Citation
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2008-07-15T23:20:29Z
86.156.74.7
Website of Complete APA reference styles
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{{selfref|For Wikipedia's citation guideline, see [[Wikipedia:Citing sources]]}}
{{selfref|For Wikipedia's citation templates, see [[Wikipedia:Citation templates]]}}
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A '''citation''' or '''bibliographic citation''' is a reference to a book, [[article (publishing)|article]], [[web page]], or other published item, with sufficient detail to identify the item uniquely.<ref>[http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&defl=en&q=define:BIBLIOGRAPHIC+CITATION&sa=X&oi=glossary_definition&ct=title Google: Definitions of Bibliographic Citation on the Web]</ref> Different citation systems and styles are used in [[scientific citation]], [[legal citation]], [[prior art]], and the [[humanities]].
A '''citation number''' is a succinct [[inline]] reference containing limited information such as the author's last name, year work was published, and page number referenced.
== Citation content ==
Citation content may include:
*of a book: author(s), book title, publisher, date of publication, and page number(s) if appropriate;<ref>Long Island University.</ref><ref>Duke University Libraries 2007.</ref>
*of a journal article: author(s), article title, journal title, volume and issue numbers, date of publication, and page number(s);
*of a newspaper: author(s), article title, name of newspaper, section title and page number(s) if desired, date of publication;
*of a work on the Web: author(s), article and publication title where appropriate, as well as a [[Uniform Resource Locator|URL]], and a date when the site was accessed.
*of a play: inline citations offer part, scene, and line numbers, the latter separated by periods: 4.452 refers to scene 4, line 452. For example, "In Eugene Onegin, Onegin rejects Tanya when she is free to be his, and only decides he wants her when she is already married" (Pushkin 4.452-53).<ref name=Brigham>Brigham Young University 2008.</ref>
*of a poem: If the text is more than one line of the poem, use a slash (/) with a space before and after it to indicate the separate lines. Include the word "line" or "lines" in the Harvard reference. For example: "For I must love because I live / And life in me is what you give." (Brennan, lines 15-16).<ref name=Brigham>
=== Unique identifiers ===
Along with information such as author(s), date of publication, title and page numbers, citations may also include unique identifiers depending on the type of work being referred to.
* Citations of books may include an [[International Standard Book Number]] (ISBN).
* Specific volumes, articles or other identifiable parts of a periodical, may have an associated [[Serial Item and Contribution Identifier]] (SICI).
* Electronic documents may have a [[digital object identifier]] (DOI).
* Biomedical research articles may have a PubMed Identifier ([[PMID]]).
== Citation systems ==
There are broadly two citation systems:<ref>University of Maryland 2006.</ref><ref name=YaleUni>Yale University 2008.</ref><ref name=ColoradoStateUni>Colorado State University 2008.</ref>
=== Parenthetical systems ===
In-text parenthetical citations include abbreviated source information (for example, author and page number) in parentheses in the article text. This is supplemented by complete source information in a list of Works Cited, References, or Bibliography at the end of the paper.
For example, an excerpt from the text of a paper using a parenthetical reference system might look like this:
:The five stages of grief are denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance (Kubler-Ross, 1969, chap.3).
The entry in the References list would look like this:
:Kubler-Ross, E. (1969). ''On death and dying''. New York: Macmillian.
=== Note systems ===
Note systems involve the use of sequential numbers in the text which refer to either footnotes (notes at the end of the page) or endnotes (a note on a separate page at the end of the paper) which give the source detail. The notes system may or may not require a full bibliography, depending on whether the writer has used a full note form or a shortened note form.
For example, an excerpt from the text of a paper using a notes system ''without a full bibliography'' could look like this:
:The five stages of grief are denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance.<sup>1</sup>
The note, located either at the foot of the page (footnote) or at the end of the paper (endnote) would look like this:
:1. Elisabeth Kubler-Ross, ''On Death and Dying'' (New York: Macmillian, 1969), 45-60.
In a paper which contains a full bibliography, the shortened note could look like this:
:1. Kubler-Ross, ''On Death and Dying'', 45-60.
and the bibliography entry, which would be required with a shortened note, would look like this:
:Kubler-Ross, Elisabeth. ''On Death and Dying''. New York: Macmillian, 1969.
