Cilicia 75462 219445259 2008-06-15T07:11:48Z Elonka 438626 category sort order {| class="toccolours" border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2" style="float: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; width: 250px; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |- | colspan="2" style="margin-left: inherit; background:#DEB887; text-align:center; font-size: medium;" |Ancient Region of Anatolia<br>'''Cilicia (Κιλικία)''' |- align="center" | colspan="2" | <div style="position:relative; margin: 0 0 0 0; border-collapse: collapse; border="1" cellpadding="0"> [[Image:Berdanbaralgolu.jpg|250px||Berdan reservoir]]</div> |- style="vertical-align: top;" | '''Location''' | Southeastern [[Anatolia]] |- style="vertical-align: top;" | '''State existed:''' | 16-14th c. BC (as [[Kizzuwatna]])<br>12-8th c. BC (as Khilikku, [[Tabal]], [[Quwê]])<br> till 546 BC |- style="vertical-align: top;" | '''Language''' | [[Luwian language|Luwian]] |- style="vertical-align: top;" | '''Historical [[capital]]s''' | [[Tarsos]] |- style="vertical-align: top;" | '''[[Roman provinces|Roman province]]''' | [[Cilicia]] |- style="vertical-align: top;" |- align="center" | colspan="2" | <div style="position:relative; margin: 0 0 0 0; border-collapse: collapse; border="1" cellpadding="0"> </div> |- style="vertical-align: top;" |- align="center" | colspan="2" | <div style="position:relative; margin: 0 0 0 0; border-collapse: collapse; border="1" cellpadding="0"> [[Image:Anatolian regions.png|250px|Location of Cilicia]]</div> |- style="vertical-align: top;" <!--| colspan=2 | <small>{{{footnotes}}}</small> --> |} In Antiquity, '''Cilicia''' ([[Armenian language|Armenian]]: Կիլիկիա [[Greek Language|Greek]]: Κιλικία, [[Turkish Language|Turkish]]: Kilikya) now known as [[Çukurova]] was a commonly used name of the south coastal region of the [[Anatolia]]n peninsula, and a political entity in Roman times. Cilicia extends inland from the southeastern coast of [[Asia Minor]] (modern [[Turkey]]), due north and northeast of the island of [[Cyprus]] and comprises about a third of the land area of modern Anatolia. ==Geography== Cilicia extended along the [[Aegean Sea|Aegean]] coast east from [[Pamphylia]], to Mount Amanus ([[Gavurdağı Mount]]), which separated it from [[Syria]]. North of Cilicia lie the rugged [[Taurus Mountains]] that separate it from the high central plateau of [[Anatolia]], which are pierced by a narrow gorge, called in Antiquity the [[Cilician Gates]]. Ancient Cilicia was naturally divided into '''Cilicia Trachea''' and '''Cilicia Pedias''' divided by the Lamas Su. [[Salamis, Cyprus|Salamis]], the city on the east coast of Cyprus, was included in its administrative jurisdiction. Cilicia was given an [[eponym]]ous founder in the mythic [[Cilix]], but the historic founder of the dynasty that ruled ''Cilicia Pedias'' was [[Mopsus]], identifiable in Phoenician sources as Mpš, the founder of [[Mopsuestia]] and protector of an oracle nearby. '''Cilicia Trachea''' ("rugged Cilicia"— [[Greek language|Greek]]: Κιλικία Τραχεία; the Assyrian ''Khilakku'' or ''Khilikku,'' also sometimes transcribed as ''Hilakku'' or ''Hilikku,'' from which we get "Cilicia") is a rugged mountain district formed by the spurs of Taurus, which often terminate in rocky headlands with small sheltered harbors, a feature which, in classical times, made the coast a string of havens for pirates (see : [[Side]]), but which in the Middle Ages led to its occupation by Genoese and Venetian traders. The district is watered by the Calycadnus and was covered in ancient times by forests that supplied timber to [[Phoenicia]] and [[Egypt]]. Cilicia lacked large cities. '''Cilicia Pedias''' ("flat Cilicia"— [[Greek language|Greek]]: Κιλικία Πεδιάς; Assyrian ''Kue''), to the east, included the rugged spurs of Taurus and a large coastal plain, with rich loamy soil, now filled with cotton, grain, olives and oranges. Many of its high places were fortified. The plain is watered by the Cydnus (Tarsus Çay), the Sarus ([[Seyhan River|Seyhan]]) and the Pyramus (Jihun) rivers, each