcoran and Sean Walsh captured the RIC barracks in [[Ballyvarey]], [[County Mayo]]. Arms and ammunition were taken.
**RIC Detective Swanzy was shot dead by Cork IRA men while leaving Church in [[Lisburn]] [[County Antrim]]. Swanzy had been blamed by an inquest jury for the killing of Cork Mayor [[Thomas MacCurtain]]. Catholic residential areas of Lisburn were burned in revenge by local loyalists. Several people were later prosecuted for the burnings. Loyalists attack Catholic areas of Belfast in reprisal. A total of 33 people died over the next ten days in sectarian rioting and shooting in the city.
*August 1920: The [[Enniscrone]] Coast Guard station, [[County Sligo]], was burned by IRA members. Also in Sligo, an IRA ambush near [[Tubbercurry]] killed one RIC man and wounded two more. Tubbercurry was then subjected to reprisals by the RIC.
===September===
*[[10 September]] [[1920]]: IRA man Patrick Gill was shot dead by the Black and Tans, in [[Drumsna]], County [[Leitrim]].
*[[14 September]] [[1920]]: James Connolly, Unshinnagh, [[Kinlough]], County [[Leitrim]], was shot dead by the Black and Tans in front of his own house.
*[[20 September]] [[1920]]:
** IRA members ambushed of a lorry full of British soldiers on Church St [[Dublin]]. Three soldiers were killed, the first in the city since the [[Easter Rising]] of 1916. IRA man [[Kevin Barry]] was arrested at the scene and charged with murder.
**A newly promoted Head Constable was shot and killed by IRA personnel in [[Balbriggan]], in north [[County Dublin]], near the training camp for British police recruits at [[Gormanston, County Meath|Gormanston]]. Later that night, police rioted and attacked Balbriggan, killing two men, looting and burning four public houses, destroying a hosiery factory, and damaging or destroying forty-nine homes. This incident known as the [[Sack of Balbriggan]] caused a sensation in Britain, receiving headlines from the British press, and making reprisals an important topic for debate in Parliament.
[[Image:Kevinbarryrathvilly2.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Monument to Kevin Barry in [[Rathvilly]], Co Carlow. Barry was hanged on [[1 November]] [[1920]], for his part in the killing three British soldiers on [[20 September]] [[1920]]]]
*[[22 September]] [[1920]]: Five RIC men were killed by the IRA in an ambush at [[Rineen]], [[County Clare]]. Resident Magistrate Lendrum was kidnapped at a level crossing near [[Doonbeg]], [[County Clare]], by the IRA. He was found shot dead where his body was dumped at a nearby beach. Following this, and the ambush earlier in the day, the [[Black and Tans]] took reprisals, killing six civilians in [[Miltown Malbay]], [[Lahinch]] and [[Ennistymon]], and burned twenty-six buildings, including the town halls in Lahinch and Ennistymon.
*[[23 September]] [[1920]]: Two RIC men were killed in an ambush by East Mayo and South Sligo IRA brigades, at [[Ratra]] near [[Frenchpark]], [[County Roscommon]]. One volunteer died in the action; [[Black and Tans]] mutilated his body and dragged it through the streets of [[Ballaghaderreen]].
*[[25 September]] [[1920]]: In revenge for previous actions by the [[Black and Tans]], a small group of men from the East Mayo Brigade hijacked a train and drove it past the barracks at Ballaghaderreen whilst firing at the building. The attack took the crown forces by surprise but there are no casualties.
*[[26 September]] [[1920]]: [[Black and Tans]] burned the village of [[Kilkee]], [[County Clare]].
*[[27 September]] [[1920]]: [[Black and Tans]] burned the town centre of [[Trim, County Meath]].
*[[28 September]] [[1920]]: Cork IRA personnel raided the military barracks at [[Mallow]], [[County Cork]] to obtain arms. Thirty seven rifles were taken. British troops burned several businesses and homes in the town in reprisal.
*September 1920: a law clerk named John Lynch was murdered in his hotel bed. It was a mystery to most people why he was killed, but the IRA Propaganda Department successfully deflected journalists' attention from reporting his work on the cases of IRA men charged with killing policemen.
===October===
*[[10 October]] [[1920]]: RAF Lt killed at [[Brandon]], [[County Cork]] Ambush. See <ref>[[http://www.theaerodrome.com/forum/people/36278-ex-raf-lt-cleve-killed-1920-a.html#post385471]]</ref>
*[[11 October]] [[1920]]: One civilian was killed and IRA man [[Dan Breen]] was badly wounded in a shoot-out at an IRA safe house in [[Drumcondra]], [[Dublin]].
*[[12 October]] [[1920]]: Four RIC men were killed by the IRA in an ambush at [[Ballinderry (County Roscommon)|Ballinderry]], [[County Roscommon]].
*[[17 October]] [[1920]]: Cork IRA volunteer Michael Fitzgerald died as a result of his [[hunger strike]].
*[[20 October]] [[1920]]: IRA gunman Sean Treacy was killed in gunfight with British troops on Talbot Street, [[Dublin]] city centre. Two civilians were also killed in the fire fight.
*[[22 October]] [[1920]]: IRA West Cork Brigade personnel ambushed a lorry of British troops from the Essex Regiment at [[Toureen]], on the road between [[Bandon]] and [[Cork (city)|Cork]]. Five soldiers were killed, including a Captain Dickson. {Lt. Dixon?} Ten more were captured, disarmed and then released. One source reports British Casualites as 2 killed/1 DOW/3 wounded. See <ref>[[http://1914-1918.invisionzone.com/forums/index.php?s=ceea5809194b4e0d2a491e0b45ef4017&showtopic=96927&hl=IRA&st=0]]</ref>
*[[25 October]] [[1920]]:
**[[Terence MacSwiney]] died in [[Brixton]] prison, London, as a result of his hunger strike Hours later, another Cork IRA man, Joseph Murray, also died from the hunger strike. [[Arthur Griffith]] then called off further hunger strikes.
**Three RIC men were killed and three wounded in an IRA ambush at [[Moneygold]], [[County Sligo]]. Three IRA men and their woman driver were subsequently arrested and imprisoned.
*[[31 October]] [[1920]]:
** RIC Detective Kelleher was shot dead by IRA personnel in a pub in [[Granard]], [[County Longford]].
** Ten people died in a day and night of violence in [[County Kerry]]. Two RIC constables were shot dead in [[Abbeydorney]] by IRA personnel. Two more RIC men were killed and two more wounded in nearby [[Ballyduff]]. Black and Tans burned the creamery in [[Ballyduff]] in reprisal and shot and bayoneted a local man, James Houlahan. That night, two Black and Tans were shot dead by IRA men in [[Killorglin]] and two more were wounded in [[Dingle]]. Black and Tans burned the Sinn Féin hall, the Temperance Hall, a garage and the home of a [[Sinn Féin]] activist in Killorglin. A local civilian was shot and seriously wounded; he later died. Two RIC men were kidnapped by IRA men in [[Tralee]], County Kerry. It is thought that they were shot and killed but their bodies were never found. This provoked a week of police violence in Tralee as the RIC personnel tried to recover the bodies.
===November===
[[Image:Iarthair Chorcaí 185.jpg|thumb|right|350px|Monument to the Kilmichael ambush of 28 November 1920, in which 3 IRA men and 18 British Auxiliaries were killed]]
*[[1 November]] [[1920]]:
**18 years old IRA man [[Kevin Barry]] was hanged in [[Dublin]] for his part in an ambush of British soldiers.
**An RIC man was shot dead in [[Ballinalee]], [[County Longford]]. The Black and Tans burned the village of [[Granard]] in reprisal.
