Citizen journalism
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2008-07-13T01:29:50Z
Wikitasredux
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/* Legal implications in the United States of America */
{{journalism}}
'''Citizen journalism''', also known as '''public''' or ''participatory journalism'', is the act of citizens "playing an active role in the process of collecting, reporting, analyzing and disseminating news and information," according to the seminal report ''We Media: How Audiences are Shaping the Future of News and Information,'' by Shayne Bowman and Chris Willis. They say, "The intent of this participation is to provide independent, reliable, accurate, wide-ranging and relevant information that a democracy requires."<ref name="wemedia">Bowman, S. and Willis, C. "[http://www.hypergene.net/wemedia/weblog.php We Media: How Audiences are Shaping the Future of News and Information.]" [[2003]], ''The Media Center at the American Press Institute''.</ref> Citizen journalism should not be confused with [[civic journalism]], which is practiced by professional journalists. Citizen journalism is a specific form of [[citizen media]] as well as [[user generated content]].
In a [[2003]] ''Online Journalism Review article'', J. D. Lasica classifies media for citizen journalism into the following types: 1) Audience participation (such as user comments attached to news stories, personal [[blogs]], photos or video footage captured from personal [[Digital camera#Integration|mobile cameras]], or local news written by residents of a community), 2) Independent news and information Websites ([[Consumer Reports]], the [[Drudge Report]]), 3) Full-fledged participatory news sites ([[OhmyNews]]), 4) Collaborative and contributory media sites ([[Slashdot]], [[Kuro5hin]]), ([[Newsvine]]), ([[HumanTimes]]), 5) Other kinds of "thin media." (mailing lists, email newsletters), and 6) Personal broadcasting sites (video broadcast sites such as (KenRadio).<ref name="lasica">Lasica, J. D. "[http://www.ojr.org/ojr/workplace/1060217106.php What is Participatory Journalism?]" [[2003-08-07]], ''Online Journalism Review'', August 7, 2003.</ref>
[[Dan Gillmor]], former technology columnist with the [[San Jose Mercury News]], is one of the foremost proponents of citizen journalism, and founded a nonprofit, the Center for Citizen Media, to help promote it. The [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]'s French-language television network has also organized a weekly public affairs program called, "5 sur 5", which has been organizing and promoting citizen-based journalism since [[2001]]. On the program, viewers submit questions on a wide variety of topics, and they, accompanied by staff journalists, get to interview experts to obtain answers to their questions.
== History ==
The citizen journalism movement emerged after journalists themselves began to question the predictability of their coverage of such events as the [[United States presidential election, 1988|1988 U.S. presidential election]]. Those journalists became part of the public, or civic, journalism movement, a countermeasure against the eroding trust in the news media and widespread public disillusionment with politics and civic affairs.<ref name="merritt">Merritt, D. "[http://pjnet.org/post/318/ News Media must regain vigor, courage.]" [[September 29]], [[2004]], ''PJNet Today''.</ref><ref name="dvorkin">Dvorkin, J. A. "[http://www.npr.org/yourturn/ombudsman/010705.html Media Matters. Can Public Radio Journalism be Re-Invented?]" [[January 27]], [[2005]], ''[[National Public Radio]]''.</ref><ref name="meyer">Meyer, E. P. "[http://www.unc.edu/%7Epmeyer/ire95pj.htm Public Journalism and the Problem of Objectivity.]" [[1995]], [http://www.unc.edu/%7Epmeyer/ Published on personal website].</ref> [[Jay Rosen]], a journalism professor at New York University, was one of public journalism's earliest proponents. From [[1993]] to [[1997]], he directed the Project on Public Life and the Press, funded by the Knight Foundation and housed at NYU. He also currently runs the PressThink weblog.
Initially, discussions of public journalism focused on promoting journalism that was "for the people" by changing the way professional reporters did their work. A study done for the Pew Center and the Associated Press Managing Editors found that "45 percent of all editors surveyed say that their newsrooms use the tools and techniques of civic journalism. Sixty-six percent say they either embrace the label or like the philosophy and tools, suggesting that there are even more practitioners."<ref name="pewctr">Campaign Study Group "[http://www.pewcenter.org/doingcj/research/r_interact.shtml Journalism Interactive: New Attitudes, Tools and Techniques Change Journalism's Landscape.]" [[July 26]], [[2001]], ''The Pew Center for Creative Journalism''.</ref> According to Leonard Witt, however, early public journalism efforts were, "often part of 'special projects' that were expensive, time-consuming and episodic. Too often these projects dealt with an issue and moved on. [[Professional journalism|Professional journalists]] were driving the discussion. They would say, "Let's do a story on welfare-to-work (or the environment, or traffic problems, or the economy)," and then they would recruit a cross-section of citizens and chronicle their points of view. Since not all reporters and editors bought into this form of public journalism, and some outright opposed it, reaching out to the people from the newsroom was never an easy task." By [[2003]], in fact, the movement seemed to be petering out, with the Pew Center for Civic Journalism closing its doors.
