Cigarette
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225680122
2008-07-14T21:35:42Z
Thester11
3000993
changed 'blaze' to 'fire' for clarity and linkage ~~~~
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[[Image:Zwei zigaretten.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Unlit filtered cigarettes]]
{{redirect|Cig}}
A '''cigarette''' is a product consumed through [[smoking]] and manufactured out of [[curing|cured]] and finely cut [[tobacco]] leaves and reconstituted tobacco, is then often combined with other [[List of additives in cigarettes|additives]],<ref name=WigandWHOReport>http://www.jeffreywigand.com/WHOFinal.pdf Wigand, MA. ''ADDITIVES, CIGARETTE DESIGN and TOBACCO PRODUCT REGULATION'', A REPORT TO: WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION, TOBACCO FREE INITIATIVE, TOBACCO PRODUCT REGULATION GROUP, KOBE, JAPAN, 28 JUNE-2 JULY 2006</ref> then rolled or stuffed into a paper-wrapped cylinder (generally less than 120 mm in length and 10 mm in diameter). The cigarette is ignited at one end and allowed to smoulder for the purpose of inhalation of its smoke from the other (usually [[cigarette filter|filtered]]) end, which is inserted in the mouth. They are sometimes smoked with a [[cigarette holder]]. The term cigarette, as commonly used, refers to a tobacco cigarette but can apply to similar devices containing other herbs, such as [[cannabis]].
Nicotine, the primary psychoactive chemical in tobacco, is addictive. Cigarette use has also been shown to cause multiple types of [[cancer]], [[heart disease]], [[respiratory disease]], [[circulatory system|circulatory]] disease, [[birth defects]] (which include mental and physical disability) and [[emphysema]].<ref name="Smoking Deformities"> {{cite web | title=Smoking While Pregnant Causes Finger, Toe Deformities | work=Science Daily | url=http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/01/060106122922.htm| accessmonthday=March 6 | accessyear=2007}} </ref><ref name="CDC factsheet"> [http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/factsheets/HealthEffectsofCigaretteSmoking_Factsheet.htm List of health effects by CDC] </ref>
Rates of cirgarette smoking vary widely. While rates of smoking have leveled off or declined in the developed world, they continue to rise in the undeveloped world. <ref>http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5644a2.htm#fig</ref><ref>http://www.wpro.who.int/media_centre/fact_sheets/fs_20020528.htm</ref>
A cigarette is distinguished from a [[cigar]] by its smaller size, use of processed leaf, and white paper wrapping. Cigars are typically composed entirely of whole-leaf tobacco.
==History==
[[Image:Mayan priest smoking.jpg|thumb|150px|right|A reproduction of a carving from the temple at [[Palenque]], [[Mexico]], depicting a Mayan priest smoking from a smoking tube.]]
The earliest forms of cigarettes have been attested in Central America around the 9th century in the form of reeds and smoking tubes. The [[Maya civilization|Maya]], and later the [[Aztec]]s, smoked tobacco and various psychoactive drugs in religious rituals and frequently depicted priests and deities smoking on pottery and temple engravings. The cigarette, and the cigar, were the most common method of smoking in the Caribbean, Mexico and Central and South America until recent times.<ref>Robicsek, Francis ''Smoke''; ''Ritual Smoking in Central America'' pp. 30-37</ref>
Cigarettes were largely unknown in the [[English language|English-speaking world]] before the [[Crimean War]], when [[British Empire|British]] soldiers began emulating their [[Ottoman Turks|Ottoman Turkish]] comrades, who resorted to rolling their tobacco with [[newsprint]].<ref>[http://www.diggerhistory.info/pages-conflicts-periods/other/crimea.htm The Crimea<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
The cigarette was named some time in the 18th century: beggars in [[Seville]] began to pick from the ground the cigar ends left by the ''señoritos'' ("rich, young men"), wrapped the tobacco remains with paper and smoked them. The first attested use in this habit can be seen in three 18th-century paintings by [[Goya|Francisco de Goya]]: ''La cometa'' (The Kite), ''La merienda en el Manzanares'' (Picnic by the River Manzanares) and ''El juego de la pelota a pala'' (The Ball and Paddle Game).