**Civilian Helen Quinn was shot dead by the police in [[County Galway]]. Afraid of ambushes, police had begun to 'reconnoiter by fire', shooting blindly into woods and possible ambush sites. Helen Quinn was near one such site when the police opened fire, and was hit by a ricochet. Irish public opinion was outraged when a military court of inquiry subsequently returned a verdict of "death by misadventure". Soon afterward, the RIC Headquarters and the Chief of Police issued orders against wild firing from motor vehicles.
**IRA fighters from West Waterford (Decies Brigade) ambushed a British army patrol at Piltown(Kinsalebeg)Co. Waterford. Two soldiers were killed, six wounded and thirty captured but those captured were later released. Promising to leave the RIC,was Constable Maurice Prendiville. He was fatally shot the next month at the Youghal Bridge. A second IRA ambush on British reinforcements arriving from [[Tramore]] went wrong and two IRA men were killed and two more wounded.
**Simultaneous IRA attacks were carried out on the RIC barracks and Marine Station at [[Ardmore, County Waterford|Ardmore]], [[County Waterford]].
**Police burned the County hall in [[Tralee]] in revenge for the killing of two constables the previous day and fired shots at people going to Mass. Shops and businesses were forced by the RIC and Tans to remain closed until [[9 November]] in an effort to recover the bodies of the dead RIC men. Local man John Conway was also shot dead by Police in the town.
*[[2 November]] [[1920]]: [[Black and Tans]] shot dead IRA man Tommy Wall in [[Tralee]].
*[[2 November]] [[1920]]: Sean MacEoin's North Longford IRA column defended the village of [[Ballinalee]] from a [[Black and Tans]] assault, launched in response to the shooting of an RIC man there the previous day. British forces, consisting of eleven lorries of troops, retreated after a two and a half hour gunfight. The IRA column remained in the village for a week.
*[[4 November]] [[1920]]: [[Black and Tans]] burned the businesses of [[Sinn Féin]] sympathisers in [[Tralee]].
*[[8 November]] [[1920]]: An IRA column mounted an ambush at [[Grange]], [[County Limerick]]; four British soldiers were killed when their lorry was fired on. The IRA column under Tomas Malone retreated when seven more British troop lorries arrived.
*[[12 November]] [[1920]]: Two IRA men were killed in a gunfight in [[Ballymacelligott]], near [[Tralee]], [[County Kerry]].
*[[14 November]] [[1920]]: A Catholic priest, [[Father Michael Griffin]] disappeared. He had left his residence at St. Joseph's Church, in [[Galway]]; his housekeeper heard him talking to someone at the door and assumed that Fr. Griffin is going to visit a sick parishioner. He never returned. His disappearance was reported to the police the following day. It afterwards emerged that he had been abducted and killed by state forces.
*[[15 November]] [[1920]]: 3 English officers kidnapped {killed}. See <ref>[[http://1914-1918.invisionzone.com/forums/index.php?showtopic=96927&hl=Died+In+Ireland]]</ref>
*November 1920: Four IRA officers were captured by the [[Auxiliary Division|Auxiliaries]] in [[Durris]], [[County Cork]]. Only the intervention of a colonel of [[The King's Regiment (Liverpool)|the King's Liverpool Regiment]] prevented the men from being summarily executed.
*[[17 November]] [[1920]]: RIC sergeant James O'Donoghue was assassinated by IRA men in Winter Street in [[Cork (city)|Cork]] city.
*[[18 November]] [[1920]]: Three civilians were shot dead in Cork city by masked men (presumed to be RIC/Black and Tans) in reprisal for killing of O'Donoghue.
*[[19 November]] [[1920]]: [[Joseph Devlin]], MP for [[Belfast]]/[[Falls Road (Belfast)|Falls]], accused the security forces of kidnapping Fr. Michael Griffin of [[Galway]]. Chief Secretary [[Hamar Greenwood, 1st Viscount Greenwood|Hamar Greenwood]] denied this accusation.
*[[20 November]] [[1920]]: The body of Fr. Michael Griffin was found in a shallow grave, in a bog near [[Barna]], outside [[Galway]] city.
*[[21 November]] [[1920]]:
**Morning: The IRA attacked eight addresses in central and south-central [[Dublin]] city, killing eleven men and wounding five, one of them fatally. Their victims were British Army officers, some of whom are intelligence agents (known as the "[[Cairo Gang]]"). In one case, a gun battle erupted between IRA gunmen and [[Auxiliaries]] who stumbled across the scene of one assassination: two [[Auxiliaries]] were killed, and one IRA man was captured in the shootout.
**Afternoon: Police, [[Auxiliary Division|Auxiliaries]], and soldiers raided [[Croke Park]] during a [[Gaelic football]] match between [[Dublin GAA|Dublin]] and [[Tipperary GAA|Tipperary]] in response to the IRA shootings that morning. For some unknown reason, police opened fire on the crowd. Fourteen spectators were killed. That evening, Dublin Castle claimed that the raiding party came under fire from rebel gunmen; this claim was contradicted by the press, and, later, by the findings of military courts of inquiry, which were suppressed by the Government. The shootings were generally considered to be a [[reprisal]].<ref>David Leeson, "Death in the Afternoon: The Croke Park Massacre, [[21 November]] [[1920]]", ''Canadian Journal of History'' Vol. 38, no. 1 (April 2003): 43-67.</ref>
**Evening: Two IRA prisoners,[[Dick McKee]],Peadar Clancy and a civilian friend Conor Clune who had been arrested with them, were "shot while trying to escape" in [[Dublin Castle]]. [[November 21]] [[1920]] became known as [[Bloody Sunday (1920)|Bloody Sunday]].
**[[21 November 1920]]. Driving past Walsh's Hotel, Cappoquin, three men of the West Waterford Flying Column, perhaps Leader George Lennon, Mick Mansfield and Pat Keating (killed at the Burgery Ambush) were recognised and,in an exchange of fire fatally wounded RIC Constable Isaac Rea.
*[[25 November]] [[1920]]: [[Sinn Féin]] leaders [[Arthur Griffith]] and [[Eoin MacNeill]] were arrested by British troops in Dublin.
*[[27 November]] [[1920]]: Leaving his lodgings in Cappoquin, Constable Maurice Quirk was fatally shot by three men from the West Waterford (Deise) Flying Column. Reportedly,a Cappoquin policemen had been under sentence of death by the IRA and three men came in from Dungarvan to undertake the task.
*[[28 November]] [[1920]]: [[Kilmichael ambush]]. The west Cork unit of the IRA, under [[Tom Barry]], ambushed a patrol of Auxiliaries at Kilmicheal in [[County Cork]], killing 17 of them. It has been alleged that some of the Auxiliaries were killed after they had surrendered, though the IRA men were adamant there had been a false surrender, after which no quarter was given.
===December===
*[[6 December]] [[1920]]: An IRA unit attacked the RIC barracks in [[Camlough]], County Armagh. Roughly 300 IRA men assaulted the building, which was held by six RIC constables, for several hours. Troops arriving from [[Newry]] were ambushed by the IRA before they retired. In reprisal, the [[Ulster Special Constabulary]] burned buildings in the village of [[Camlough]]. Local IRA leader [[Frank Aiken]]'s home was burned the next day, as were the homes of ten of his relatives.