Public participation - such as telephone calls into the running broadcasting - might also be seen as an (old-fashioned) part of it.
However, just a few years prior, new internet technologies gave birth to a new form of this movement.
=== Birth of Blogs and the Indymedia Movement ===
In [[1999]], activists in Seattle created a response to the [[WTO]] meeting being held there. These activists understood the only way they could get into the [[corporate media]] was by blocking the streets. And then, the scant 60 seconds of coverage would show them being carted off by the police, but without any context to explain why they were protesting. They knew they had to create an alternative media model. Since then, the Indymedia movement has experienced exponential growth, and IMCs have been created in over 200 cities all over the world.
Simultaneously, journalism that was "by the people" began to flourish, enabled in part by emerging internet and networking technologies, such as [[weblogs]], [[chat rooms]], [[message boards]], [[wiki]]s and [[mobile computing]]. A relatively new development is the use of convergent polls, allowing editorials and opinions to be submitted and voted on. Overtime, the poll converges on the most broadly accepted editorials and opinions. In South Korea, [[OhmyNews]] became popular and commercially successful with the motto, "Every Citizen is a Reporter." Founded by [[Oh Yeon Ho|Oh Yeon-ho]] on [[February 22]], [[2000]], it has a staff of some 40-plus traditional reporters and editors who write about 20% of its content, with the rest coming from other freelance contributors who are mostly ordinary citizens. OhmyNews has been credited with transforming South Korea's conservative political environment.
In 2001, ThemeParkInsider.com became the first online publication to win a major journalism award for a feature that was reported and written entirely by readers, earning an Online Journalism Award from the [[Online News Association]] and [[Columbia Graduate School of Journalism]] for its "Accident Watch" section, where readers tracked injury accidents at theme parks and shared accident prevention tips.
In 2004, a citizen journalism website called AssociatedContent.com was launched. The "People's Media Company", as they claim to be, was the first company to offer monetary compensation for their users that publish quality content in the form of articles, videos and audio clips. A few years later, WorldVoiceNews.com was launched, claiming the tagline “Honest and Unfiltered,” and paying editors and reporters a per-story fee based on the number of stories they submit and the revenue for the company each month.
During the [[United States presidential election, 2004|2004 U.S. presidential election]], both the Democratic and Republican parties issued press credentials to citizen bloggers covering the convention, marking a new level of influence and credibility for nontraditional journalists. Some bloggers also began watchdogging the work of conventional journalists, monitoring their work for biases and inaccuracy.
A recent trend in citizen journalism has been the emergence of what blogger [[Jeff Jarvis]] terms [[hyperlocal journalism]], as online news sites invite contributions from local residents of their subscription areas, who often report on topics that conventional newspapers tend to ignore.<ref name="walker">Walker, L. "[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A46519-2004Dec8.html On Local Sites, Everyone's A Journalist], [[December 9]], [[2004]], ''Washington Post'', E1.</ref> "We are the traditional journalism model turned upside down," explains Mary Lou Fulton, the publisher of the Northwest Voice in Bakersfield, California. "Instead of being the gatekeeper, telling people that what's important to them 'isn't news,' we're just opening up the gates and letting people come on in. We are a better community newspaper for having thousands of readers who serve as the eyes and ears for the Voice, rather than having everything filtered through the views of a small group of reporters and editors."<ref name="glaser">Glaser, M. "[http://ojr.org/ojr/glaser/1098833871.php The New Voices: Hyperlocal Citizen Media Sites Want You (to Write)!]" [[November 17]], [[2004]], ''Online Journalism Review''.</ref>
==What is citizen journalism?==
There is no easy answer to this question and depending on whom you ask you are likely to get very different answers. Some have called it networked journalism, open source journalism, and citizen media. Communication has changed greatly with the advent of the Internet. The Internet has enabled citizens to contribute to journalism, without professional training. Mark Glasser, a longtime freelance journalist who frequently writes on new media issues, gets to the heart of it:
<blockquote>
The idea behind citizen journalism is that people without professional journalism training can use the tools of modern technology and the global distribution of the Internet to create, augment or fact-check media on their own or in collaboration with others. For example, you might write about a city council meeting on your blog or in an online forum. Or you could fact-check a newspaper article from the mainstream media and point out factual errors or bias on your blog. Or you might snap a digital photo of a newsworthy event happening in your town and post it online. Or you might videotape a similar event and post it on a site such as [[YouTube]].