In the [[George Bizet]] opera ''[[Carmen]]'', which was set in Spain in the 1830s, the title character Carmen was at first a worker in a cigarette factory.
The use of tobacco in cigarette form became increasingly popular during and after the [[Crimean War]]. This was helped by the development of tobaccos that are suitable for cigarette use. During [[World War I]] and [[World War II]], cigarettes were rationed to soldiers. During the second half of the 20th century, the adverse [[Health effects of tobacco smoking|health]] effects of cigarettes started to become widely known and text-only health warnings became commonplace on cigarette packets. The United States has not yet implemented graphical cigarette warning labels, which is considered a more effective method to communicate to the public the dangers of cigarette smoking.<ref>[http://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/15/suppl_3/iii19 Effectiveness of cigarette warning labels in informing smokers about the risks of smoking: findings from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Four Country Survey - Hammond et al. 15 (Supplement 3): iii19 - Tobacco Control<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, however, have both textual warnings and graphic visual images displaying, among other things, the damaging effects tobacco use has on the human body.
The cigarette has evolved much since its conception; for example, the thin bands that travel transverse to the "axis of smoking" (thus forming circles along the length of the cigarette) are alternate sections of thin and thick paper to facilitate effective burning when being drawn, and retard burning when at rest. Synthetic particulate filters remove some of the tar before it reaches the smoker.
==Name==
Cigarette is [[French language|French]] for ''small cigar'', where ''-ette'' is the feminine diminutive ending.
==Manufacturing==
Commercially manufactured cigarettes are seemingly simple objects consisting mainly of a tobacco blend, paper, [[Polyvinyl acetate|PVA]] glue to bond the outer layer of paper together, and often also a [[cellulose acetate]]–based filter.<ref>Clean Virginia Waterways, [http://www.longwood.edu/cleanva/cigbuttfilters.htm Cigarette Butt Litter - Cigarette Filters], [[Longwood University]], Retrieved [[October 31]] [[2006]]</ref> While the assembly of cigarettes is straightforward, much focus is given to the creation of each of the components, in particular the tobacco blend, which may contain over [[List of additives in cigarettes|100 ingredients]],<ref>Philip Morris USA, [http://www.philipmorrisusa.com/en/product_facts/ingredients/ingredients_in_cigarettes/tobacco_ingredients.asp Product Information -Cigarette ingredients], Retrieved [[March 5]] [[2007]]</ref> many of them flavourants for the tobacco. A key ingredient that makes cigarettes more addictive is the inclusion of reconstituted tobacco, which has additives to make nicotine more volatile as the cigarette burns.<ref name=WigandWHOReport/>
===Paper===
{{Main|Cigarette paper}}
The paper for holding the tobacco blend may vary in porosity to allow ventilation of the burning ember or contain materials that control the burning rate of the cigarette and stability of the produced ash. The papers used in tipping the cigarette (forming the mouthpiece) and surrounding the filter stabilise the mouthpiece from saliva and moderate the burning of the cigarette as well as the delivery of smoke with the presence of one or two rows of small laser-drilled air holes.<ref>JTI, {{cite web | title="Composite List of Ingredients in Non-Tobacco Materials" | url=http://www.jti.com/english/corp_responsibility/ingredients/ingredients_links/comp_tab_nonmat.aspx}} www.jti.com, Retrieved [[November 2]] [[2006]]</ref>
The burn rate of cigarette paper is regulated through the application of different forms of microcrystalline [[cellulose]] to the paper.<ref name=burnRatePatent> {{cite web | title=" Smoking article wrapper for controlling burn rate and method for making same" | url=http://www.freepatentsonline.com/5263999.html}}</ref> Cigarette paper has been specially engineered by creating bands of different porosity to create "fire-safe" cigarettes. These cigarettes have a reduced idle burning speed which allows them to self-extinguish.<ref name=safeburingCigarettes> {{cite web | title="What is a fire-safe cigarette?" | url=http://firesafecigarettes.org/itemDetail.asp?categoryID=48&itemID=1190&URL=About%20fire-safe%20cigarettes/What%20is%20a%20fire-safe%20cigarette?}}</ref> This fire-safe paper is manufactured by mechanically altering the setting of the paper slurry.<ref name=bandedPaperPatent>{{cite web | title="Method and apparatus for making banded smoking article wrappers" | url=http://www.patentstorm.us/patents/5342484-fulltext.html}}</ref>
