Cicada
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{{otheruses}}
{{Taxobox
| name = Cicada
| image = Tibicen_linnei.jpg
| image_width = 250px
| image_caption = Annual cicada, ''[[Tibicen linnei]]''
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Arthropod]]a
| classis = [[Insect]]a
| ordo = [[Homoptera]]
| subordo = [[Auchenorrhyncha]]
| infraordo = [[Cicadomorpha]]
| superfamilia = '''Cicadoidea'''
| familia = '''Cicadidae'''
| familia_authority = [[John Obadiah Westwood|Westwood]], 1840
| subdivision_ranks = [[Subfamilies]]
| subdivision =
[[Cicadettinae]]<br/>
[[Cicadinae]]<br/>
[[Tettigadinae]]<br/>
[[Tibiceninae]]<br/>
See also article text.
}}
A '''cicada''' is an [[insect]] of the order [[Homoptera]], suborder [[Auchenorrhyncha]], in the superfamily '''Cicadoidea''', with large eyes wide apart on the head and usually transparent, well-veined wings. There are about 2,500 species of cicada around the globe, and many remain unclassified. Cicadas live in temperate to tropical climates where they are among the most widely recognized of all insects, mainly due to their large size and remarkable acoustic talents. Cicadas are sometimes colloquially called "locusts",<ref name="milne">Lorus Milne and Margery Milne, ''The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Insects and Spiders'' (New York: Alfred A Knopf, 1992).</ref> although they are unrelated to true [[locust]]s, which are a kind of [[grasshopper]]. They are also known as "jar flies". Cicadas are related to [[leafhoppers]] and [[spittlebugs]]. In parts of the southern [[Appalachian Mountains]] in the [[United States]] they are known as "dry flies" because of the dry shell they leave behind.
Cicadas do not bite or sting, are benign to humans, and are not considered [[Pest (organism)|pests]]. Many people around the world regularly eat cicadas: the female is prized as it is meatier. Cicadas have been (or are still) eaten in [[Ancient Greece]], [[China]], [[Malaysia]], [[Burma]], [[Latin America]] and the [[Congo Basin|Congo]]. Cicadas are employed in the traditional medicines of China {{Fact|date=July 2007}}
The name is a direct derivation of the [[Latin]] ''cicada'', meaning "buzzer". (In classical [[Greek language|Greek]] it was called a ''tettix'', and in modern Greek ''tzitzikas.'')
In 2004, "cicada" ranked 6th in [[Merriam-Webster's Words of the Year]].
==Taxonomy==
Cicadas are arranged into two families: '''[[Tettigarctidae]]''' (''q.v.'') and '''Cicadidae'''. There are two [[extant taxon|extant]] species of Tettigarctidae, one in southern [[Australia]], and the other in [[Tasmania]]. The family Cicadidae is subdivided into the subfamilies Tettigadinae, Cicadinae and Cicadettinae, and they occur on all continents except [[Antarctica]].
[[Image:Snodgrass Magicicada septendecim.jpg|thumb|left|17-year cicada, or ''magicicada'']]
[[Image:Cicada Chicago USA.JPG|thumb|''Cicada found in Chicago, IL, USA, on June, 2007]]
The largest cicadas are in the [[genus|genera]] ''[[Pomponia (cicada)|Pomponia]]'' and ''[[Tacua]]''. There are some 200 species in 38 genera in [[Australia]], about 450 in Africa, about 100 in the [[Palearctic|Palaearctic]] and exactly one species in [[England]], the [[New Forest]] cicada, ''[[Melampsalta montana]],'' widely distributed throughout Europe. There are about 150 species in [[South Africa]].
Most of the North American species are in the genus ''[[Tibicen]]'' - the ''annual'' or ''[[Dog Days|dog-day]] cicadas'' (so named because they emerge in late July and August<sup>[[Cicada# note-0| [1] ]]</sup>). The best-known North American genus is ''[[Magicicada]]'', however. These periodical cicadas have an extremely long life cycle of 13 to 17 years and [[predator satiation|emerge in large numbers]].<ref name="milne" /> Another American species is the Apache cicada, ''[[Diceroprocta apache]]''.