== Citation styles ==
{{styles}}
{{main|APA style|MLA style|The Chicago Manual of Style|Bluebook|ASA style|Harvard referencing|Vancouver system}}
Citation styles can broadly be divided into styles common to the Humanities and the Sciences, though there is considerable overlap. Some style guides, such as the Chicago Manual of Style, are quite flexible and cover both parenthetical and note citation systems.<ref name=ColoradoStateUni/> Others, such as [[MLA style manual|MLA]] and [[APA style|APA]] styles, specify formats within the context of a single citation system.<ref name=YaleUni/> These may be referred to as citation formats as well as citation styles.<ref>California State University 2007.</ref><ref>Lesley University 2007.</ref><ref>Rochester Institute of Technology 2003.</ref> The various guides thus specify order of appearance, for example, of publication date, title, and page numbers following the author name, in addition to conventions of punctuation, use of italics, emphasis, parenthesis, quotation marks, etc, particular to their style.
A number of organizations have created styles to fit their needs, consequently a number of different guides exist. Individual publishers often have their own in-house variations as well, and some works are so long established as to have their own citation methods too: [[Stephanus pagination]] for [[Plato]]; [[Bekker numbers]] for [[Aristotle]]; [[Bible citation]] by book, chapter and verse; or [[Shakespeare]] notation by play, act and scene.
Some examples of style guides include:
=== Humanities ===
* The [[American Political Science Association]] (APSA) relies on the ''Style Manual for Political Science'', a style often used by political science scholars and historians. It is largely based on that of the Chicago Manual of Style.
* The [[ASA style]] of [[American Sociological Association]] is one of the main styles used in [[sociological]] publications.
*The [[The Chicago Manual of Style|Chicago Style]] (CMOS) was developed and its guide is ''The Chicago Manual of Style''. Some social sciences and humanities scholars use the nearly identical [[Turabian]] style. Used by writers in many fields.
*The Columbia Style was made by Janice R. Walker and Todd Taylor to give detailed guidelines for citing internet sources. Columbia Style offers models for both the humanities and the sciences.
*''Evidence Explained: Citing History Sources from Artifacts to Cyberspace'' covers primary sources not included in CMOS, such as censuses, court, land, government, business, and church records. Includes sources in electronic format. Used by genealogists and historians.
*[[Harvard referencing]] (or author-date system) is recommended by the [[BSI Group|British Standards Institution]] and involves a short reference (e.g Smith, 2000) being inserted after the cited text in parenthesis and the full reference being listed at the end of the article.
*The [[MHRA Style Guide]] is published by the [[Modern Humanities Research Association]], and is most often used in the arts and humanities, particularly in the [[United Kingdom]] where the MHRA is based. It is fairly similar to the MLA style, but with some differences. The style guide uses footnotes that fully reference a citation and has a bibliography at the end. Its major advantage is that a reader does not need to consult the bibliography to find a reference as the footnote provides all the details. The guide is available for free download.<ref>Modern Humanities Research Association 2007.</ref>
*[[MLA style manual|MLA style]] was developed by the [[Modern Language Association]] and is most often used in the humanities, particularly in [[English studies]], [[comparative literature]], and foreign-language [[literary criticism]]. [[Harvard referencing]] is used within the text, keyed to an alphabetical list of sources on a Works Cited page at the end of the paper. See the ''MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers''.
===Legal===
*The [[Bluebook]] is a citation system traditionally used in American academic legal writing, and the Bluebook (or similar systems derived from it) are used by many courts.<ref>Martin 2007.</ref> At present, academic legal articles are always footnoted, but motions submitted to courts and court opinions traditionally use [[inline citation]]s which are either separate sentences or separate clauses.
=== Sciences ===
*The [[ACS style]] is the [[American Chemical Society]] style, often used in chemistry.<ref>University of California Berkeley 2006.</ref>
* In the AIP style of the [[American Institute of Physics]], references are numbered in the text and the reference list.
*The AMS styles, e.g., [[AMS-LaTeX]], are styles developed for the [[American Mathematical Society]] (AMS), typically implemented using the [[BibTeX]] tool in the [[LaTeX]] typesetting environment. Brackets with author’s initials and year are inserted in the text and at the beginning of the reference. Typical citations are listed in-line with alphabetic-label format, e.g. [AB90]. This type of style is also called a "''Authorship trigraph.''"
*The [[Vancouver system]], recommended by the [[Council of Science Editors]], is used in medical and scientific papers and research.
** In one major variant, citation numbers are included in the text in square brackets rather than as superscripts. All bibliographical information is exclusively included in the list of references at the end of the document, next to the respective citation number.<ref>American Society of Mechanical Engineers.</ref>
*The [[APA style]] is the [[American Psychological Association]] style, which is most often used in [[social sciences]]. APA style uses [[Harvard referencing]] within the text, listing the author's name and year of publication, keyed to an alphabetical list of sources at the end of the paper on a References page.