*[[10 December]] [[1920]]:
**[[Martial law]] was proclaimed in Counties Cork, Kerry, Limerick, and Tipperary.
**British troops captured an IRA bomb making factory in Dublin. [[Ernie O'Malley]] was captured by British troops in [[Kilkenny]], in possession of a pistol and incriminating documents.
*[[11 December]] [[1920]]: The Burning of Cork. A lorry of Auxiliaries was ambushed by the IRA near Dillons Cross: one Temporary Cadet was killed, and several were wounded. That night, Crown forces killed two Cork IRA men, set fire to the commercial centre of [[Cork (city)|Cork]] city, and burned both the City Hall and the Carnegie Library.
*[[13 December]] [[1920]]: two IRA officers, Michael McNamara and William Shanahan, were abducted and shot by British forces in Clare. Their bodies were found near [[Kilkee]] on [[December 19]].
*[[14 December]] [[1920]]: Passenger services suspended on the [[Cavan and Leitrim Railway]], until 1921, due to the refusal of drivers and enginemen to carry the Black and Tans on trains at [[Mohill]] and [[Ballinamore]], leading to the arrest and internment of railway employees<ref>''The Cavan and Leitrim Railway'';'''Patrick J. Flanagan''' p47</ref>..
*[[15 December]] [[1920]]: An Auxiliary officer named Harte killed a boy and a priest, Fr. Magner, in an apparently motiveless attack at [[Dunmanway]] County Cork. He was discharged and declared insane by the British authorities.
*[[16 December]] [[1920]]: IRA fighters ambushed British troops at [[Kilcommon Cross]], north Tipperary. Four British soldiers were killed and three wounded.
*[[20 December]] [[1920]]: The Kilkenny IRA unit ambushed an RIC/military patrol at [[Nine Mile House]], [[County Kilkenny]], eight soldiers and one RIC man were killed.
*[[23 December]] [[1920]]: The [[Government of Ireland Act]] received Royal assent, creating the provinces of [[Northern Ireland]] and [[Southern Ireland]], each with its own parliament.
*[[25 December]] [[1920]]: A British patrol in [[Tralee]] County Kerry shot dead two men who were suspected of being IRA members and burned their homes.
*[[29 December]] [[1920]]:
** British generals attended a meeting of the Cabinet and predicted victory in Ireland by the spring. Dublin Castle's Chief of Police agreed. "General Tudor said he thought that, in this area, in four months' time the terror would be broken if there was no truce. The great hope of the extremists was a change of policy."
**British government sanctioned "official reprisals". They were begun with the burning of seven houses in [[Midleton]], County Cork in reprisal for IRA ambush earlier in the day.
*[[30 December]] [[1920]]: [[Martial law]] was extended to Counties Clare, Kilkenny, Waterford and Wexford.
==1921==
===January===
*[[1 January]] [[1921]]: An IRA column led by [[Eoin O'Duffy]] mounted an ambush in [[Ballybay]], [[County Monaghan]], one RIC man and one civilian were killed, three Auxiliaries were wounded.
*[[2 January]] [[1921]]: Two RIC men were shot dead by the IRA in a hotel in the centre of [[Belfast]].
*[[5 January]] [[1921]]: Martial Law was extended to Clare and Waterford.<ref>{{cite book | last = Ainsworth| first = John S.| title =British Security Policy in Ireland, 1920-1921: A Desperate Attempt by the Crown to Maintain Anglo-Irish Unity by Force | publisher = Proceedings 11th Irish-Australian Conference, Murdoch University, Perth| date =2000| page =7 | isbn =}}</ref>
*[[7 January]] [[1921]]: A feint attack was made at the Tramore RIC barracks to draw out the military from Waterford where they were ambushed at Pickardstown. Participating were 15 men from the West Waterford Brigade (Deise) under the command of O/C Pax Whelan and Flying Column Leader George Lennon. A larger force from East Waterford was under the command of Brigade O/C Paddy Paul. The ambush went awry and East Waterford Volunteers Thomas O'Brien and Michael McGrath were killed.
*[[7 January]] [[1921]]: The RIC raided a cottage near Ballinalee, County Longford, looking for [[Sean MacEoin]]. MacEoin opened fire from the cottage, killed District Inspector Thomas McGrath, wounded a constable, and escaped.
*[[13 January]] [[1921]]: British troops manning a checkpoint at O'Connell Bridge, Dublin, opened fire on a crowd of civilians, killing two and seriously wounding five.
*An Ulster Special Constable was shot dead in Crossmaglen, county Armagh.
*[[15 January]] - [[17 January]] 1921: British soldiers imposed a curfew in an area bounded by Capel St., Church St., North King St. and the quays in Dublin's inner city, sealing it off and allowing no-one in or out. They then conducted a house-to-house search, but no significant arrests or arms finds were made.
*[[21 January]] [[1921]]: Abortive IRA ambush took place at [[Drumcondra]], Dublin city. One IRA man was killed and five captured, of whom four were later hung.
*[[28 January]] [[1921]]: British troops in county Cork were tipped off by a local Loyalist named Mrs Lindsay about an IRA ambush at [[Macroom]]-Cork road. Two IRA men were killed and five captured by British soldiers. The five IRA prisoners were later executed under martial law. The local IRA killed Lindsay and her chauffeur in reprisal.
*January [[1921]]:
**IRA man John Doran was abducted from his home in [[Camlough]], County Armagh and killed by unknown gunmen.
**The Dublin IRA ambushed a British patrol in Brunswick Street (now Pearse Street) in Dublin city. Two Auxiliaries and three IRA men were killed in the fire fight.
**An IRA ambush was mounted at [[Freeduff]], [[County Armagh]]. Two RIC men were killed and more injured.
*End of January 1921: The British army in Dublin started carrying republican prisoners in their trucks when on patrol to stop grenade attacks on them, with signs saying "Bomb us now". This was discontinued when foreign journalists in the city reported it. They later covered the trucks with a mesh to prevent [[grenades]] entering the vehicles, to which the IRA responded by attaching hooks to what were then referred to as "[[Mills bomb]]s", which would catch in the mesh.
===February===
*February 1921: British soldiers imposed a curfew on the [[Mountjoy Square]] area of north Dublin city and conducted a house to house search. Shortly afterwards another similar curfew imposed on the Nassau Street/Kildare Street area. Few arrests were made but some arms were seized.
*[[1 February]] [[1921]]:
**Led by [[Sean MacEoin]], the North Longford IRA ambushed two lorries of Auxiliaries at [[Clonfin Ambush|Clonfin]] County Longford. A [[landmine]] was exploded under the lorries, followed by a two hour firefight. Four Auxiliaries and a driver were killed and eight wounded. The IRA men captured 18 rifles, 20 revolvers and a [[Lewis gun]]. {One of the killed Auxiliaries was [http://www.remembering.org.uk/uncommemorated.htm John A. Houghton].
**The first execution under martial law of an IRA man took place. Cornelius Murphy of [[Millstreet]], County Cork, was shot by firing squad in [[Cork (city)|Cork]] city.
*[[3 February]] [[1921]]: The Limerick IRA unit ambushed an RIC patrol at [[Dromkeen]], [[County Limerick]]. Eleven policemen were killed, some were allegedly killed after surrendering.
*[[5 February]] [[1921]]: British Intelligence officer {Lance Corporal MPC/MFP [http://www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=900484 John Ryan] was assassinated by IRA men in a pub on Corporation Street in Dublin.