Thirty-eight species from five genera populate [[New Zealand]], and all are [[endemic (ecology)|endemic]] to New Zealand and the surrounding islands ([[Norfolk Island]], [[New Caledonia]]). Many New Zealand cicada species differ from those of other countries by being found high up on mountains.
== Description ==
[[Image:Diemeniana frenchi.jpg|thumb|''Diemeniana frenchi'', an Australian species]]
The adult insect, sometimes called an [[imago]], is usually 2 to 5 [[centimetre|cm]] (1 to 2 [[inch]]es) long, although some tropical species can reach 15 cm (6"), e.g. ''[[Pomponia imperatoria]]'' from [[Malaysia]]. Cicadas have prominent eyes set wide apart on the sides of the head, short [[antenna (biology)|antennae]] protruding between or in front of the eyes, and membranous [[insect wings|front wings]]. Desert cicadas are also among the few insects known to cool themselves by sweating,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Hadley NF, Quinlan MC, Kennedy ML |year=1991 |title=Evaporative cooling in the desert cicada: thermal efficiency and water/metabolic costs |journal=Journal of Experimental Biology |volume=159 |pages=269–283 |url=http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/reprint/159/1/269}}</ref> while many other cicadas can voluntarily raise their body temperatures as much as 22 °[[Celcius|C]] above ambient temperature.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Sanborn AF, Villet MH, Phillips PK |title=Hot-blooded singers: endothermy facilitates crepuscular signaling in African platypleurine cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Platypleura spp.) |journal=Naturwissenschaften |volume=90 |issue=7 |pages=305–8 |year=2003 |pmid=12883772 | doi = 10.1007/s00114-003-0428-1 <!--Retrieved from CrossRef by DOI bot-->}}</ref>
==Cicada song==
Male cicadas have loud noisemakers called "[[Timbal (biology)|timbal]]s" on the sides of the [[abdomen|abdominal]] base. Their "singing" is not the [[stridulation]] (where two structures are rubbed against one another) of many other familiar sound-producing insects like [[cricket (insect)|crickets]]: the timbals are regions of the [[exoskeleton]] that are modified to form a complex membrane with thin, membranous portions and thickened "ribs". Contracting the internal timbal muscles produces a clicking sound as the timbals buckle inwards. As these muscles relax, the timbals return to their original position producing another click. The interior of the male abdomen is substantially hollow to amplify the resonance of the sound. A cicada rapidly vibrates these membranes, and enlarged chambers derived from the [[Invertebrate trachea|tracheae]] make its body serve as a [[resonance]] chamber, greatly amplifying the sound. They modulate their noise by wiggling their abdomens toward and away from the tree that they are on. Additionally, each species has its own distinctive ''song.''<ref name="milne" />
Average temperature of the natural habitat for this species is approximately 29°C. During sound production the temperature of the tymbal muscles were found to be slightly higher.<ref>Aidley, D.J., White, D.C.S. 1969. "Mechanical Properties of Glycerinated Fibers from the Tymbal muscles of Brazilian Cicada". J Physiol 205:179-192</ref>
Although only males produce the cicadas' distinctive sound, both sexes have [[Tympanal organ|tympana]], which are membranous structures used to detect sounds and thus the cicadas' equivalent of ears. Males can disable their own tympana while calling. <ref>[http://www.5050.co.za/inserts.asp?ID=3234 50/50 - SA's top environment TV programme<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>Adult cicadas have a sideways-ridged plate where the mouth is in normal insects.
Some cicadas produce sounds up to 120 [[Sound#Sound pressure level|dB (SPL)]]<ref>[http://www.5050.co.za/inserts.asp?ID=3234 50/50 - SA's top environment TV programme<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> "at close range", among the loudest of all insect-produced sounds.<ref>"The Summer of Singing Cicadas". The writer does not explain what "close range" means.</ref> Conversely, some small species have songs so high in pitch that the noise is inaudible to humans{{Fact|date=August 2007}}. Species have different mating songs to ensure they attract the appropriate mate. The song intensity of the louder cicadas acts as an effective bird repellent.{{Fact|date=August 2007}} Males of many species tend to gather which creates a greater sound intensity and protects against avian predators.{{Fact|date=August 2007}} It can be difficult to determine which direction(s) cicada song is coming from, because the low pitch carries well and because it may, in fact, be coming from many directions at once, as cicadas in various trees all make noise at once.