* Pechenik is a style described in "A Short Guide to Writing about Biology" by Jan A. Pechenik.<ref>Pechenik 2003.</ref>
* IEEE is a style used by the [[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]] which encloses citation numbers within square brackets. The reference list is arranged by the order of citation, not by alphabetical order.
==Citation Problems==
===Faulty Citations===
*Faulty citations include omissions of relevant papers, incorrect references, and quotation errors that misreport findings. This greatly impedes the growth of scientific knowledge because authors who fail to correctly report relevant studies are passing on false information to their readers. Furthermore, these papers are considered to be legitimate academic sources and thus more likely to be cited themselves by other papers in the future. Hence, this creates a snowball effect often leading to the proliferation of false information.<ref>Wright & Armstrong 2008.</ref>
*Research has shown that authors often overlook relevant research. This often occurs because they search for evidence only within their own discipline. In a study on escalation bias, papers that supported commonly held beliefs were cited nine times more frequently as those that conflicted with common beliefs<ref> Armstrong 1996.</ref>
*Research done on this subject by marketing professor [[J. Scott Armstrong]] suggests that to prevent faulty citations, authors should use the verification of citations procedure - meaning they should attempt to contact original authors to ensure that they properly cite any studies they rely on to support their main findings. Furthermore, journal editors should require authors to confirm that they have read the papers that they have cited and that they have made reasonable attempts to verify citations. This will help to reduce errors in the reference list, reduce the number of spurious references, and reduce the likelihood of overlooking relevant studies. Once a paper has been published, journals should make it easy for researchers to post relevant studies that have been overlooked. These procedures should help to ensure that new studies build properly on prior research.<ref>Wright & Armstrong 2008.</ref>
== See also ==
*[[Acknowledgment (creative arts)]]
*[[Case citation]]
*[[Citation creator]]
*[[Citation signal]]
*[[Citationality]]
*[[Credit (creative arts)]]
*[[Cross-reference]]
*[[Scholarly method]]
*[[Source evaluation]]
==Notes==
{{reflist|3}}
==References ==
<div class="references-small">
* American Society of Mechanical Engineers. [http://journaltool.asme.org/Help/AuthorHelp/WebHelp/JournalsHelp.htm ASME Journals Digital Submission Tool]. Retrieved on February 8, 2008.
* Brigham Young University (2008). [http://www.byui.edu/english/mlaguide/MLA_intext_citation.htm How to cite sources in the body of your paper]. Retrieved on February 8, 2008.
*<cite id=refCaliforniaStateUni>{{cite web
| author = California State University
| year = 2007
| title = Citation Formats & Style Manuals
| url = http://www.csuchico.edu/lref/newciting.html
| work = Meriam Library ReSEARCH Station
| publisher = California State University, Chico
| accessdate = 2008-02-11
}}</cite>
*<cite id=refColoradoUni>{{cite web
| author = Colorado State University
| year = 2008
| title = CBE - Council of Biology Editors (Citation/Sequence System)
| url = http://writing.colostate.edu/guides/researchsources/documentation/cbe_citation/index.cfm
| work = Writing Guides
| publisher = Colorado State University
| accessdate = 2008-02-11
}}</cite>
*<cite id=refDukeUni>{{cite web
| author = Duke University
| year = 2007
| title = Book with a Single Author
| url = http://library.duke.edu/research/citing/workscited/booksingle.html
| work = [http://library.duke.edu/research/citing/workscited/ Assembling a List of Works Cited in Your Paper]
| publisher = Duke University Libraries
| accessdate = 2008-02-04
}}</cite>
* [[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]] (2007). [http://www.ieee.org/portal/cms_docs_iportals/iportals/publications/authors/transjnl/stylemanual.pdf IEEE Editorial Style Manual]. Retrieved on February 8, 2008.
*<cite id=refLesleyUni>{{cite web
| author = Lesley University
| title = APA Citation Format
| url = http://www.lesley.edu/library/guides/citation/apa.html
| work = Lesley University Library
| publisher = Lesley University
| accessdate = 2008-02-11
}}</cite>
*<cite id=refLongIslandUni>{{cite web
| author = Long Island University
| title = Anatomy of a Citation
| url = http://www.liunet.edu/cwis/cwp/library/workbook/evaluate.htm#citing
| work = Library Workshop Manual : Section 4
| publisher = Long Island University
| accessdate = 2008-02-03
}}</cite>
*<cite id=refMartin2007>{{cite web
| author = Martin, Peter W.
| year = [1993] 2007
| title = Introduction to Basic Legal Citation (LII 2007 ed.)
| url = http://www.law.cornell.edu/citation/
| publisher = Cornell University Law School
| accessdate = 2008-02-03
}}</cite>
* Modern Humanities Research Association (2007). [http://www.mhra.org.uk/Publications/Books/StyleGuide/ MHRA Style Guide]. Retrieved on February 8, 2008.