of which brings down much silt. The Sarus now enters the sea almost due south of Tarsus, but there are clear indications that at one period it joined the Pyramus, and that the united rivers ran to the sea west of Kara-tash. Through the rich plain of Issus ran the great highway that linked east and west on which stood the cities of [[Tarsus in Cilicia|Tarsus]] (Tarsa) on the Cydnus, [[Adana]] (Adanija) on the Sarus, and [[Mopsuestia]] (Missis) on the Pyramus. ==Early history == Cilicia was settled from the Neolithic period onwards (Akpinar, 2004; Mellink, 1991). Dating of the ancient settlements of the region from Neolithic to Bronze Age is as follows: Aceramic/Neolithic 8th & 7th millennium BC;Early Chalcolithic: 5800 BC, Middle Chalcolithic (correlated with Halaf and Ubaid developments in the east): ca. 5400-4500 BC, Late Chalcolithic: 4500- ca. 3400 BC, and Early Bronze Age IA: 3400-3000 BC, EBA IB: 3000-2700 BC, EBA II: 2700-2400 BC,EBA III A-B: 2400-2000 BC (Mellink, 1991: 168-170). The area had been known as [[Kizzuwatna]] in the earlier [[Hittite]] era ([[2nd millennium BC]]). The Cilicians appear as [[Khilikku]] in [[Assyria]]n inscriptions, and in the early part of the [[1st millennium BC]] were one of the four chief powers of western Asia. ==The Persian Empire== {{see also|Cilicia (satrapy)}} Under the Persian empire Cilicia was apparently governed by [[tributary]] native kings, who bore a Hellenized name or title of "Syennesis"; but it was officially included in the fourth [[satrapy]] by [[Darius]]. [[Xenophon]] found a queen in power, and no opposition was offered to the march of [[Cyrus the Younger]]. The great highway from the west existed before Cyrus conquered Cilicia. On its long rough descent from the Anatolian plateau to Tarsus, it ran through the narrow pass between walls of rock called the [[Cilician Gates]]. After crossing the low hills east of the Pyramus it passed through a masonry (Cilician) gate, Demir Kapu, and entered the plain of Issus. From that plain one road ran southward through another masonry (Syrian) gate to Alexandretta, and thence crossed Mt. Amanus by the Syrian Gate, Beilan Pass, eventually to Antioch and Syria; and another ran northwards through a masonry (Amanian) gate, south of Toprak Kale, and crossed Mt. Amanus by the Amanian Gate, Baghche Pass, to northern Syria and the Euphrates. By the last pass, which was apparently unknown to Alexander, Darius crossed the mountains prior to the [[battle of Issus]]. Both passes are short and easy, and connect Cilicia Pedias geographically and politically with Syria rather than with Asia Minor. ==Hellenism and Roman Cilicia== Similarly [[Alexander the Great|Alexander]] found the Gates open, when he came down from the plateau in [[333 BC]]; and from these facts it may be inferred that the great pass was not under direct Persian control, but under that of a vassal power always ready to turn against its suzerain. After Alexander's death it was long a battleground of rival Hellenistic marshals and kingdoms, and for a time fell under Ptolemaic dominion (i.e. Egypt), but finally under that of the [[Seleucids]], who, however, never held effectually more than the eastern half. [[Image:REmpire Cilicia.svg|thumb|300 px|Cilicia as Roman province, AD 117]] '''Cilicia Trachea''' became the haunt of pirates, who were subdued by [[Pompey]] in [[67 BC]] following a battle at Korakesion (modern [[Alanya]]), and Tarsus was made the capital of the [[Roman province]] of Cilicia. '''Cilicia Pedias''' became Roman territory in [[103 BC]], and the whole was organized by Pompey, [[64 BC]], into a province which, for a short time, extended to and included part of Phrygia. It was reorganized by [[Julius Caesar]], [[47 BC]], and about [[27 BC]] became part of the province Syria-Cilicia Phoenice. At first the western district was left independent under native kings or priest-dynasts, and a small kingdom, under [[Tarkondimotus]], was left in the east; but these were finally united to the province by [[Vespasian]], AD [[74]]. It had been deemed important enough to