*[[9 February]] [[1921]]: [[Drumcondra]] Murders. Republican activists James Murphy and Patrick Kennedy were arrested by [[Auxiliaries]] in Dublin. Two hours later, [[Dublin Metropolitan Police]] found the two men lying shot in Drumcondra: Kennedy was dead, and Murphy was dying when they were discovered.
*[[11 February]] [[1921]]:
** James Murphy died in [[Mater Hospital]], Dublin. Before the end, he declared that he and Kennedy were shot by their Auxiliary captors. A court of inquiry was held, and Captain W L King, commanding officer of F Company ADRIC, was arrested for the killings.
** IRA fighters made an attack on a troop train near [[Millstreet]] [[County Cork]]. One British soldier was killed, five were wounded and fifteen were captured but later released. The IRA also seized arms and ammunition from the British troops.
**An IRA ambush position at [[Mourne Abbey]], County Cork, was betrayed by an informer, Dan Shields. Five IRA men were killed by British troops, four more were wounded and captured. Two of the captured Volunteers were later executed.
*[[14 February]] [[1921]]: IRA prisoners [[Ernie O'Malley]], Frank Teeling and Simon Donnelly escape from [[Kilmainham Gaol]] in [[Dublin]].
*[[15 February]] [[1921]]: The IRA mounted a disastrous attack on a train containing British soldiers at [[Upton, Cork|Upton]] [[County Cork]], 3 IRA men were killed and 8 captured, 2 of whom were later executed. Six civilian passengers were killed and ten wounded in crossfire.
*[[20 February]] [[1921]]: Twelve IRA volunteers were killed in [[Clonmult]], near [[Midleton]], [[County Cork]] by British soldiers and Auxiliaries after being surrounded in a house. The British alleged a false IRA surrender and killed all the IRA men in the house. Four more IRA men were wounded and another four were captured. The IRA suspected that an informer was to blame and a spate of shootings of suspected informers followed.
*[[21 February]] [[1921]]: Two IRA men were killed and two wounded in a shoot out in Friary Street in [[Kilkenny]] city.
*[[23 February]] [[1921]]: IRA men attacked RIC men returning from lunch to [[Dublin Castle]] on Parliament street. Two Policemen were killed, another was badly wounded and died that night.
*[[25 February]] [[1921]]:
**The IRA Cork Number One Brigade led by [[Dan "Sandow" O'Donovan]] at [[Coolavokig Ambush|Coolavokig]], County Cork, a British Major, Grant, was killed, eight soldiers were wounded.
**A British review stated that two British soldiers (excluding RIC personnel) had been killed in the preceding week, the lowest total so far for a week in 1921. The review listed ten ambushes in the preceding seven days. Seven people had been killed as spies by the IRA during the week.
*[[28 February]] [[1921]]: An IRA column led by [[Sean Moylan]] ambushed an RIC patrol at [[Tureengariff]] County Cork, two RIC men were killed and two rifles were taken.
*[[29 February]] [[1921]]: Previous day 6 IRA Prisoners were shot in Cork; in retalation the IRA shoots 12 British soldiers in Cork. {[http://www.dcu.ie/~foxs/irhist/february_1921.htm].{One of the killed British soldiers killed was [http://www.remembering.org.uk/uncommemorated.htm William Gill]. A possible casualty was Corporal [http://www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=900161 L.D.Hodnett]. See also <ref>[[http://1914-1918.invisionzone.com/forums/index.php?showtopic=96398&hl=Died+In+Ireland]]</ref>}
===March===
[[Image:Iarthair Chorcaí 163.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Monument to the Crossbarry ambush of March 19, 1921]]
*March 1921: The IRA informer Dan Shields betrayed the position of an IRA column in [[Nadd]], west Cork. Three IRA men were killed in the subsequent British ambush.
*[[1 March]] [[1921]]: The IRA North Longford commander [[Sean MacEoin]] was captured at [[Mullingar]] and charged with the murder of an RIC detective. This was a severe blow to the IRA in that area.
*[[2 March]] [[1921]]: IRA fighters from the 2nd Cork Brigade and 2nd Kerry Brigade laid [[landmines]] near [[Millstreet]]. Thirteen British soldiers were killed and fifteen wounded when the [[landmines]] were exploded under their lorry.
*[[3 March]] [[1921]]: Durrow/Ballyvoile, County Waterford. A train ambush of jurors bound for Waterford City led to a lengthy engagement at Durrow Station and adjacent Co-Op. Flying Column under George Lennon reported two enemy killed and a number wounded.
*[[4 March]] [[1921]]: The South [[Leitrim]] Brigade of the I.R.A, ambush a Black and Tan Convoy, at the [[Sheemore ambush]], near [[Carrick on Shannon]]. Several casualties result, including the death of a Captain in the [[Bedfordshire Regiment]]. Black and Tans later ran amok in Carrick, burning and looting, and burned both the premises of the Leitrim Observer newspaper and the local rowing club to the ground.
*[[5 March]] [[1921]]:
**An IRA column mounted an ambush at [[Clonbannin]], County Cork. A British general, Cumming, and three other soldiers were killed when their armoured car broke down and they were exposed to IRA fire. {note: [http://www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=388058 Brigadier General Hanway Robert Cumming]}
**Two ambushes took place in Dublin, one near Parnell Square and one in Clontarf, both in the north of the city. In both incidents, IRA members threw hand grenades and exchanged fire with British troops. One civilains was killed and four wounded. No combatatant casualties are reported.
*[[6 March]] [[1921]]: The Limerick Curfew Murders. The Mayor of [[Limerick]], [[George Clancy]], former mayor [[Michael O'Callaghan]] and Volunteer Joseph O'Donoghue were shot dead in their homes at night after curfew. Forty years later, in his article "Portrait of a Killer", British writer Richard Bennett revealed that the murders were carried out by a British intelligence agent, [[George Nathan]], assisted by an Auxiliary from G Company ADRIC. Nathan had become, in 1918, the only Jewish officer in the Brigade of Guards, and later went on to command a British company of the [[International Brigades]] in the [[Spanish Civil War]]. He was killed in action in 1937.
*[[7 March]] [[1921]]: The South Mayo IRA flying column under [[Tom Maguire]] surrounded a British army patrol at Kilfall, between Ballinrobe and Castlebar, forcing it to surrender and give up its arms.
*[[11 March]] [[1921]]: The North Longford IRA officer [[Sean Connolly]] and five other IRA men were killed by British troops at the [[Selton Hill ambush]], near [[Mohill]], [[County Leitrim]] when their ambush position was betrayed by a local [[Orange Institution|Orangeman]].
*[[12 March]] [[1921]]: A firefight took place between the Kilkenny IRA unit and British forces at Garrykerin House on the [[Clonmel]]-[[Kilkenny]] road. One Black and Tan constable was killed.
**Two Black and Tans were shot dead by the IRA in Belfast.
*[[16 March]], [[1921]], The IRA in Galway attacked the RIC barracks in [[Clifden]]. Two RIC constables were killed. The IRA column retreated to the [[Maam]] valley, where they ambushed British reinforcements at [[Munterowan]] and [[Screebe]]. The RIC burned several buildings in Clifden in reprisal for the attacks.