In addition to the mating song, many species also have a distinct distress call, usually a somewhat broken and erratic sound emitted when an individual is seized. A number of species also have a courtship song, which is often a quieter call and is produced after a female has been drawn by the calling song.
The song of the cicada is a favorite [[sound effect]] used by [[film director|filmmaker]]s and [[animation|animators]] as a means of representing silence, [[pathos]], and the great outdoors.{{Fact|date=August 2007}}
{{Listen|filename=New_Zealand_cicada_song.ogg|title=Cicada song|description=The sound of a cicada in [[Lower Hutt]], [[New Zealand]], recorded in mid-February 2006|format=[[Ogg]]}}
==Life cycle==
[[Image:Cicada_molting_animated-2.gif|thumb|right|Time series photos of a ''[[Tibicen]]'' dog day cicada molting in [[Ohio]], USA.]]
After mating, the female cuts slits into the bark of a twig, and into these she deposits her eggs. She may do so repeatedly, until she has laid several hundred eggs. When the eggs hatch, the newborn nymphs drop to the ground, where they burrow. Most cicadas go through a life cycle that lasts from two to five years. Some species have much longer life cycles, e.g. the ''[[Magicicada]]'' goes through a 17- or occasionally 13-year life cycle. These long life cycles are an adaptation to [[predation|predators]] such as the [[cicada killer wasp]] and [[praying mantis]], as a predator could not regularly fall into synchrony with the cicadas. Both 13 and 17 are [[prime numbers]], so while a cicada with a 15-year life cycle could be preyed upon by a predator with a three- or five-year life cycle, the 13- and 17-year cycles allow them to stop the predators falling into step.<ref>{{cite book| last = Dawkins| first = Richard| authorlink = Richard Dawkins| title = [[The Blind Watchmaker]]| publisher = [[W. W. Norton & Company|Norton]]| date = 1986| pages = 100| isbn = 0-393-31570-3 }}</ref>
The insects spend most of the time that they are underground as [[nymph (biology)|nymph]]s at depths ranging from about 30 cm (1 [[Foot (unit of length)|ft]]) up to 2.5 [[metre|m]] (about 8½ ft). The nymphs feed on root juice and have strong front legs for digging.
In the final nymphal [[instar]], they construct an exit tunnel to the surface and emerge. They then [[ecdysis|molt]] (shed their skins), on a nearby plant for the last time and emerge as adults. The abandoned skins remain, still clinging to the bark of trees.
==Predation==
Cicadas are commonly eaten by birds, but [[Massospora Cicadina]] (a fungal disease) is the biggest enemy of cicadas.
==Cicadas in Australia==
Around 220 cicada species have been identified in [[Australia]], many of which go by fanciful common names such as: ''cherry nose'', ''brown baker'', ''red eye'' (''[[Psaltoda moerens]]''), ''green grocer''/''green monday''<ref>Earliest known usage in 1896{{Fact|date=August 2007}}</ref>, ''yellow monday'', ''whisky drinker'', ''[[Double Drummer]]'' (''[[Thopha saccata]]''), and ''black prince''. The Australian green grocer, ''[[Cyclochila australasiae]]'', is amongst the loudest insects in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amonline.net.au/factsheets/cicada.htm|title=Cicadas|publisher=Australian Museum|accessdate=2007-12-05}}</ref>
Being principally tropical insects, most Australian species are found in the northern states. However, cicadas occur in almost every part of Australia: the hot wet tropical north; [[Tasmania]]n snowfields; Victorian beaches and sand dunes such as Torquay and deserts. According to Max Moulds of the [[Australian Museum]] in Sydney: "the 'green grocer' is unusual in its ability to adapt perfectly to the urbanized environment."{{Fact|date=August 2007}}<!-- Where does Moulds say this? --> Cicada sounds are a defining quality of [[Melbourne]], [[Sydney]] and [[Canberra]] during late spring and the summer months.