New York was the first U.S. state to mandate that all cigarettes manufactured or sold within the state comply with a fire-safe standard. Canada has passed a similar nation-wide mandate based on the same standard. Many other U.S. states have passed or are considering fire-safe mandates. <ref name=safeburingCigarettes/>
===Tobacco blend===
[[Image:Cigaret tobacco.JPG|200px|thumb|right|The tobacco part viewed from a cigarette]]
The process of blending, like the blending of [[scotch whisky|scotch]] and [[cognac (drink)|cognac]], gives the end product a consistent taste from batches of tobacco grown in different areas of a country that may change in flavour profile from year to year due to different environmental conditions.<ref name="DEMerrill">David E. Merrill, (1994), [http://www.archive.org/details/haq23e00 ''"How cigarettes are made"'']. Video presentation at [[Philip Morris USA]], Richmond offices. Retrieved [[October 31]] [[2006]]</ref>
Modern cigarettes produced after the 1950s, although composed mainly of shredded tobacco leaf, use a significant quantity of tobacco processing by-products in the blend. Each cigarette's tobacco blend is made mainly from the leaves of flue-cured brightleaf, burley tobacco, and oriental tobacco. These leaves are selected, processed, and aged prior to blending and filling. The processing of brightleaf and burley tobaccos for tobacco leaf "strips" produces several by-products such as leaf stems, tobacco dust, and tobacco leaf pieces ("small laminate").<ref name="DEMerrill"/> To improve the economics of producing cigarettes, these by-products are processed separately into forms where they can then be possibly added back into the cigarette blend without an apparent or marked change in the cigarette's quality. The most common tobacco by-products include:
*''Blended leaf (BL) sheet'': a thin, dry sheet cast from a paste made with tobacco dust collected from tobacco stemming, finely milled burley-leaf stem, and [[pectin]].<ref name="PCL Sheet">{{cite web | title="PCL Sheet Tobacco Cigarettes" | url=http://g2public.library.ucsf.edu/tobacco/batco/html/13000/13099/}}, Retrieved [[November 2]] [[2006]]</ref>
*''Reconstituted leaf (RL) sheet'': a paper-like material made from recycled tobacco fines, tobacco stems and "class tobacco", which consists of tobacco particles less than 30 [[Mesh (scale)|mesh]] in size (~0.599 mm) that are collected at any stage of tobacco processing.<ref name=Gellatly>Grant Gellatly, {{cite web | title=" Method and apparatus for coating reconstituted tobacco" | url=http://www.freepatentsonline.com/4706692.html}}, Retrieved [[November 2]] [[2006]]</ref> RL is made by extracting the soluble chemicals in the tobacco by-products, processing the leftover tobacco fibres from the extraction into a paper, and then reapplying the extracted materials in concentrated form onto the paper in a fashion similar to what is done in [[Sizing|paper sizing]]. At this stage [[ammonium]] additives are applied to make reconstituted tobacco an effective nicotine delivery system.<ref name=WigandWHOReport/>
*''Expanded (ES) or improved stems (IS)'': ES are rolled, flattened, and shredded leaf stems that are expanded by being soaked in water and rapidly heated. Improved stems follow the same process but are simply steamed after shredding. Both products are then dried. These two products look similar in appearance but are different in taste.<ref name="DEMerrill"/>
Whole tobacco can also be processed into a product called ''expanded tobacco''. The tobacco is "puffed", or expanded, by saturating it with [[supercritical carbon dioxide]] and heating the [[carbon dioxide|CO<sub>2</sub>]] saturated tobacco to quickly evaporate the CO<sub>2</sub>. This quick change of [[Phase (matter)|physical state]] by the CO<sub>2</sub> causes the tobacco to expand in a similar fashion as [[Polystyrene#Solid foam|polystyrene foam]]. This is used to produce light cigarettes by reducing the density of the tobacco and thus maintain the size of a cigarette while reducing the amount of tobacco used in each cigarette.<ref name="DEMerrill"/>
A recipe-specified combination of brightleaf, burley-leaf and oriental-leaf tobacco will be mixed with [[humectant]]s such as [[propylene glycol]] or [[glycerol]], as well as flavouring products and enhancers such as [[cocoa]], licorice, tobacco extracts, and various sugars, which are known collectively as "casings". The leaf tobacco will then be shredded, along with a specified amount of small laminate, expanded tobacco, BL, RL, ES and IS. A perfume-like flavour/fragrance, called the "topping" or "toppings", which is most often formulated by [[:Category:flavor companies|flavor companies]], will then be blended into the tobacco mixture to improve the consistency in flavour and taste of the cigarettes associated with a certain [[Brand|brand name]].<ref name="DEMerrill"/> As well, they replace lost flavours due to the repeated wetting and drying used in processing the tobacco. Finally the tobacco mixture will be filled into cigarettes tubes and packaged.