*[[18]]-[[19 March]] [[1921]]: [[Burgery ambush]] - West Waterford Decies Brigade under Brigade Commandant Pax Whelan, ASU Leader George Lennon and George Plunkett from Dublin HQ, ambushed a convoy of Black and Tans returning to Dungarvan via the Burgery. One Black and Tan, Redman, was killed along with IRA Volunteers Pat Keating and Sean Fitzgerald. Shot by I.R.A. firing squad was Dungarvan R.I.C. Constable Michael Hickey. Affixed to his tunic was the notation "police spy".He was later interred, upon the intercession of the parish priest, in an unmarked grave, belonging to his fiancee's family, at St. Mary's Roman Catholic Church, Dungarvan.
*[[19 March]] [[1921]]: [[Crossbarry Ambush]]- The IRA Cork no. 3 Brigade under [[Tom Barry]] fought an action against 1,200 British troops at [[Crossbary]], [[County Cork]]. The IRA column, comprising roughly 100 men, escaped encirclement, inflicting between ten and thirty killed on the British side. {One RIC Constable and 6 soldiers killed.<ref>[http://www.policememorial.org.uk/Forces/IRELAND/RIC_Roll.htm Royal Irish Constabulary Roll<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>}The British claimed that six IRA men were killed.
*[[21 March]] [[1921]]: The Kerry IRA attacked a train at the Headford junction near [[Killarney]]. An estimated twenty British soldiers were killed, as well as two IRA men and three civilians. {Allegedly 7 killed and 12 wounded Soldiers}
*[[22 March]] [[1921]]:
**Three members of the West [[Mayo]] IRA flying column attacked a four man RIC patrol at Clady. Three policemen were wounded and one was killed.
**IRA men in [[Fermanagh]] burned the homes and farms of ten local men who were members of the Ulster Special Constabulary. Two Special Constables were shot dead in their beds.
*[[23 March]]:
**An IRA ambush is mounted on [[Strokestown]]-[[Longford]] road by south [[County Roscommon]] IRA. One British soldier and two policemen were killed. Two Black and Tan soldiers surrendered and were later shot dead by the IRA. Arms and ammunition including a [[Hotchkiss gun|Hotchkiss machine gun]] were captured by the IRA, who lost one man killed. (the [[Scramogue Ambush]]).
**The Press reported that 28 people were killed and 33 wouned in various ambushes on this day, bringing the total for the previous five days to 65 killed and 67 wounded [http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9902EFD8133FEE3ABC4C51DFB566838A639EDE].
*[[24 March]]: A bomb was thrown at a group of soldiers at [[Westport, County Mayo|Westport]], County [[Mayo]]. British reprisals took place that night throughout West [[Mayo]].
*March 1921:
**The west Cork IRA column under [[Tom Barry]] attacked the RIC barracks at [[Rosscarbery]].
**A [[County Donegal]] IRA column under [[Peadar O'Donnell]] attacked the RIC station at [[Falcarragh]], one policeman was killed.
**The Dublin Brigade of the IRA carried out 53 attacks on British forces in the city in the course of the month.
On various dates [[Dáil Eireann]] debated, resolved and finally on 11 March declared war on the British administration.[http://historical-debates.oireachtas.ie/D/DT/D.F.C.192103110031.html]
===April===
*[[1 April]] [[1921]]: The IRA Mayo officer Sean Corcoran was killed by British troops at [[Ballyhaunis]] County Mayo.
*[[3 April]] [[1921]]: An IRA informer, Vincent Fouvarge from Dublin, was shot dead at a golf course near London, England. A note was left saying, "let spies and traitors beware, IRA".
*[[9 April]] [[1921]]: An abortive IRA ambush took place in [[Mullinglown]], [[County Carlow]] - no casualties resulted but several IRA men were arrested.
*13-[[15 April]] [[1921]]: Captain W L King, the commanding officer of F Company Auxiliary Division, RIC, was tried by court-martial for thmurder of James Murphy on [[9 February]]. James Murphy's dying declaration was ruled inadmissible. Two Auxiliary officers provided alibis for Captain King at the time of the murder. King was acquitted.
*[[14 April]] [[1921]]: Arthus Vicars was assassinated in [[Kilmorna]] [[County Kerry]] by IRA. {See [[Irish Crown Jewels]]}
*[[15 April]] [[1921]]: Major McKinnon, an Auxiliary officer, was shot dead by the IRA at [[Tralee]] [[golf]] course, County Kerry.<ref>[http://www.policememorial.org.uk/Forces/IRELAND/RIC_Roll.htm Royal Irish Constabulary Roll]</ref>
*[[23 April]] [[1921]]: In central Belfast, two IRA men shot dead two Black and Tans. They exchanged fire with other RIC men as they made their escape and two civilians were injured in the crossfire. Loyalist gunmen killed two Catholic civilians in reprisal. Uniformed RIC men assassinated two republican activists, the Duffin brothers, in revenge.
*[[26 April]] [[1921]]: Private of [[East Lancashire Regiment]] killed. See <ref>[[http://www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=375128]]{CWGC}</ref>
*[[28 April]] [[1921]]: IRA Volunteer Patrick Ronayne (b. [[17 June]] [[1897]]) of Greenhill, Mourneabbey, Mallow, Co. Cork was executed at Cork Military Detention Barracks for his involvement in the failed Mourneabbey Ambush, where eight of his Volunteer comrades were killed.
*[[29 April]] [[1921]]: A train ambush by some dozen men of the West Waterford Brigade under the command of Flying Column Leader George Lennon successfully ambushed a train containing British military at the Ballylynch level crossing. Exchange of fire lasted for approximately an hour at which time the Volunteers withdrew for want of ammunition. One Volunteer was wounded and two British military were killed. [[Harry Boland]], later speaking to the National Directorate of the American Association for the Recognition of the Irish Republic, referred to this attack as being indicative of the effectiveness of the IRA guerrilla campaign.
*April 1921:
**A series of shootings took place in and around [[Dromore, County Tyrone]]. First, one RIC constable was killed and four Special Constables wounded in an IRA ambush near the town. The following day, an RIC officer shot a Catholic girl, Eileen Doherty. in the legs. Her brother, who was an IRA man, then sought out the Policeman and shot him dead. The next day, a group of Special Constables abducted three IRA men, shot them dead and dumped their bodies half a mile outside the town. In another ambush later that month, one IRA man was killed and four RIC men were wounded.
**An IRA unit took the Protestant congregation of [[Creggan, County Armagh]], hostage as they arrived for church and ambushed the local [[B-Specials]] as they were arriving for the service with grenades and small arms. One constable was killed, another was wounded. The Protestant civilians were released unharmed.
**A group of Auxiliaries mistook a group of off duty RIC constables who were drinking in a hotel in [[Castleconnell]], County Clare, for IRA men and opened fire on them. Two RIC men, one Auxiliary and the hotel landlord were killed in the gunfight until the mistake was realized.
**The IRA in [[Belfast]] shot dead two Auxiliaries in Donegal Place, in the city centre. The same night, two Catholics were killed in reprisal on the [[Falls Road (Belfast)|Falls Road]].
**The Dublin IRA carried out 67 attacks on British forces in the city in the course of the month.
===May===
*[[1 May]] [[1921]]: An abortive IRA ambush at [[Islandeady]], [[County Mayo]] led to the death of two volunteers.
*[[2 May]] [[1921]]: An IRA column ambushed British troops near [[Lackelly]], [[County Limerick]], but took heavy casualties in the ensuing fire fight. The IRA columns was itself ambushed another three times as it retreated during a five and a half hour running fight. Between five and fourteen IRA volunteers were killed and up to thirty wounded.