[[Image:Greengrocer.jpg|thumb|right| Australian green grocer cicada.]]
Cicadas inhabit both native and exotic plants including tall trees, coastal mangroves, suburban lawns and desert shrubbery. The great variety of flora and climatic variation found in north-eastern [[Queensland]] results in its being the richest region for the spread of different species. The area of greatest species diversity is a 100 [[kilometre|km]] (60 mi) wide region around [[Cairns]]. In some areas they are preyed on by the cicada-hunter (''[[Exeirus lateritius]]'') which stings and stuns cicadas high in the trees, making them drop to the ground where the cicada-hunter mounts and rides them, pushing with its hind-legs, sometimes over a distance of a hundred yards, till they can be shoved down into its burrow, where the numb cicada is placed onto one of many shelves in a 'catacomb', to form the food-stock for the wasp grub that grows out of the egg deposited there <ref>P. Tillyard, ''The Insects of Australia and New Zealand'' (Sydney: Angus & Robertson, 1926) pp. 298-99.</ref>.
==Cicada and symbolism==
In [[France]], the cicada is used to represent the [[folklore]] of [[Provence]] and [[Mediterranean]] cities (despite the fact some species live in [[Alsace]] or the [[Île-de-France (province)|Paris Basin]]).
<ref>[http://www.notreprovence.fr/faune_cigale.html notreprovence.fr: la cigale, emblème de la Provence<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
A summer insect (at least in temperate countries), the cicada has represented insouciance (i.e. nonchalance or indifference) since [[classical antiquity|antiquity]]. [[Jean de La Fontaine]] began his collection of fables ''Les fables de La Fontaine'' with the story ''La Cigale et la Fourmi'' (''The Cicada and the Ant'') based on one of Aesop's fables: in it the cicada spends the summer singing while the ant stores away food, and finds herself without food when the weather turns bitter.<ref>[http://www.la-grece.com/dotclear/index.php?2007/04/24/259-la-fontaine-fabuleusement-inspire-par-esope La Fontaine, fabuleusement inspiré par Esope - Un autre regard sur la Grèce<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
In [[The Tale of Genji]], the title character poetically likens one of his many love interests to a cicada for the way she delicately sheds her scarf the way a cicada sheds its shell when molting.
In China the phrase 'to shed off the golden cicada skin' is the poetic name of the tactic of using deception to escape danger, specifically of using likenesses/decoys (leaving the old shell) to fool enemies. In the Chinese classic [[Journey to the West]], the protagonist Priest of Tang was named the Golden Cicada, in this context the multiple shedding of shell of the cicada symbolizes the many stages of transformations required of a person before all illusions has been broken and one reaches enlightenment.
==Culinary Use==
In North China cicadas are skewered or stir fried as a delicacy.
