Cistern
1262082
224349091
2008-07-08T13:35:43Z
207.250.64.64
/* The toilet */
: ''For cisterns in [[neuroanatomy]], see [[cistern (neuroanatomy)]].<br>For the village in England, see [[Syston]].<br>For the Texas settlement see [[Cistern, Texas]]''
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[[Image:Cistern getting water.jpg|thumb|Getting water out of a cistern]]
A '''cistern''' ([[Middle English]] ''cisterne'', from [[Latin]] ''cisterna'', from ''cista'', box, from [[Greek language|Greek]] ''kistê'', basket) <ref>''Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary'', 1990 edition, etymology of "cistern".</ref>
is a receptacle for holding liquids, usually water. Often cisterns are built to catch and store rainwater. They range in capacity from a few litres to thousands of cubic metres (effectively covered [[Reservoir (water)|reservoir]]s).
== Creating and using cisterns ==
Cisterns are commonly used in areas where water is scarce, either because it is rare or because it has been depleted due to heavy use. Early on, the water was used for many purposes including cooking, [[irrigation]], and washing. Present day cisterns are often only used for irrigation due to concerns over water quality. Cisterns today can also be [[outfit]]ted with [[filter (water)|filter]]s or other [[water purification]] methods when the water is meant for consumption. A few people leave their cisterns open to catch [[rain]] or have more elaborate rain-catching systems. It is recommended in these cases to have a system that does not leave the water open to [[mosquito]]es or [[algae]], which are attracted to the water and then carry disease to nearby humans.
Some cisterns sit on the top of houses or on the ground higher than the house, and supply the running water needs for the house. They are often supplied not by [[rainwater harvesting]], but by [[Water well|well]]s with [[electric pump]]s, or are filled by manual labor or by truck delivery. Very common throughout Brazil, for instance, they were traditionally made of concrete walls (much like the houses, themselves), with a similar concrete top (about 5 cm. thick), with a piece that can come out for water filling and be re-inserted to keep out [[debris]] and insects. Modern cisterns are manufactured of plastic (in Brazil with a characteristic bright blue color, round, in capacities of about 10k and 50k liters). These cisterns differ from [[water tank]]s in the sense that they are not completely enclosed and sealed with one form, rather they have a [[lid]] made of the same material as the cistern, which is removable by the user.
To keep a clean water supply, the cisterns must be kept clean. It is recommended to inspect them regularly, keep them well-enclosed, and to occasionally empty them and clean them with an appropriate dilution of [[chlorine]] and to [[rinse]] them well. Well water must be inspected for contaminants coming from the ground source. City water has up to 1ppm (parts per million) chlorine added to the water to keep it clean, and in many areas can be ordered to be delivered directly to the cistern by truck (a typical price in Brazil is BRL$50, USD$20 for 10k liters). If there is any question about the water supply at any point (source to tap), then the cistern water should not be used for drinking or cooking. If it is of acceptable quality and consistency, then it can be used for (1) [[toilet]]s, and housecleaning; (2) showers and handwashing; (3) washing dishes, with appropriate sanitation methods, and for the highest quality, (4) cooking and drinking. Water of non-acceptable quaility for the before mentioned uses may still be used for irrigation. If it is free of particulates but not low enough in [[bacteria]], then boiling may also be an effective means to prepare the water for drinking.
Many [[greenhouse]]s use cisterns to help meet their water needs, especially in the USA. Some countries or regions, such as Bermuda and the U.S. Virgin Islands have [[law]]s that require [[rainwater harvesting]] systems to be built alongside any new construction, and cisterns can be used in these cases. Other countries, such as Japan, Germany and Spain, also offer financial incentives or tax credit for installing cisterns.
== The toilet ==
The modern [[water closet]] or [[toilet]] utilises a cistern to reserve and hold the correct amount of water required to flush the toilet bowl. In earlier toilets, the cistern was located high above the toilet bowl and connected to it by a long pipe. It was necessary to pull a hanging chain connected to a release valve located inside the cistern in order to flush the toilet. Modern toilets may be ''close coupled'', with the cistern mounted directly on the toilet bowl and no intermediate pipe. In this arrangement, the flush mechanism (lever or push button) is usually mounted on the cistern. Concealed cistern toilets, where the cistern is built into the wall behind the toilet, are also available. A [[flushing trough]] is a type of cistern used to serve more than one [[Flush toilet|WC]] pan at one time. These cisterns are becoming less common however.
== Famous cisterns ==
* [[Basilica Cistern]] in [[Istanbul]], [[Turkey]]
* Cistern in [[Silves]], [[Portugal]]
* Cistern in [[El Jadida]], [[Morocco]]
*[[Matera]]
==See also==
*[[Rainwater harvesting]]
*[[Rainwater tank]]
*[[Water tank]]
*[[Ab Anbar]]
*[[Step well]]
==References==
<references />
==External links==
* [http://www.motherearthnews.com/Homesteading_and_Self_Reliance/1978_May_June/The_Homestead_Cistern The Homestead Cistern], instructions on building a cistern.
* [http://www.rain-barrel.net/rain-barrels.html Difference between rain barrels and harvesting systems]
* [http://www.cbf.org/site/DocServer/rain_barrel_guide-web.pdf?docID=2868 Build Your Own Rain Barrel]
* [http://www.laraccoltadelleacquematera.it/ La Raccolta delle Acque Matera] - A perfect sample of water collection systems
* [http://www.flxx.com/] - Provides FLXX Watertight Cisterns for Potable Water Storage and Fire Protection
[[Category:Plumbing]]
[[Category:Water supply]]
[[Category:Archaeological features]]
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