*[[3 May]] [[1921]]: The South Mayo IRA flying column under [[Tom Maguire]] together with members of the east Mayo flying column ambush British troops at [[Tourmakeady]]. Six British soldiers are killed. The IRA volunteers are then pursued across the [[Partry Mountains]] by over 600 members of the crown forces guided by airplanes. They were then surrounded but managed to escape despite Maguire being badly wounded-one volunteer was killed in this engagement. British causulties were not revealed but are believed to have been high.
*[[4 May]] [[1921]]: The [[County Kerry|Kerry]] IRA ambushed an RIC patrol. Eight Policemen were killed, with only one escapee from the RIC patrol. Five houses and a creamery were burned in reprisal by British forces. The IRA had left the body of an 80 year-old informer, Thomas Sullivan, they had killed at the side of the road near [[Rathmore]], in order to lure the police into the ambush.
*[[8 May]] [[1921]]: An IRA column was surrounded by British troops in Lapinduff mountains, [[County Monaghan]]. One IRA man was killed, two wounded and eleven captured.
*[[9 May]] [[1921]]: In Kerry, near [[Castleisland]], two RIC men were shot by IRA men on their way home from [[Mass]]. One was killed, the other saved when his wife covered him with her body.
*[[10 May]] [[1921]]: Two RIC constables disappeared near [[Clonmany]], [[County Donegal]]. The body of one was washed up on the shore the next day.
*[[12 May]] [[1921]]: A group of [[Black and Tans]] traveling from [[Listowel]] towards [[Athea]] arrested three young men in [[Gortaglanna]]. Prior to this the barracks in [[Listowel]] had been burnt out and the troops decided to execute the young men in revenge. One of the men, Dalton, attempted to free himself from captivity and escaped, though injured by a bullet. Both of the other two men are shot on the spot.
*13-[[15 May]] [[1921]]: "Black Whitsun". A general election for the parliament of [[Southern Ireland]] was held on [[13 May]]. [[Sinn Féin]] won 124 of the new parliament's 128 seats unopposed, and its elected members refused to take their seats. If that had happened, under the terms of the [[Government of Ireland Act]], the Southern Parliament would have been dissolved, and [[Southern Ireland]] would have been ruled as a crown colony. Over the next two days (14-[[15 May]]) the IRA killed fifteen policemen. These events marked the complete failure of the Coalition Government's Irish policy.
*[[14 May]] [[1921]]: IRA personnel stole an [[Armored car (military)|armoured car]] on the North Circular Road in [[Dublin]], killing two British soldiers. The car was then used to gain entrance to [[Mountjoy Prison]] in an effort to free IRA prisoner [[Sean MacEoin]]. However, the plot was discovered and the IRA men in the car had to shoot their way out of the prison. The car was later abandoned in [[Clontarf, Dublin|Clontarf]]. {Possibly the 2 soldiers killed were 2 gunners of the 8th Royal Marine Battalion RMA. See [http://www.cwgc.co.uk/]}
*[[14 May]] [[1921]]: IRA personnel in Tipperary assassinated an RIC detective named Biggs and a local Loyalist, Miss Barrington, who was sitting beside him in a police car.
*[[15 May]] [[1921]]: Ballyturin House Ambush. An IRA unit in [[County Galway]] ambushed a motor car as it left [[Ballyturin House]] near [[Gort]]. Two Army officers were shot dead, along with an RIC District Inspector and his wife. Margaret Gregory, daughter-in-law of [[Augusta, Lady Gregory]], survived unharmed. The RIC then came under fire when they arrived at the scene; one constable was wounded and died six days later.
*[[17 May]] [[1921]]: Pvt of 8th Royal Marine Battalion RMLI kidnapped and killed. See [http://www.cwgc.co.uk/]
*[[19 May]] [[1921]]:
** British troops surprised an IRA ambush party at [[Kilmeena]], [[County Mayo]]; 6 IRA men were killed and seven wounded. The remainder of the column fled over the mountains to [[Skerdagh]]. One RIC man and one Black and Tan were killed in the action. British forces threw the dead and wounded IRA men into the street outside the Police barracks in [[Westport, County Mayo|Westport]], causing widespread revulsion. The Marquess of Sligo visited the Police station to complain.
** Two RIC men were killed by IRA members in [[Kinnitty]], [[County Offaly]].
*[[21 May]] [[1921]]: IRA Ambush at Ballyvaughan of the British 8th Royal Marine Battalion RMLI. At least 2 RMB killed. See [http://www.cwgc.co.uk/]
*[[23 May]] [[1921]]: The IRA in Clare ambushed an RIC patrol at [[Glenwood]], between [[Sixmilebridge]] and [[Broadfoot]]. Six RIC men were killed including a District Inspector and two were wounded. The IRA men captured 10 rifles.
**English Officer disappeared {killed} in County Cork. See <ref>[[http://1914-1918.invisionzone.com/forums/index.php?showtopic=96927&hl=IRA&st=25]]</ref>
*[[25 May]] [[1921]]: Dublin IRA units occupied and burned [[the Custom House]], centre of local government in Ireland in [[Dublin]] city centre. The building and the IRA units were quickly surrounded by several hundred British troops. Five IRA men were killed and between eighty and one hundred and thirty were captured. The operation was a publicity coup but a military disaster for the Dublin IRA.
*[[31 May]] [[1921]]: IRA personnel ambushed British troops at [[Youghal]] county Cork. Seven British soldiers (military bandsmen from Hampshire regiment) were killed, twenty more were wounded.
*May 1921:
**[[Pope Benedict XV]] issued a letter that encouraged the "English as well as Irish to calmly consider ... some means of agreement".
**Ulster Special constable George Lynas was shot dead in [[County Armagh]]. The B-Specials shot dead two local Catholics in reprisal.
**A Black and Tan was killed in [[Ballyhaunis]][[County Mayo]] by a sniper. In reprisal an innocent man named Michael Coen was shot dead outside the town.
**The Dublin IRA carried out 107 attacks on British forces in the city in the course of the month.
===June===
*[[1 June]] [[1921]]:
** IRA fighters ambushed a police bicycle patrol near [[Castlemaine, County Kerry]]. An RIC District Inspector and three constables were killed outright; a sergeant was wounded and died later.
** Two RIC men were shot dead by IRA personnel in [[Culleens]], [[County Sligo]].
*[[2 June]] [[1921]]: [[Carrowkennedy ambush]], [[County Mayo]]. Michael Kilroy and the IRA's West Mayo Flying Column ambushed a convoy of RIC and [[Black and Tans]]. Six police were killed and six were wounded, two of them fatally. The surviving seventeen police surrendered and the IRA seized a large quantity of arms. Many of the local people went into hiding to avoid the retribution of the Black and Tans. The Irish fighters went on the run throughout the region sheltering in safe houses.
*[[3 June]] [[1921]]: IRA volunteers ambushed British troops at [[Modreeny]] north [[County Tipperary]], four British soldiers/RIC were killed and fourteen were wounded.
*4-[[14 June]] [[1921]]: Around 800 British troops swept the [[Macroom]] area, of County Cork.
*[[6 June]] [[1921]]: The British government called off the policy of house burnings as official reprisals.
*[[7 June]] [[1921]]: The [[Lord Lieutenant of Ireland]] appoints [[James Craig]] the first [[Prime Minister of Northern Ireland]]. Several other members of the new Northern government are also appointed.
*[[10 June]] [[1921]]: A Waterford IRA column surrendered after an abortive ambush at [[Piltown]], [[County Waterford]].