==Genera==
{|
|
* ''[[Abagazara]]''
* ''[[Abricta]]''
* ''[[Abroma (cicada)|Abroma]]''
* ''[[Adeniana]]''
* ''[[Ahomana]]''
* ''[[Akamba (cicada)|Akamba]]''
* ''[[Amphipsalta]]''
* ''[[Arcystasia]]''
* ''[[Arfaka]]''
* ''[[Auta]]''
* ''[[Babras]]''
* ''[[Baeturia]]''
* ''[[Bavea]]''
* ''[[Beameria]]''
* ''[[Bijaurana]]''
* ''[[Birrima]]''
* ''[[Burbunga]]''
* ''[[Buyisa]]''
* ''[[Cacama (cicada)|Cacama]]''
* ''[[Calopsaltria]]''
* ''[[Calyria]]''
* ''[[Carineta]]''
* ''[[Chinaria]]''
* ''[[Chlorocysta]]''
* ''[[Chonosia]]''
* ''[[Cicadetta]]''
* ''[[Clidophleps]]''
* ''[[Coata]]''
* ''[[Conibosa]]''
* ''[[Cornuplura]]''
|
* ''[[Crassisternata]]''
* ''[[Cyclochila]]''
* ''[[Cystopsaltria]]''
* ''[[Cystosoma]]''
* ''[[Daza (cicada)|Daza]]''
* ''[[Decebalus (cicada)|Decebalus]]''
* ''[[Derotettix]]''
* ''[[Diceroprocta]]''
* ''[[Diemeniana]]''
* ''[[Dinarobia]]''
* ''[[Dorachosa]]''
* ''[[Dulderana]]''
* ''[[Durangona]]''
* ''[[Elachysoma]]''
* ''[[Euryphara]]''
* ''[[Fractuosella]]''
* ''[[Froggattoides]]''
* ''[[Gazuma]]''
* ''[[Graptotettix]]''
* ''[[Guaranisaria]]''
* ''[[Gudanga]]''
* ''[[Gymnotympana]]''
* ''[[Hemidictya]]''
* ''[[Henicotettix]]''
* ''[[Herrera (cicada)|Herrera]]''
* ''[[Hilaphura]]''
* ''[[Hovana]]''
* ''[[Huechys]]''
* ''[[Hylora]]''
* ''[[Imbabura (cicada)|Imbabura]]''
|
* ''[[Inyamana]]''
* ''[[Iruana]]''
* ''[[Jacatra]]''
* ''[[Jafuna]]''
* ''[[Jassopsaltria]]''
* ''[[Jiraiya (cicada)|Jiraiya]]''
* ''[[Kanakia]]''
* ''[[Karenia]]''
* ''[[Katoa (cicada)|Katoa]]''
* ''[[Kikihia]]''
* ''[[Klapperichicen]]''
* ''[[Kobonga]]''
* ''[[Koranna]]''
* ''[[Kumanga]]''
* ''[[Lacetas]]''
* ''[[Lembeja]]''
* ''[[Lemuriana]]''
* ''[[Leptopsalta]]''
* ''[[Ligymolpa]]''
* ''[[Lisu (cicada)|Lisu]]''
* ''[[Luangwana]]''
* ''[[Lycurgus (cicada)|Lycurgus]]''
* ''[[Magicicada]]''
* ''[[Malagasia]]''
* ''[[Malgachialna]]''
* ''[[Malgotilia]]''
* ''[[Maoricicada]]''
* ''[[Mapondera (cicada)|Mapondera]]''
* ''[[Mardalana]]''
* ''[[Masupha]]''
* ''[[Mauricia]]''
|
* ''[[Melampsalta]]''
* ''[[Mendozana]]''
* ''[[Monomatapa (cicada)|Monomatapa]]''
* ''[[Mouia]]''
* ''[[Muda (cicada)|Muda]]''
* ''[[Musimoia]]''
* ''[[Musoda]]''
* ''[[Nablistes]]''
* ''[[Nelcynadana]]''
* ''[[Neocicada]]''
* ''[[Neomuda]]''
* ''[[Neoplatypedia]]''
* ''[[Nosola]]''
* ''[[Notopsalta]]''
* ''[[Novemcella]]''
* ''[[Okanagana]]''
* ''[[Okanagodes]]''
* ''[[Orapa (cicada)|Orapa]]''
* ''[[Oudeboschia]]''
* ''[[Owra]]''
* ''[[Pacarina (cicada)|Pacarina]]''
* ''[[Paectira]]''
* ''[[Pagiphora]]''
* ''[[Paharia]]''
* ''[[Panka]]''
* ''[[Paragudanga]]''
* ''[[Paranistria]]''
* ''[[Parnisa]]''
* ''[[Parnkalla]]''
* ''[[Parvittya]]''
|
* ''[[Pauropsalta]]''
* ''[[Pinheya]]''
* ''[[Platypedia]]''
* ''[[Plautilia]]''
* ''[[Pomponia (cicada)|Pomponia]]''
* ''[[Prasia]]''
* ''[[Procollina]]''
* ''[[Prosotettix]]''