be governed by a [[proconsul]]. Under Emperor Diocletian's [[Tetrarchy]] (circa [[297]]), Cilicia was governed by a [[Consularis]]; with Isauria and the Syrian, Mesopotamian, Egyptian and Libyan provinces, formed the [[Diocesis Orientis]] (in the third century the African component was split off as diocese Aegyptus), part of the pretorian prefecture also called ''Oriens'' ('the East', also including the dioceses [[Asiana]] and Pontus, both in Anatolia, and [[Thraciae]] on the Balkans), the rich bulk of the eastern [[Roman Empire]]. In the [[7th century]] it was invaded by the Muslim Arabs, who held the country until it was reoccupied by the Byzantine emperor [[Nicephorus II]] in [[965]]. Roman Cilicia exported the goats-hair cloth, ''Cilicium'', of which tents were made. Tarsus was also the birthplace of the early [[Christian missionary]] and author [[Paul of Tarsus|St. Paul]], writer (or purported writer) of 13 of the 27 writings included in the [[New Testament]]. ==Armenian kingdom== {{main|Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia}} [[Image:Armenianmediterian.gif|thumb|right|350px|The Kingdom of Cilician Armenia, 1199-1375.]] During the time of the [[Crusades]], the area was controlled by the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia. The Seljuk Turkish invasion of Armenia was followed by an exodus of Armenians westward into the Byzantine Empire, and in [[1080]], [[Ruben I of Armenia|Ruben]], a relative of the last king of [[Ani (Armenia)|Ani]], founded in the heart of the Cilician Taurus a small principality, which gradually expanded into the kingdom of [[Lesser Armenia]] or Armenia Minor. This Christian kingdom, surrounded by Moslem states, hostile to the Byzantines, giving valuable support to the crusaders, and trading with the great commercial cities of Italy had a stormy existence of about 300 years. [[Constantine I of Armenia|Gosdantin]] ([[1095]]-[[1100]]) assisted the crusaders on their march to Antioch, and was created knight and marquis. [[Thoros I of Armenia|Thoros I]] ([[1100]]-[[1123]]), in alliance with the Christian princes of Syria, waged successful war against the [[Byzantines]] and [[Seljuk Turks]]. [[Leo II of Armenia|Levond II]] (Leo the Great (r. [[1187]]-[[1219]])), extended the kingdom beyond [[Taurus Mountains|Mount Taurus]] and established the capital at [[Kozan, Adana|Sis]]. He assisted the crusaders, was crowned King by the [[Archbishop of Mainz]], and married one of the [[Lusignan]]s of the crusader kingdom Cyprus. [[Hetoum I of Armenia|Hetoum I]] (r. 1226-1270) made an alliance with the [[Mongols]], sending his brother [[Sempad the Constable|Sempad]] to the Mongol court to submit in person.<ref>Peter Jackson, ''Mongols and the West'', p. 74. "King Het'um of Lesser Armenia, who had reflected profoundly upon the deliverance afforded by the Mongols from his neighbbours and enemies in Rum, sent his brother, the Constable Smbat (Sempad) to Guyug's court to offer his submission."</ref><ref>Angus Donal Stewart, "Logic of Conquest", p. 8. "The Armenian king saw alliance with the Mongols – or, more accurately, swift and peaceful subjection to them – as the best course of action."</ref> The Mongols then assisted with the protection of Cilicia from the [[Mamluk]]s of Egypt, until the Mongols themselves converted to Islam. When [[Leo V of Armenia|Levond V]] died ([[1342]]), John of Lusignan was crowned king as [[Constantine IV of Armenia|Gosdantin IV]]; but he and his successors alienated the native Armenians by attempting to make them conform to the Roman Church, and by giving all posts of honor to Latins, until at last the kingdom, a prey to internal dissensions, succumbed (1375) to the attacks of the Egyptian Mamluks. Cilicia Trachea was conquered by the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]] in the 15th century, but Cilicia Pedias remained independent until 1515. {{see also|List of monarchs of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia}} ==Ottoman Empire== {{Further|[[Ottoman Empire]]}} French troops occupied Cilicia on [[1 January]] [[1919]]. According to the [[Treaty of Sèvres]] signed in [[1920]], Cilicia was supposed to be a part of French Syria. That treaty had never gone into effect because of the [[Turkish War of Independence]]. The French were still there several months after the [[Cilicia Peace Treaty]] was signed with the [[Turkish national movement]] on [[9 March]] [[1921]]. Fighting had continued.