In recent years, the manufacturers' pursuit of maximum profits has led to the practice of using not just the leaves, but also recycled tobacco offal<ref name=WigandWHOReport/> and the plant stem.<ref>http://uk.geocities.com/synergy.editorial@btinternet.com/polonium210radiationpoisoning.htm</ref> The stem is first crushed and cut to resemble the leaf before being merged or blended into the cut leaf.<ref>[http://www.dickinsonlegg.com/STS/STSframeset.htm STS<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
==Taxation==
Cigarettes are a significant source of tax revenue in many localities. This fact has historically been an impediment for health groups seeking to discourage cigarette smoking, since governments seek to maximize tax revenues. Furthermore, some countries have made cigarettes a state monopoly, which has the same effect on the attitude of government officials outside the health field.<ref>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/longterm/tobacco/stories/asia.htm U.S. Aided Cigarette Firms in Conquests Across Asia]</ref> In the [[United States]], the states determine the rate of cigarette taxes, and states where tobacco is a significant farm product tend to tax cigarettes least.<ref>[http://www.taxadmin.org/FTA/rate/cigarett.html STATE EXCISE TAX RATES ON CIGARETTES (January 1, 2007)]</ref> It has been shown that higher prices for cigarettes discourage smoking. Every 10 percent increase in the price of cigarettes reduced youth smoking by about seven percent and overall cigarette consumption by about four percent.<ref>[http://tobaccofreekids.org/reports/prices/ Higher Cigarett Taxes.]</ref> Thus increased cigarette taxes are proposed as a means to reduce smoking.
Many people in the UK now illegally import cigarettes due to the increasing tax. A packet is less than half the price in all other countries, making illegal importers a large profit, while still providing very cheap cigarettes. The average price for 20 legal cigarettes is £5.20, while imported packs are sold for less than £3, this is due to the extreme taxation.
==Sale==
[[Image:Smoking symbol.png|thumb|right|A smoking symbol, usually signifying that smoking is allowed.]]
[[Image:Cigarettecounter pd.jpg|thumb|A [[Woolworths (supermarkets)|Woolworths]] supermarket cigarette counter in [[NSW]], [[Australia]]. Other Australian states currently prohibit such large displays.]]
Before the [[World War II|Second World War]] many manufacturers gave away [[Cigarette Cards|collectible cards]], one in each packet of cigarettes. This practice was discontinued to save paper during the war and was never generally reintroduced, though for a number of years [[Natural American Spirit]] cigarettes included "vignette" cards depicting endangered animals and American historical events; this series was discontinued in 2003. On [[April 1]], [[1970]] President [[Richard Nixon]] signed the [[Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act]] into law, banning [[tobacco advertising|cigarette advertisements]] on television in the [[United States]] starting on [[January 2]], [[1971]]. However, some tobacco companies attempted to circumvent the ban by marketing new brands of cigarettes as "little cigars"; examples included [[Tijuana Smalls]], which came out almost immediately after the ban took effect, and [[Backwoods Smokes]], which reached the market in the winter of 1973–1974 and whose ads used the slogan, "How can anything that looks so wild taste so mild."