* ''[[Prunasis]]''
* ''[[Psallodia]]''
* ''[[Psilotympana]]''
* ''[[Quesada (cicada)|Quesada]]''
* ''[[Quintilia]]''
* ''[[Rhinopsalta]]''
* ''[[Rhodopsalta]]''
* ''[[Sapantanga]]''
* ''[[Saticula (cicada)|Saticula]]''
* ''[[Scieroptera]]''
* ''[[Selymbria (cicada)|Selymbria]]''
* ''[[Sinosena]]''
* ''[[Spoerryana]]''
* ''[[Stagina]]''
* ''[[Stellenboschia]]''
* ''[[Subpsaltr]]''
* ''[[Tacua]]''
* ''[[Taipinga]]''
* ''[[Takapsalta]]''
* ''[[Taphura]]''
* ''[[Tanna Japonensis]]''
* ''[[Tettigades]]''
* ''[[Tettigarcta]]''
|
* ''[[Tettigetta]]''
* ''[[Tettigomyia]]''
* ''[[Tettigotoma]]''
* ''[[Thaumastopsaltria]]''
* ''[[Tibicen]]''
* ''[[Tibicina]]''
* ''[[Tibicinoides]]''
* ''[[Toxopeusella]]''
* ''[[Trismarcha]]''
* ''[[Ueana]]''
* ''[[Urabunana]]''
* ''[[Venustria]]''
* ''[[Viettealna]]''
* ''[[Xosopsaltria]]''
* ''[[Xossarella]]''
* ''[[Zouga]]''
|}
{{listdev}}
== Gallery ==
<gallery>
Image:TibicenCanicularis.jpg|''[[Tibicen canicularis]]'' sitting on a leaf in Munster Hamlet, Ontario.
Image:Aburazemi.jpg|Aburazemi - ''[[Gratopsaltria nigrofuscata]]''
Image:Lyristes plebejus3.jpg|''Magicicadas'' molting
Image:CicadaMoult.jpg|A cicada molt
Image:Cicada se aust.jpg|Cicada are commonly found in south eastern Australia
Image:Premolt Brood XIII.JPG|''Magicicada'' nymph
Image:Newly molted Brood XIII.JPG|Newly molted ''Magicicada'' Brood XIII
Image:Cicada_cropped.jpg|A cicada in the process of molting
Image:Exit_tunnels_of_Cicada_B.jpg|Exit tunnels of cicada in Japan
Image:SpottedCicada.jpg|Spotted cicada
Image:cicadamoults.jpg|Molts
Image:cicadatree1.jpg|Cicada in tree
Image:White cicada.jpg|Freshly molted ''Magicicada'' in northern [[Illinois]]
Image:Cicadas on address sign.JPG|Cicadas on an address sign, Lake Geneva, WI
Image:Cicada on tire.JPG|Adult cicada on car tire, Lake Geneva, WI
Image:Nymph shells.JPG|Empty nymph shells in tree, Lake Geneva, WI
Image:Cicada illinois summer of 2007.jpg|A photograph of a cicada in the southwest suburbs of Chicago, Illinois.
Image:Cicada Albuquerque NM.JPG|Putative cicada in Elena Gallegos park, Albuquerque, New Mexico.
Image:Tibicen_chloromera_2005.jpg|Emerging ''[[Tibicen chloromera]]'', Metuchen, NJ.
Image:Cicada moult.JPG|Molting cicada, Tevose, PA.
Image:Cicada82307.jpeg|Cicada on brick house, Latrobe, PA.
Image:Ecdise.jpg|Cicada after molting, Atlantic Forest, Brazil.
Image:Cicada Aust.jpg|Cicada, Moonbi, Northern NSW, Australia.
Image:La Fortuna.jpg|Cicada, La Fortuna, Costa Rica
</gallery>
==References==
<references />
*Clausen, Lucy W. (1954). ''Insect Fact and Folklore''. New York: Macmillan. XIV + 194 pp.
*Craig, Owen (2001). "[http://www.abc.net.au/science/scribblygum/February2001/default.htm The Summer of Singing Cicadas]". (February - Scribbly Gum - ABC Science Online). (accessed: [[December 23]], [[2006]]).