*[[12 June]] [[1921]]: Three RIC men were shot by the IRA on the Falls Road in Belfast. One of them died. Uniformed RIC/Black & Tans including DI Nixon arrested and murdered three innocent Catholic men in north Belfast. Over the following two days, loyalist gunmen killed 6 more Catholics and the IRA assassinated three Protestants in the city.
*[[16 June]] [[1921]]: An IRA ambush was mounted at [[Rathcoole]], near [[Banteer]], County Cork. [[Landmine]]s were exploded under three lorries, killing two Auxiliaries and wounding four.
*[[22 June]] [[1921]]: [[George V of the United Kingdom|King George V]] addressed the first session of the parliament of [[Northern Ireland]], calling on "all Irishmen to pause, to stretch out the hand of forbearance and conciliation, to forgive and to forget, and to join in making for the land they love a new era of peace, contentment, and good will."
*[[23 June]] [[1921]]:
** Over 1000 British troops mounted a sweep of the [[Millstreet]] area of [[County Cork]].
** An IRA column was encircled by British forces in [[Ballycastle]], [[County Mayo]]; one IRA man was killed and seven captured.
*[[23 June]] [[1921]]: IRA personnel ambushed a troop train between [[Adavoyle]] and [[Jonesborough]] in [[County Armagh]]. A mine was exploded under the train, derailing it and killing four soldiers of the 10th Royal Hussar cavalry regiment, two drivers and 63 horses. British troops conducted a sweep of the area and shot dead one local man when he failed to stop when challenged. One source reports British casualites as 3 killed/1 DOW/4 injured. See <ref>[[http://1914-1918.invisionzone.com/forums/index.php?s=ceea5809194b4e0d2a491e0b45ef4017&showtopic=96927&hl=IRA&st=0]]</ref>
*[[24 June]] [[1921]]: The British Coalition Government's Cabinet decided to propose talks with the leaders of [[Sinn Féin]]. Coalition Liberals and Unionists agreed that an offer to negotiate would strengthen the Government's position if the revolutionaries refused. [[Austen Chamberlain]], the new leader of the Unionist Party, said that "the King's Speech ought to be followed up as a last attempt at peace before we go to full martial law".
*[[26 June]] [[1921]]: IRA men in Dublin killed Temporary Cadet William F. H. Hunt in the dining-room of the Mayfair Hotel on Baggot Street. Cadet Hunt had previously been a policeman in England, and his widow takes advantage of a loophole in British law to claim two pensions.
*[[30 June]] [[1921]]: Two Protestant civilians were [[Killings at Coolacrease|shot dead by IRA members in Coolacrease]], County Offaly. They were seized while gathering hay and shot several times. They died from blood loss some six hours later. The family house was also burned out. There are conflicting versions of the incident. Some locals contend that the two men were killed for sectarian reasons and to steal their land. Others argue that the family were British informers and that they had taken shots at an IRA party some days before.
*June 1921:
**Four Catholic civilians were taken from their homes in [[Bessbrook]] and [[Altnaveigh]], Armagh and shot dead by the B-Specials.
**The Dublin IRA attacked a [[cricket]] match involving British soldiers in [[Trinity College Dublin]]. One woman spectator was killed in the crossfire.
**The Dublin IRA carried out 93 attacks on British forces in the city in the course of the month.
===July===
*[[9 July]] [[1921]]:
**Truce terms were signed in Dublin, to be effective on [[11 July]].
**Filling in a trenched area at Kilbognet, just north of Dungarvan, six civilians were killed when a secretly buried British mine exploded.
*[[10 July]] [[1921]]:
**A gunfight took place at [[Castleisland]], [[County Kerry]]; five IRA men and four British soldiers were killed and three British troops wounded in the action.
**The IRA mounted an ambush in Raglan Street in [[Belfast]], killing two policemen. In the following week, sixteen Catholics were killed and 216 Catholic homes were burned in reprisal.
**An Auxiliary is wounded in a gun battle with two members of the east Mayo brigade at [[Ballaghaderreen]].
*[[11 July]]: Actions commanded by IRA H.Q. ended in the south at midday under the Truce. Violence in [[Northern Ireland]] and unofficial violence in the south continue.
===August===
*[[29 August]] [[1921]]: Rioting breaks out in north and west Belfast.
===September===
*[[1 September]] [[1921]]: The rioting in Belfast subsides. 20 people had been killed.
===November===
*[[November 21]] - [[November 25]], [[1921]]: 30 people were killed in Belfast. Seven Protestants died when the IRA bombed a tram taking them to work.
===December===
*[[6 December]] [[1921]]: [[Anglo-Irish Treaty]] was signed between the British Government and the Irish delegation. It was signed in London.
==1922==
===January===
*[[January 7]] [[1922]]: The Treaty was narrowly approved by the Dáil.
*[[January 14]] [[1922]]: A number of IRA men were arrested in Northern Ireland after they had travelled there as part of a [[Gaelic football]] team.
*[[January 16]] [[1922]]: [[Dublin Castle]] was surrendered to the Provisional Government under the terms of the Treaty<ref>''Michael Collins: A Life''; James Mackay; p247 </ref>
January 1922: Dungarvan men under George Lennon, County IRA Liaison Officer, travelled to Dunkitt, County Kilkenny where they successfully ambushed a military convoy and seized three Crossley Tenders, a Lancia armoured car plus arms and ammunition which were taken to be hidden in the Comeraghs.
===February===
*[[February 8]] [[1922]]: 40 unionists were kidnapped in Tyrone and Fermanagh by the IRA in reprisal for the arrest of their men in the north.
*[[February 11]] [[1922]]: [[Ulster Special Constabulary]] personnel travelling by train were stopped by an IRA unit in [[Clones]] in Southern territory. A gun battle broke out in which an IRA officer and 4 Special Constables were killed. The remaining USC men surrendered.
*[[February 11]]-[[February 13]] [[1922]]: Violence erupted in Belfast in response to the Clones shootings. A total of 30 people were killed. Six of these were Catholic children, who died when loyalists threw a hand grenade at them while they were playing in a school yard in Weaver street. 40 other children were injured in the attack.
*[[February 18]] [[1922]]. An IRA unit under Ernie O'Malley seized an RIC barracks in [[Clonmel]], taking 40 policemen prisoner and capturing 600 rifles and thousands of rounds of ammunition.
*February 1922: It was reported that there had been 80 attacks on RIC personnel in southern Ireland since the previous December, resulting in the deaths of 12 policemen.
===March===
*[[March 18]] [[1922]]: The RIC and USC raided the IRA's Belfast headquarters at St Mary's Hall in Belfast. They seized some weapons and, more importantly, lists of names of IRA members in the city.
*[[March 19]] [[1922]]:
**A party of 20 IRA men took the RIC barracks in [[Pomeroy]], Tyrone, by surprise. They tied up the policemen inside and took 75 rifles and a large amount of ammunition. That evening, another IRA party similarly overpowered the RIC garrison a [[Maghera]] and took their weapons.
**In separate incidents along the border, the IRA shot two Special Constables and one Protestant civilian. One of the constables survived, the other two were killed.
*[[March 20]] [[1922]]: The IRA in Monaghan attacked the USC barracks over the border in [[Aughnacloy]].
*[[March 26]] [[1922]]: The [[MacMahon murders]]. Uniformed RIC or USC police assassinated 6 members of the Catholic McMahon family at their home in Belfast. A total of 60 people were killed in the city in March.