Beginning on [[April 1]], [[1998]], the sale of cigarettes and other tobacco products to people under 18 is now prohibited by law in all fifty states of the [[United States]]. The [[legal age]] of purchase has been additionally raised to 19 in [[Alabama]], [[Alaska]], [[New Jersey]], [[Utah]], and [[Nassau County, New York|Nassau]], [[Suffolk County, New York|Suffolk]], and [[Onondaga County|Onondaga]] Counties in [[New York]].<ref name="News10Now2006">[[News 10 Now]] (19 December 2006), "[http://news10now.com/content/top_stories/default.asp?ArID=89882 Lawmakers raise minimum age on purchasing tobacco products]". Retrieved [[December 19]] [[2006]]</ref> The intended effect of this is to prevent upper class high school students from purchasing cigarettes for their younger peers. Legislation was pending as of 2004 in some other states. In [[Massachusetts]]<ref>Massachusetts General Laws, Chapter 270 (Crimes Against Public Health), Section 6 (Tobacco; sale or gift to minors) [http://www.mass.gov/legis/laws/mgl/270-6.htm]</ref> and [[Virginia]]{{Fact|date=October 2007}}, parents and guardians are allowed to give cigarettes to minors, but sales to minors are prohibited.
Similar laws exist in many other countries. In [[Canada]], most of the provinces require smokers to be 19 years of age to purchase cigarettes (except for [[Quebec]], [[Saskatchewan]], [[Manitoba]] and [[Alberta]], where the age is 18). However, the minimum age only concerns the purchase of tobacco, not use. Alberta, however, does have a law which prohibits the possession or use of tobacco products by all persons under 18, punishable by a $100 fine. [[Australia]], [[New Zealand]] and [[Pakistan]] have a nationwide ban on the selling of all tobacco products to people under the age of 18.
Since [[1 October]] [[2007]], it has been illegal for retailers to sell tobacco in all forms to people under the age of 18 in three of four of the UK's constituent countries (England, Wales and Scotland) (rising from 16). It will also be illegal to sell lighters, rolling papers and all other tobacco-associated items to people under 18. However, it will not be illegal for people under 18 to buy or smoke tobacco; it is only illegal for the said retailer to sell the item. The age increase from 16 to 18 will be in force in Northern Ireland starting 1st September 2008. In the [[Republic of Ireland]], bans on the sale of the smaller ten-packs and [[confectionery]] that resembles tobacco products came into force on [[May 31]], [[2007]] in a bid to cut underaged smoking. The UK [[Department of Health (United Kingdom)|Department of Health]] plans to follow suit with the ten-pack ban.
[[Image:Tabak-Trafik 12.2006.jpg|left|thumb|''Tabak-Trafik'' in Vienna. Since [[January 1]], [[2007]], all cigarette machines in Austria must attempt to verify a customer's age by requiring the insertion of a debit card or mobile phone verification.]]
Most countries in the world have a legal smoking age of 18. Five exceptions are [[Austria]], [[Belgium]], [[Denmark]], [[Portugal]], and [[the Netherlands]], where the age is 16. Since [[January 1]], [[2007]], all cigarette machines in public places in Germany must attempt to verify a customer's age by requiring the insertion of a [[debit card]]. [[Turkey]], which has one of the highest percentage of smokers in its population,<ref name = "NationMaster.com">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/hea_tob_tot_adu_smo-health-tobacco-total-adult-smokers |title = Total adult smokers by country |access date = 2008-06-04 |publisher = NationMaster.com}}</ref> has a legal age of 18. Another curiosity is [[Japan]], one of the highest tobacco-consuming nations, which requires purchasers to be 20 years of age ([[suffrage]] in Japan is 20 years old).<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ja.html CIA - The World Factbook - Japan</ref>. Beginning in July 2008, Japan will enforce this age limit at cigarette vending machines through use of the [[taspo]] [[smart card]]. In other countries, such as [[Egypt]], it is legal to use and purchase tobacco products regardless of age. Germany raised the purchase age from 16 to 18 on the [[1 September]] [[2007]].
