Cingulate cortex
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2008-06-20T20:07:41Z
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{{Infobox Brain|
Name = {{PAGENAME}} |
Latin = gyrus cingulatus |
GraySubject = 189 |
GrayPage = 825 |
Image = Gray727.svg |
Caption = Medial surface of left cerebral hemisphere. |
Image2 = Gray727-Brodman.png |
Caption2 = Medial surface. |
IsPartOf = [[Cerebral cortex]] |
Components = |
Artery = [[Anterior cerebral artery|Anterior cerebral]]|
Vein = [[Superior sagittal sinus]]|
Acronym = Cg |
BrainInfoType = hier |
BrainInfoNumber = 141|
MeshName = Gyrus+Cinguli |
MeshNumber = A08.186.211.577.330 |
DorlandsPre = |
DorlandsSuf = |
}}
{{mergeto | Cingulate gyrus | Talk:Cingulate gyrus#Merge proposal | date=March 2008 }}
The '''cingulate cortex''' is a part of the [[brain]] situated in the medial aspect of the [[Cerebral cortex|cortex]]. It is extended from the corpus callosum below to the cingulate sulcus above, at least anteriorly.
==History==
{{Inappropriate tone|date=February 2008}}
[[Cingulum]] means belt in Latin. The name was likely chosen because this cortex, in great part, surrounds the [[corpus callosum]]. Cingulate is an adjective (cingularis or cingulatus).
The cingulate cortex is a part of the "grand lobe limbique" of [[Paul Broca|Broca (1898)]] that consisted (in addition to the olfactory part, which is no more considered there today) of a superior cingulate part, supracallosal; and an inferior hippocampic part, infracallosal. The limbic cortex was separated from the remainder of the cortex by Broca for two reasons: first that it is not convoluted, and second that the gyri are directed parasagittally (contrary to the transverse [[gyrification]]). Since the parasagittal gyrification is observed in non-primate species, the limbic lobe was thus declared to be "bestial". As with other parts of the cortex, there have been and continue to be discrepancies concerning boundaries and naming. [[Korbinian Brodmann|Brodmann (1909)]], a student of [[Cécile Vogt-Mugnier]] and [[Oskar Vogt]], who worked on cercopithecus (and not much in human (Bailey and von Bonin)), elaborated a system of numeration that had unfortunately no typological logics (1, 2 and 3 are sensory, 4 is motor, 5 is parietal, 6 is premotor and 7 is again parietal!). Area 25 was even not placed by him in the same place in the human brain. Area 24 (anterior) was distinguished from 23 (posterior) on the basis that it was agranular. More recently, the typographical von Economo's system was adopted by Bailey and von Bonin. Simple typographical naming should be preferred, for evident heuristic purposes.
==Subdivisions==
Based on [[cytoarchitectonics]] it has been divided into the [[Brodmann area]]s [[Brodmann area 23|23]], [[Brodmann area 24| 24]], [[Brodmann area 26|26]], [[Brodmann area 29|29]], [[Brodmann area 30|30]], [[Brodmann area 31| 31]] and [[Brodmann area 32|32]]. The areas [[Brodmann area 26| 26]], [[Brodmann area 29|29]] and [[Brodmann area 30|30]] are usually referred to as the retrosplenial areas.
===Anterior cingulate cortex===
{{main|Anterior cingulate cortex}}
This corresponds to area 24 of Brodmann and ''LA'' of [[Constantin von Economo]] and Bailey and von Bonin.
It is continued anteriorly by the [[subgenual cortex]] (area 25).
It is cytoarchitectonically [[agranular]].
It has a gyral part on the surface and a sulcal part.
[[Anterior cingulate cortex]] can further be divided in the [[perigenual anterior cingulate cortex]] and [[midcingulate cortex]]. The anterior cingulate cortex receives primarily its afferent axons from the anterior nucleus ([[nucleus anterior]] of the thalamus, see [[thalamus]]).
The nucleus anterior receives mamillo-thalamic afferences. The mamillary neurons receive axons from the [[subiculum]].
The whole forms a part of [[Papez_circuit|Papez' circuit]].
The anterior cingulate cortex sends axons to the anterior nucleus and through the [[cingulum]] to other Broca's limbic areas.
The ACC is involved in error and conflict detection processes, such as in the [[go/no-go task]].
===Posterior cingulate cortex===
{{main|Posterior cingulate cortex}}
This corresponds to area 23 of Brodmann LP of von Economo and Bailey and von Bonin. It is granular. It is followed posteriorly by the retrosplenial cortex (area 29). Dorsally is the granular area 31. The posterior cingulate cortex receives a great part of its afferent axons from the superficial nucleus (or nucleus superior- falsely LD-) of the thalamus (see [[thalamus]]), which itself receives axons from the subiculum. To some extent it thus duplicates Papez' circuit. It receives also direct afferents from the subiculum of the hippocampus.
===Cingulum and interconnections===
At the base of the cingulate cortex is a thick parasagittal bundle, the cingulum. It strongly increases in evolution, and in humans it can even be dissected. The cingulum is used for the connections of the two subdivisions described above and with the parahippocampal gyrus.
The cingulate cortex can also be differentiated based on its [[thalamus|thalamic]] connections: Midlline and intralaminar nuclei.<ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[Brent A. Vogt]], D. L. Rosene, and D. N. Pandya
| title = Thalamic and cortical afferents differentiate anterior from posterior cingulate cortex in the monkey
| journal = [[Science (journal)|Science]]
| month = April
| year = 1979
| volume = 204
| issue = 4389
| pages = 205–207
| doi = 10.1126/science.107587
| url = http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/204/4389/205
| pmid = 107587
}}</ref>
==External links==
*[http://www.thehumanbrain.org/Vogt.htm Four Regions of Cingulate Cortex and Disease Vulnerability], Brent A. Vogt.
* {{BrainMaps|Cingulate}}
*[http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2006-05/bcom-ma051506.php Mapping 'self' and 'other' in the brain]
*[http://www.glittra.com/yvonne/neuropics/cingulateparts.jpg A nice picture of the cingulate cortex and its parts]
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Prosencephalon}}
[[Category:Cerebrum]]
[[zh:扣带皮层]]