*[[26 March]] [[1922]]: Arriving in Dungarvan, Mick Collins was to give a speech from a lorry which was commandered by local Volunteers. Forced to walk back to the town square, he gave a speech from the balcony of the Devonshire Arms Hotel. Heckled by the crowd he responded by enquiring as to where they were during the revolutionary years.
*[[March 28]] [[1922]]: A party of 50 IRA men attacked and took [[Belcoo]] RIC barracks in [[county Fermanagh]] after a three hour gun battle. 15 policemen were taken prisoner and were marched over the border into the Irish Free State. They were held in Athlone and not freed until July 18.
*[[31 March]] [[1922]]: An IRA unit in [[Newry]] ambushed a Special Constabulary patrol, killing one. IRA ambushes in nearby south Armagh killed two USC men and injured 5.
===April===
*[[*April 1]] [[1922]]: The 'Arnon street murders' take place in Belfast. Five Catholic civilians were assassinated on Arnon street by uniformed Police after the IRA killed a policeman on the Old Lodge road in the city.
*[[April 26]] - [[April 28]] [[1922]]: The [[Dunmanway Massacre]] took place in county Cork. After the fatal shooting of a local IRA officer in a dispute over a car which the IRA wanted to commandeer, elements of the local IRA killed 13 local Protestant loyalists in revenge, in and around [[Dunmanway]].
*April 1922: 30 people were killed in Belfast in the course of the month.
===May===
*[[May 2]] [[1922]]: The IRA launched a series of attacks on RIC barracks in counties Londonderry and Tyrone. Six RIC and USC men were killed in the attacks. In reprisal for the attacks, Ulster Special Constabulary personnel killed nine Catholic civilians in the area, two on May 6, three in [[Magherafelt]] on May 11, and four more in [[Desertmartin]] on May 19.
*[[May 17]]-[[May 19]] [[1922]]: The IRA launched a series of attacks across Northern Ireland. The RIC barracks at [[Martinstown]], [[Ballycastle]] and [[Cushendall]] in [[county Antrim]], were attacked, but none were taken. IRA units in Belfast targeted commercial buildings and destroyed 80-90 buildings over the next two months.
*[[May 18]] [[1922]]:
**The IRA in Belfast attacked Musgrave street RIC barracks. Two RIC men were shot, one fatally a number of IRA men were also wounded. The IRA team, 20 strong under [[Roger McCorley]], got away with some weaponry.
**Loyalists boarded a tram in central Belfast and killed three workers whom they identified as Catholics.
*[[May 19]] [[1922]]: In revenge for the tram killings of the previous day, IRA men entered Garret's [[cooperage]] on little Patrick street in Belfast and shot four Protestant workers, killing three.
*[[May 22]] [[1922]]: Unionist [[Member of Parliament|MP]] [[William Twaddell]] was assassinated by the IRA in Belfast city centre. The Unionist government of Northern Ireland introduced [[internment]] in response and arrested up to 350 republican suspects. A total of 724 people were interned in Northern Ireland up to the end of 1924.
*[[May 24]] [[1922]]: Gun battles break out for several hours between loyalists and reoublican gunmen on the Falls Road in Belfast. Three people were killed and 20 injured.
*[[May 26]] [[1922]]: The IRA in Belfast planted seven bombs at the Protestant Model School on Divis street in Belfast, destroying the school, but causing no casualties.
*[[May 28]] [[1922]]: An IRA unit of 100 men occupied [[Pettigo]], just on the Northern side of the border. A gun battle broke out between them and 100 Ulster Special Constables, in which one USC man was killed. A battalion of British troops and an artillery battery of six field guns was then mobilised to dislodge the IRA party.
*[[May 31]] [[1922]]. IRA men shot dead one Special Constable in central Belfast and wounded another. That night, 9 Catholics were killed by loyalists and the Special Constabulary in the city. Two Protestant civlians were also killed.
* May 1922: A total of 75 people were killed in Belfast during the month.
===June===
*[[June 1]] [[1922]]:
**The newly created [[Royal Ulster Constabulary]] took over the policing of Northern Ireland.
**Fighting took place around Pettigo. Two civilians were killed in the crossfire.
*[[June 3]] [[1922]]: British troops re-take Pettigo. They bombarded the village with artillery and then stormed it. Seven IRA men were killed, six were wounded and four were captured. Another 50 IRA men were later taken prisoner. The remainder made it back across the border. One British soldier died in the engagement.
*[[June 17]] [[1922]]: In revenge for the killing of two local Catholics and the sexual assault of a Catholic woman, Frank Aiken's IRA unit attacked a series of Protestant owned farms in Altnaviegh, south Armagh, killing six Protestant civilians.
*[[June 20]] [[1922]]: Three Catholic [[carter]]s on their way to work in Belfast were shot dead by loyalists.
*[[June 22]] [[1922]]: British General [[Henry Hughes Wilson]], who had been military advisor to the Northern Ireland government, was shot dead by IRA men in London, in reprisal for attacks on Catholics in Ulster.
*[[June 28]] [[1922]]: Fighting broke out in Dublin between pro and anti treaty units of the IRA. This marked the start of the [[Irish Civil War]]. This conflict effectively ended the violence in Northern Ireland as it distracted the attention of the Republican and nationalist movements from the continued British presence in the North.
*[[June]] [[1922]]: 30 people were killed in Belfast during June. Violence in the North dramatically fell after this point. Six people died in Belfast in July and August and another 5 in September. The last reported conflict-related deaths in the North took place in October 1922.
==See also==
*[[Chronology of the Irish Civil War]]
==References==
*Tom Barry, ''Guerilla Days in Ireland'', Anvil, Cork 1981.
*Richard Abbott, ''Police Casualties in Ireland, 1919-1922'', Mercier Press, Dublin 2000.
*M.E. Collins, ''Ireland 1866-1966'', Educational Company of Ireland, Dublin 1993.
*T, Ryle Dwyer, ''The Squad and the Intelligence Operations of Michael Collins'', Mercier Press, Dublin 2005.
*Michael Hopkinson, ''The Irish War of Independence'', Gill & MacMillan, Dublin 2004.
*Toby Harnden, ''Bandit country, The IRA and South Armagh'', Hodder & Stoughton, London, 1999.
*David Leeson, "Death in the Afternoon: The Croke Park Massacre, [[21 November]] [[1920]]", ''Canadian Journal of History'' Vol. 38, no. 1 (April 2003).
*[[Ernie O'Malley]], ''Raid and Rallies'', Anvil Books, Dublin 1982.
*Alan F Parkinson, Belfast's Unholy War, Four Courts Press, Dublin 2004. ISBN 1-85182-792-7 hbk
*Robert Lynch, The Northern IRA and the Early Years of Partition, Irish Academic Press, Portland Oregon, 2006.
George Lennon, "Trauma in Time". Waterford Museum, Dungarvan,2002.
==Footnotes==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
*[http://www.dcu.ie/~foxs/irhist/index.htm Chronology of Irish History 1919-1923]
*[http://www.policememorial.org.uk/Forces/IRELAND/RIC_Roll.htm RIC Memorial Roll 1837-1922]
*[http://homepage.eircom.net/~corkcounty/index.html Cork's War of Independence]
*[http://archives.tcm.ie/kildarenationalist/2007/08/09/story26078.asp Killdare and the War of Independence]
[[Category:Irish War of Independence]]
[[Category:1919 in Ireland]]
[[Category:1920 in Ireland]]
[[Category:1921 in Ireland]]
[[Category:Timelines of military conflicts|Irish War of Independence]]