Some [[Police|police departments]] in the United States occasionally send an underaged teenager into a store where cigarettes are sold, and have the teen attempt to purchase cigarettes, with their own or no ID. If the vendor then completes the sale, the store is issued a fine.<ref>http://www.abc.state.va.us/licensing/downloads/underagebuyer.pdf</ref> Similar enforcement practices are regularly performed by [[Trading Standards]] Officers in the UK and the Gardaí Siochana, the police force of the Republic of Ireland.<ref name="BBCYouth">[[BBC News]], [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/bristol/4205066.stm ''"Retailers sell tobacco to youths"''], September 2005. Retrieved 9 November 2006.</ref>
==Consumption==
Approximately 5.5 trillion cigarettes are produced globally each year and are smoked by over 1.1 billion people or greater then one-sixth of the world population. While smoking rates have leveled of or declined in developed nations, they continue to rise in developing part of the world. Smoking rates in the United States have dropped by half from 1965 to 2006 falling from 42% to 20.8% of adults.<ref>http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5644a2.htm#fig</ref> In the developing world, tobacco consumption is rising by 3.4% per year.<ref>http://www.wpro.who.int/media_centre/fact_sheets/fs_20020528.htm</ref>
<table style="text-align:center">
<tr><th colspan=3>Smoking Prevalence by Gender</th></tr>
<tr><td></td><th colspan=2>PERCENT SMOKING</th></tr>
<tr><th>REGION</th><th>MEN</th><th>WOMEN</th></tr>
<tr><td align="left">[[Africa]]</td><td>29</td><td>4</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left">[[United States]]</td><td>35</td><td>22</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left">Eastern [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]]</td><td>35</td><td>4</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left">[[Europe]]</td><td>46</td><td>26</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left">[[Southeast Asia]]</td><td>44</td><td>4</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left">[[Pacific Ocean|Western Pacific]]</td><td>60</td><td>8</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan=3>(2000, [[World Health Organization]] estimates)</td></tr>
</table>
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Leading consumers of cigrettes in 1998<ref>http://www.who.int/tobacco/en/atlas8.pdf</ref>
! Country !! number of cigarettes in billions
|-
| China || 1643
|-
| USA || 451
|-
| Japan || 328
|-
| Russia || 258
|-
| Indonesia || 215
|}
{{globalize |table}}
<table width="100" border=5 cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5">
'''Smoking Prevalence in the U.S. (2006)'''
<caption align=bottom>Source: Center for Disease Control<ref>[http://www.cdc.gov/MMWR/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5638a2.htm State-Specific Prevalence of Cigarette Smoking Among Adults and Quitting Among Persons Aged 18-35 Years — United States, 2006], [http://www.cdc.gov/MMWR/ Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report], September 28, 2007, 56(38); 993-996, [http://www.cdc.gov/ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]</ref></caption>
<th>Rank</th><th>State</th><th>%</th>
<th>Rank</th><th>State</th><th>%</th>
<th>Rank</th><th>State</th><th>%</th>
<th>Rank</th><th>State</th><th>%</th>
<tr>
<td>1</td>
<td>KY</td>
<td>28.6</td>
<td>14</td>
<td>SC</td>
<td>22.3</td>
<td>27</td>
<td>KS</td>
<td>20.0</td>
<td>40</td>
<td>AZ</td>
<td>18.1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>2</td>
<td>WV</td>
<td>25.7</td>
<td>15</td>
<td>NV</td>
<td>22.2</td>
<td>28</td>
<td>GA</td>
<td>20.0</td>
<td>41</td>
<td>VT</td>
<td>18.0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>3</td>
<td>OK</td>
<td>25.1</td>
<td>16</td>
<td>NC</td>
<td>22.1</td>
<td>29</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>19.6</td>
<td>42</td>
<td>DC</td>
<td>17.9</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>4</td>