*Egan, Rory B. (1994). ''Cicada in Ancient Greece''. Third issue, November 1994. http://www.bugbios.com/ced3/cicada_ancgrcult.html (accessed: [[December 28]], [[2006]])
*Myers, J.G. (1929). ''Insect Singers: A Natural History of the Cicadas.'' Routledge.
*Ramel, Gordon (2005). ''The Singing Cicadas''. Source: http://www.earthlife.net/insects/cicadidae.html (accessed: Wednesday [[January 31]], [[2007]])
*Riegel, Garland (1994). ''Cicada in Chinese Folklore.'' Reproduced with permission from the Melsheimer Entomological Series. Third issue, November 1994. http://www.bugbios.com/ced3/cicada_chfolk.html (accessed: [[December 28]], [[2006]])
*Walker, Annette, ''The Reed Handbook of Common New Zealand Insects'', Reed Books, 2000 [[ISBN]] 0 7900 0718 5
==External links==
{{commonscat|Cicadidae}}
{{Spoken Wikipedia|Cicada.ogg|2006-02-15}}
*[http://www.cirrusimage.com/homoptera_cicada_T_canicularis.htm Annual Cicada ''Tibicen canicularis'' - large format diagnostic photos]
*[http://www.cirrusimage.com/homoptera_cicada_T_linnei.htm Annual Cicada ''Tibicen linnei'' - diagnostic large format photographs]*[http://buzz.ifas.ufl.edu/c700fl1.htm Audio files of the "songs" of some Cicadas from Florida].
*[http://webs.lander.edu/rsfox/invertebrates/tibicen.html Cicada anatomy notes]
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4046557.stm Cicada and forest mulch]
*[http://cookingwithsql.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=60 Cicada in Eastern Ontario, Canada]
*[http://web.extension.uiuc.edu/cicadas/ Cicadas in Illinois] University of Illinois Extension
*[http://cicadamania.com/cicadas/ ''Cicada Mania''] has cicada news, FAQs, links, pictures and video.
*[http://pierre.guilhaumon.free.fr/beaurec/cigale/cigale2.htm cicada molting - several pictures]
*[http://www.cicadas-pictures.com Cicadas pictures] shares facts and pictures regarding cicadas and their behavior, life cycle, and feeding habits.
*[http://cadillacbob.blogspot.com/ Cicadas through History]
*[http://inside.msj.edu/academics/faculty/kritskg/cicada/Site/Cicada_home.html College of Mt Saint Joseph Cecada Information Site; Greater Cincinnati Cecada Information & Teaching Resources]
*[http://flickr.com/photos/babbagecabbage/312539671/ Green Grocer, image]
*[http://www.mechaworx.com/Cicada/masscic1.asp ''Massachusetts Cicadas''] describes behavior, sightings, photos, "how to find" guide
*[http://shutterglass.com/gallery/839485 Memories of the great cicada invasion of 2004]
*[http://www.ru.ac.za/academic/departments/zooento/Martin/cicadidae.html The Cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) of South Africa]
*[http://insects.ummz.lsa.umich.edu/fauna/michigan_cicadas/ "University of Michigan Cicada Site"] contains information on the 13- and 17-year periodical cicadas and some North American annual cicadas.
[[Category:Cicadas| ]]
[[Category:Auchenorrhyncha]]
[[ar:حشرة الزيز]]
[[gn:Ñakyrã]]
[[zh-min-nan:Siân]]
[[da:Cikade]]
[[de:Singzikaden]]
[[es:Cicadidae]]
[[fa:زنجره]]
[[fr:Cicadidae]]
[[ko:매미]]
[[io:Cikado]]
[[id:Tonggeret]]
[[it:Cicadidae]]
[[ht:Sigal]]
[[la:Cicadidae]]
[[lt:Giedančios cikados]]
[[cdo:Ă-cì]]
[[ja:セミ]]
[[no:Sangsikader]]
[[pl:Cykadowate]]
[[pt:Cigarra]]
[[ru:Цикада]]
[[sl:Škržati]]
[[su:Turaés]]
[[sv:Cikador]]
[[th:จักจั่น]]
[[vi:Ve sầu]]
[[zh:蝉]]