* Pechenik, Jan A. (2003). ''A Short Guide to Writing About Biology'', fifth edition, Longman. ISBN 0321159810
*<cite id=refRIT>{{cite web
| author = Rochester Institute of Technology
| year = 2003
| title = APA Citation Format
| url = http://wally.rit.edu/pubs/guides/apa.html
| work = RIT Libraries
| publisher = Rochester Institute of Technology
| accessdate = 2008-02-11
}}</cite>
*<cite id=refUCBerkeley>{{cite web
| author = University of California Berkeley
| year = 2006
| title = ACS (American Chemical Society) Style Guidelines Quick Guide
| url = http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/CHEM/acsstyle.html
| work = Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Library
| publisher = UC Berkeley Library
| accessdate = 2008-02-03
}}</cite>
*<cite id=refUniMaryland>{{cite web
| author = University of Maryland
| year = 2006
| title = Citation Systems and Style Manuals
| url = http://www.lib.umd.edu/guides/style_manuals.html
| work = Research and Library Skills
| publisher = University of Maryland,University Libraries
| accessdate = 2008-02-11
}}</cite>
*<cite id=refYaleUni>{{cite web
| author = Yale University
| year = 2008
| title = Why Are There Different Citation Styles?
| url = http://www.yale.edu/bass/writing/sources/kinds/principles/why.html
| work = Writing at Yale / Using Sources
| publisher = Yale University
| accessdate = 2008-02-11
}}</cite>
*<cite id=refArmstrong 2007>{{cite web
| author = Armstrong, J. S.
| year = 1996
| title = Management folklore and management science: On portfolio planning, escalation bias, and such
| url = http://jscottarmstrong.com/
| publisher = Interfaces
| accessdate = 2008-06-15
}}</cite>
*<cite id=refWright & Armstrong 2008>{{cite web
| author = Wright and Armstrong, J. S.
| year = 2008
| title = The Ombudsman: Verification of Citations
| url = http://marketing.wharton.upenn.edu/Marketing_Content_Management/Marketing_files/Publication_Files/Citations-Interfaces.pdf
| publisher = Interfaces
| accessdate = 2008-06-15
}}</cite>
</div>
==Further reading==
<div class="references-2column">
;Guidelines
*[http://turnitin.com/research_site/e_citation.html "What is citation?"], ''Turnitin.com''.
*[http://www.library.unt.edu/govinfo/browse-topics/citation-guides-and-style-manuals/citing-government-documents/?searchterm=citing%20government Citing Government Documents/Government Agency Style Manuals], University of North Texas Libraries.
*[http://bailiwick.lib.uiowa.edu/journalism/cite.html Guide to Citation Style Guides]
*[http://www.bedfordstmartins.com/online/citex.html ONLINE! Citation Styles (An online guide to different citation formats)]
*[http://www.documentit.co.uk/download.php Document it Citation and Referencing tool]
*[http://www.ams.org/tex/author-info.html Author Packages for Publishing with the AMS], and the [[AMSRefs]] package.
*[http://citationmachine.net/ Citation Machine for MLA, APA, Chicago, and Turabian formats]
;Examples
*[http://www.citeprecise.com/index.php CitePrecise] - Free complete guide and examples for APA style references
*[http://www.cs.stir.ac.uk/~kjt/software/latex/showbst.html Illustrated examples], generated using [[BibTeX]], of several major styles, including more than those listed above.
*PDF file [http://amath.colorado.edu/documentation/LaTeX/reference/faq/bibstyles.pdf bibstyles.pdf] illustrates how several bibliographic styles appear with citations and reference entries, generated using [[BibTeX]].
;Style guides
*[http://www.liunet.edu/cwis/cwp/library/workshop/citama.htm AMA Citation Style]
* Swarthmore library's Guide to Citation Styles for [http://www.swarthmore.edu/Documents/library/reftip_citesci.pdf Science] and [http://www.swarthmore.edu/Documents/library/reftip_citestyle.pdf Humanities].
* ''Evidence Explained: Citing History Resources from Artifacts to Cyberspace,'' (Baltimore: GPC, 2007) [electronic and print editions, http://www.footnote.com/evidenceexplained.php; http://www.genealogical.com/products/Evidence%20Explained%20Citing%20History%20Sources%20from%20Artifacts%20to%20Cyberspace/3843.html].
</div>
[[Category:Bibliography]]
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[[hr:Citiranje radova]]
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