<td>MS</td>
<td>25.1</td>
<td>17</td>
<td>DE</td>
<td>21.7</td>
<td>30</td>
<td>VA</td>
<td>19.3</td>
<td>43</td>
<td>CO</td>
<td>17.9</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>5</td>
<td>AK</td>
<td>24.2</td>
<td>18</td>
<td>WY</td>
<td>21.6</td>
<td>31</td>
<td>RI</td>
<td>19.3</td>
<td>44</td>
<td>MA</td>
<td>17.8</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>6</td>
<td>IN</td>
<td>24.1</td>
<td>19</td>
<td>PA</td>
<td>21.5</td>
<td>32</td>
<td>MT</td>
<td>19.0</td>
<td>45</td>
<td>MD</td>
<td>17.8</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>7</td>
<td>AR</td>
<td>23.7</td>
<td>20</td>
<td>IA</td>
<td>21.5</td>
<td>33</td>
<td>NH</td>
<td>18.7</td>
<td>46</td>
<td>HI</td>
<td>17.5</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>8</td>
<td>LA</td>
<td>23.4</td>
<td>21</td>
<td>FL</td>
<td>21.0</td>
<td>34</td>
<td>NE</td>
<td>18.6</td>
<td>47</td>
<td>WA</td>
<td>17.1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>9</td>
<td>MO</td>
<td>23.3</td>
<td>22</td>
<td>ME</td>
<td>20.9</td>
<td>35</td>
<td>OR</td>
<td>18.5</td>
<td>48</td>
<td>CT</td>
<td>17.0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>10</td>
<td>AL</td>
<td>23.3</td>
<td>23</td>
<td>WI</td>
<td>20.8</td>
<td>36</td>
<td>NY</td>
<td>18.3</td>
<td>49</td>
<td>ID</td>
<td>16.8</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>11</td>
<td>TN</td>
<td>22.6</td>
<td>24</td>
<td>IL</td>
<td>20.5</td>
<td>37</td>
<td>MN</td>
<td>18.3</td>
<td>50</td>
<td>CA</td>
<td>14.9</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>12</td>
<td>OH</td>
<td>22.5</td>
<td>25</td>
<td>SD</td>
<td>20.4</td>
<td>38</td>
<td>TX</td>
<td>18.1</td>
<td>51</td>
<td>UT</td>
<td>9.8</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>13</td>
<td>MI</td>
<td>22.4</td>
<td>26</td>
<td>NM</td>
<td>20.2</td>
<td>39</td>
<td>NJ</td>
<td>18.1</td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
</table>
==Graphics on cigarette packets==
{{main|Tobacco packaging warning messages}}
[[Image:Cigarettes health warning australia.jpg|thumb|[[Cigarette pack]]s in Australia with graphic [[Tobacco packaging warning signs|health warnings]]]]
Some countries require cigarette packs to contain warnings about health. The United States was one of the first. Other countries include most of Europe, Australia and in Asia.
==Smoking bans==
Many governments impose [[Smoking bans|restrictions on smoking tobacco]], especially in public areas. The primary justification has been the negative health effects of [[secondhand smoke]].<ref>[http://www.who.int/tobacco/framework/WHO_FCTC_english.pdf WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control]; First international treaty on public health, adopted by 192 countries and signed by 168. Its Article 8.1 states "Parties recognize that scientific evidence has unequivocally established that exposure to tobacco causes death, disease and disability."</ref> Laws vary by country and locality. See:
*[[Smoking bans]]
*[[Smoking bans by country]]
==Cigarette litter==
[[Image:Cigarettebutts.jpg|220px|thumb|left|A collection of cigarette butts at private residence.]]
[[Image:Pety.jpg|thumb|left|180px|Typical cigarette butt]][[Image:Buttout.jpg|120px|thumb|right|A cigarette disposal canister, encouraging the public to dispose of their cigarettes properly.]]
The common name for the residue after cigarette-smoking is a "cigarette butt" or simply "butt." It comprises about 30% of the cigarette's original length. The butt consists of a tissue tube which holds a filter and some remains of tobacco mixed with ash. In extreme cases the filter is slightly burned. Cigarette butts are one source of tobacco for minors and low income people. The shape of a butt hinges on the manner of stubbing out. The intensely pressed butt possesses irregular shape at the end and wrinkled [[Tissue paper|tissue]]. Cigarette butts may be a [[subject]] of studies over [[popularity]] of brands producing cigarettes.
