Chud 1096806 224771642 2008-07-10T10:16:19Z Kotniski 5017767 {{otheruses3|CHUD}} {{see also|Chude, Poland}} [[Image:Rus-1015-1113.png|thumb|150px|right|[[Kievan Rus]] 1030-1061, Yuriev in the country of the Chuds]] The '''Chudes''' as mentioned by a monk Nestor in the earliest Russian chronicles, were the Ests or [[Estonians]] <ref name="PPFP141">[http://books.google.com/books?id=q5gCAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA141 Pre- and Proto-historic Finns by John Abercromby p.141] </ref>. According to Nestor in 1030 [[Yaroslav I the Wise]] invaded the country of the Chuds and laid the foundations of Yuriev, <ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=q5gCAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA142 Pre- and Proto-historic Finns by John Abercromby p.142]</ref> (the historical Russian name of [[Tartu]], [[Estonia]]). According to [[Old East Slavic]] chronicles the Chudes were one of the founders of the Rus' state. <ref name="PPFP141"/> The Northern Chudes were also a mythical people in folklore among Northern Russians and their neighbours. In [[Komi mythology]], the Northern Chudes represent the mythic ancestors of the [[Komi peoples|Komi]] people <ref>[http://haldjas.folklore.ee/Folklore/vol30/limerov.pdf FOREST MYTHS by Pavel F. Limerov] at google.scholar</ref> ==Chudes in Chronicles== [[Image:Muromian-map.png|thumb|200px|left|Chudes [[etc.]] [[tribe]]s.in the [[9th century]].]] The [[Russian Primary Chronicle]] describes Chudes as cofounders of the [[Kievan Rus]] state along with [[Slavs]] and [[Vikings]]. In other ancient East Slavic chronicles, the term "Chudes" refers to several [[Finnic]] tribes, proto-[[Estonians|Estonian]] groups in particular. In [[1030]] Prince [[Yaroslav the Wise]] of Kiev won a military campaign against the Chuds and established a fort in Yuryev (present day [[Tartu]], in southeastern [[Estonia]]). Kievan rulers then collected tribute from the Chudes of the surrounding ancient Estonian county of [[Ugaunia]], possibly until [[1061]], when, according to chronicles, Yuryev was burned down by another tribe of Chudes (''Sosols''). Most of the raids against Chudes described in ancient Russian chronicles occur in present day Estonia. The border lake between Estonia and Russia is still called ''Chudskoye'' ([[Chud Lake]]) in [[Russian language|Russian]]. However, many ancient references to Chudes talk of peoples very far from Estonia, like ''Zavoloshka Chudes'' between [[Mordovians]] and [[Komis]]. ==Chudes in Folklore== Folk etymology derives the word from Old East Slavic language (''chuzhoi'', 'foreign'; or ''chudnyi'' 'odd'; or ''chud'' 'weird'). In Komi mythology, Chudes represent the mythic ancestors of the [[Komi peoples|Komi]] people. Other sources suggest that ancient Chuds spoke a [[Baltic-Finnic languages|Baltic-Finnic language]] similar to the [[Veps language]]. Later, the word "Chudes" was more often used for more eastern Finnic peoples, [[Veps]] and [[Votes]] in particular, while some derivatives of "chud" like ''chukhna'' or ''chukhonets'' were applied to more western Finns and Estonians. Following the Russian conquests of Finland [[1714]]–[[1809]], and increasing contacts between Finns and [[Saint Petersburg]], Finns perceived the word ''Chud'' to be disparaging and hinting at the [[serfdom]] that the Russians were believed to find fit for the Finns. However, as a [[Offensive terms per nationality#Finns|disparaging word]], it was rather "chukhna" that was applied also to [[Finns]] (and likewise to [[Estonians]]) as late as during the [[Winter War]], [[1939]]–[[1940]], between the [[Soviet Union]] and [[Finland]]. In present day Russian vernacular the word ''chukhna'' is often used to denote [[Veps]]. The name Chudes (or Northern Chudes) has been used for Veps people also by some anthropologists. The mytho-poetical tradition of the Komi the word chud' can also designate (1) Komi heroes and heathens; (2) Old Believers; (3) another people different from the Komi; (4) robbers -- the latter two are the typical legends in [[Sami people|Sámi]] folklore. In fact, the legends about Chudes cover a large area in northern Europe from Scandinavia to the Urals, bounded by [[Lake Ladoga]] in the south, the northern and eastern districts of the [[Vologda]] province, and passing by the [[Kirov Oblast|Kirov]] region, further into [[Komi-Permyak Okrug]]. It has from this area spread to [[Trans-Ural region]] through mediation of migrants from European North. Chudes are also associated with the region [[Biarmland]]. The Chudes are the villains in [[Sami people|Sámi]] director [[Nils Gaup]]'s [[Sami languages|Sami]] film [[Pathfinder (1987 film)|The Pathfinder]]. ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:History of Russia]] [[Category:History of Estonia]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Europe]] [[Category:Finnic peoples]] [[de:Tschuden]] [[et:Tšuudid]] [[it:Čudi]] [[ru:Чудь]] [[fi:Tšuudit]] [[sv:Tjuder]]