<!---ended with a new treaty of Ankara later in 1921---><!--what does having two governors have to do with anything?---> ==Republic of Turkey== {{Further|[[Franco-Turkish War]], [[Republic of Turkey]]}} After the Franco-Turkish war, and consequent battles during [[Turkish War of Independence]] the region become part of the [[Turkey|Republic of Turkey]] in [[1921]] with the [[Treaty of Lausanne]]. The modern Turkish [[Provinces of Turkey|provinces]] [[Mersin Province|Mersin]], [[Adana Province|Adana]], and [[Osmaniye Province|Osmaniye]] are located in former Cilicia. ==Mythological namesake== [[Greek mythology]] also mentions another '''Cilicia''', as a small region situated immediately southeast of the [[Troad]] in northwestern Asia Minor, facing the [[Gulf of Adramyttium]]. The connection (if any) between this rather obscure Cilicia (which appears to have been under the thumb of Troy) and the much more well-known and well-defined region mentioned above is unclear. This Trojan Cilicia is mentioned in [[Homer]]'s ''Iliad'' and [[Strabo]]'s ''Geography'', and contained equally obscure localities as [[Thebe, Cilicia|Thebes]], [[Lyrnessus]] and [[Chryse]]. Thebes (or Thebe) was situated under 'Mount' Placus (hence Homer calls it Thebe-under-Placus), which appears to have been little more than a southern spur of [[Mount Ida]], and was the birthplace of [[Andromache]], wife of Prince [[Hector]]. According to one legend, the city of Thebes was founded by [[Heracles]], but was subsequently occupied by the Cilicians. Cilician Thebes, Lyrnessus and Chryse were all attacked and sacked by [[Achilles]] during the [[Trojan War]]. ==See also== *[[Anazarbus]] ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==Sources and references== {{1911}} <div class="references-small"> *[http://www.kilikien.de Ancient Cilicia - texts, photographs, maps, inscriptions: www.kilikien.de] *[http://www.livius.org/cg-cm/cilicia/cilicia.html Jona Lendering, "Ancient Cilicia"] *[[Notitia dignitatum]] *[http://www.allaboutturkey.com/kilikya.htm Cilicia] *[http://www.armenianhistory.info/cilician.htm Armenian Kingdom in Cilicia] *[http://www.ArmenianPilgrimages.com Pilgrimages to Historic Armenia and Cilicia] *[http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Turkey.html#Antalya WorldStatesmen- Turkey] *Akpinar, E. 2004. “Hellenistic and Roman Settlement Patterns in the Plain of Issus and the Westerly Slopes of the Amanus Range”. Ankara: Bilkent University. *Mellink, M.J. 1991. Anatolian Contacts with Chalcolithic Cyprus *Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, No. 282/283, Symposium: Chalcolithic Cyprus. pp. 167-175. *Pilhofer, Susanne 2006. Romanisierung in Kilikien? Das Zeugnis der Inschriften (Quellen und Forschungen zur Antiken Welt 46). Munich: Herbert Utz Verlag. *Yuri Babayan - Cilicia </div> {{Historical regions of Anatolia}} {{Roman provinces 120 AD}} {{Late Roman Provinces|state=collapsed}} {{Second Journey of Paul of Tarsus}} [[Category:Adana]] [[Category:Historical regions of Anatolia]] [[Category:Ancient Roman provinces]] [[Category:Cilicia| ]] [[Category:Ancient Greek geography]] [[Category:Seleucid Empire]] [[Category:Ptolemaic Empire]] [[Category:Hellenistic regions]] [[ar:قليقيا]] [[br:Kilikia]] [[bg:Киликия]] [[ca:Cilícia]] [[cs:Kilíkie]] [[de:Kilikien]] [[et:Kiliikia]] [[el:Κιλικία]] [[es:Cilicia]] [[eo:Kilikio]] [[eu:Zilizia]] [[fa:کیلیکیه]] [[fr:Cilicie]] [[gl:Cilicia]] [[ko:킬리키아]] [[it:Cilicia]] [[he:קיליקיה]] [[ku:Kîlîkya]] [[la:Cilicia]] [[lt:Kilikija]] [[hu:Kilikia]] [[nl:Cilicië]] [[ja:キリキア]] [[no:Kilikia]] [[pl:Cylicja]] [[pt:Cilícia]] [[ru:Киликия]] [[sl:Kilikija]] [[sr:Киликија]] [[fi:Kilikia]] [[sv:Kilikien]] [[tr:Kilikya]] [[zh:奇里乞亚]]