Cigarette butts are a commonly [[litter]]ed item throughout the world. Discarded butts can be found almost any place accessible to people, including streets, sidewalks, parks and beaches. The butts of [[Cigarette filter|filtered]] cigarettes are not [[biodegradable]]. The filters, made of [[cellulose acetate]], take many years to [[chemical decomposition|decompose]]. Many of the filters end up in waterways, where the toxic chemicals that they are designed to filter out find their way into the [[water supply]].<ref>{{cite web | title=CigaretteLitter.org | work=CigaretteLitter.org | url=http://www.cigarettelitter.org| accessdate=2007-05-28}}</ref>
A butt which is not properly extinguished can be a cause of a [[fire]]. Cigarette butts are usually unfit for reuse due to inadequate tobacco and a used filter. [[Ashtray]]s and cigarette bins are designed for containing them.
==Cigarette advertising==
{{main|Tobacco advertising}}
In many parts of the world tobacco advertising and even sponsorship of sporting events has been outlawed. The ban on tobacco advertising and sponsorship in the [[EU]] in 2005 has prompted Formula One Management to look for races in areas that allow the tobacco sponsored teams to display their [[livery]]. As of 2007, only the [[Scuderia Ferrari]] retains tobacco sponsorship, continuing their relationship with [[Marlboro (cigarette)|Marlboro]] until 2011.
In some jurisdictions, such as [[Saskatchewan|Saskatchewan, Canada,]] the retail store display of cigarettes is completely prohibited if persons under the legal age of consumption have access to the premises <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/smoking/smokingbans.html |title=Banning the butt: Global anti-smoking efforts |date=2008-02-07 |accessdate=2008-05-23 |publisher=CBC News |quote=On Jan. 19, 2005, the Supreme Court of Canada rules the province [Saskatchewan] could reinstate the "shower curtain law" that requires store owners to keep tobacco products out of sight.}}</ref>
==References==
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*Bogden JD, Kemp FW, Buse M, Thind IS, Louria DB, Forgacs J, Llanos G, Moncoya Terrones I. (1981) Composition of tobaccos from countries with high and low incidences of lung cancer. I. Selenium, polonium-210, Alternaria, tar, and nicotine. ''Journal of the National Cancer Institute''. '''66''': 27-31.
*Hecht SS (1999) Tobacco Smoke Carcinogens and Lung Cancer. ''Journal of the National Cancer Institute''
*''Smoke: A Global History of Smoking'' (2004) edited by Sander L. Gilman and Zhou Xun ISBN 1-86189-200-4
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==See also==
*[[Cigar]]
*[[Cigarette filter]]
*[[Cigarette holder]]
*[[Cigarillo]]
*[[E-cigarette]]
*[[Health effects of tobacco smoking]]
*[[Herbal cigarette]]
*[[History of commercial tobacco in the United States]]
*[[Kretek]]
*[[List of additives in cigarettes]]
*[[Smoke constituents]]
*[[Smoking culture]]
==External links==
{{commons|Cigarette|Cigarette}}
* [http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=15213107 Mortality in relation to smoking: 50 years' observations on male British doctors]
* [http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/search/index.htm US Center for Disease Control - Smoking and Health Database]
* [http://www.globalink.org GLOBALink]
* [http://www.ingcat.org INGCAT - International Non Governmental Coalition Against Tobacco]
* [http://www.ncth.ca National Clearinghouse on Tobacco and Health - Canada]
* [http://www.srnt.org Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco]
* [http://www.library.ucsf.edu/tobacco/bibliography.html Bibliography on History of Cigarette Smoking]
*[http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/metro/view/20080119-113485/Herbal-cigarette-may-help-smokers-quit Inquirer.net, Herbal ‘cigarette’ may help smokers quit]
[[Category:Smoking]]
[[Category:Cigarettes|*]]
[[Category:French loanwords]]
[[Category:Health risks]]
[[Category:Tobacco]]
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