</blockquote>
This might seem radical to some, but the idea that average citizens can engage in the act of journalism has a long history in the United States. Professor Mary-Rose Papandrea, a constitutional law professor at Boston College, notes in her article, ''Citizen Journalism and the Reporter’s Privilege,'' that:<ref>Papandrea, Mary-Rose. "[http://lsr.nellco.org/bc/bclsfp/papers/167/ Citizen Journalism and the Reporter’s Privilege]." ''[[Boston College|Boston College Law School]] (Minnesota Law Review, Vol. 91).'' [[2007]]. Retrieved on [[January 7]], [[2007]].</ref>
<blockquote>
[i]n many ways, the definition of journalist has now come full circle. When the First Amendment was adopted, “freedom of the press” referred quite literally to the freedom to publish using a printing press, rather than the freedom of organized entities engaged in the publishing business. The printers of 1775 did not exclusively publish newspapers; instead, in order to survive financially they dedicated most of their efforts printing materials for paying clients. The newspapers and pamphlets of the American Revolutionary era were predominantly partisan and became even more so through the turn of the century. They engaged in little newsgathering and instead were predominantly vehicles for opinion.
<br><br>The passage of the term “journalism” into common usage in the 1830s occurred at roughly the same time that newspapers, using highspeed rotary steam presses, began mass circulation throughout the eastern United States. Using the printing press, newspapers could distribute exact copies to large numbers of readers at a low incremental cost. In addition, the rapidly increasing demand for advertising for brand- name products fueled the creation of publications subsidized in large part by advertising revenue. It was not until the late nineteenth century that the concept of the “press” morphed into a description of individuals and companies engaged in an often competitive commercial media enterprise.
</blockquote>
What has changed, however, is that with today’s technology, the average person can capture news and distribute it globally. As [[Yochai Benkler]] has noted, “the capacity to make meaning – to encode and decode humanly meaningful statements – and the capacity to communicate one’s meaning around the world, are held by, or readily available to, at least many hundreds of millions of users around the globe.”<ref>{{cite web |title= Part One: The Networked Information Economy|url=http://www.benkler.org/wealth_of_networks/index.php?title=Text_Part_One |accessdate=2007-01-05}}</ref>Now free or inexpensive software for cellphones is making it easier for just about anyone to report on everything -- from matters of global importance to local events. Gadget manufacturers are aware of the trend, and many are bundling software designed to facilitate posting online.<ref>[http://www.internetevolution.com/author.asp?section_id=526&doc_id=148736&F_src=flftwo <i>Internet Evolution (www.internetevolution.com): Mobile Internet Tools for the Citizen Journalist</i>]</ref>
== Who does citizen journalism? ==
According to Jay Rosen, citizen journalists "the people formerly known as the audience," who "''were'' on the receiving end of a media system that ran one way, in a broadcasting pattern, with high entry fees and a few firms competing to speak very loudly while the rest of the population listened in isolation from one another— and who ''today'' are not in a situation like that ''at all''. ... The people formerly known as the audience are simply the public made realer, less fictional, more able, less predictable."<ref name="rosen">Rosen, Jay "[http://journalism.nyu.edu/pubzone/weblogs/pressthink/2006/06/27/ppl_frmr.html#more The People Formerly Known as the Audience]," PressThink, June 27, 2006.</ref>
"Doing citizen journalism right means crafting a crew of correspondents who are typically excluded from or misrepresented by local television news: low-income women, minorities and youth -- the very demographic and lifestyle groups who have little access to the media and that advertisers don't want," says Robert Huesca, an associate professor of communication at Trinity University in San Antonio, Texas.
Public Journalism is now being explored via new media such as the use of mobile phones. Mobile phones have the potential to transform reporting and places the power of reporting in the hands of the public. Mobile telephony provides low-cost options for people to set up news operations. One small organization providing [[Mobile news|mobile news]] and exploring public journalism is [http://www.jasminenews.com Jasmine News] in Sri Lanka.
In 2004, when the 9.1-magnitude underwater earthquake caused a huge tsunami in Banda Aceh Indonesia, a [http://www.asiantsunamivideos.com/Indonesia-Roar.wmv footage] of a person who experienced the tsunami was broadcast in almost all TV channel. It was a mark of citizen journalism type news in the country. In 2008 the first fully citizen jurnalism news site by the name of [http://www.swaberita.com SwaBerita.com] ( ''swa'' means self, and ''berita'' means news) was established.
In 2005, the ''Rocky Mountain News'' in Denver, Colo., created a hyperlocal citizen journalism Web site called [http://denver.yourhub.com YourHub.com] that allows any registered user to post news articles and photos that are published online and in community-centered weekly newspaper sections that are delivered with the ''News'' and the ''Denver Post''. An editorial staff monitors and edits the Web sites and contributes some professional content, but the majority of content is created by citizens. In 2006, the YourHub.com branding was franchised and sold to several markets around the country.
The [[Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting]] has embraced citizen journalism through an essay contest on the citizen journalism website [[Helium.com]] as a way to bridge the gap between professional journalists and citizen voices.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a_wgaGcHz8I|title=BBC World News - 26 Mar 2008|accessdate=2008-03-28}}</ref> The Helium writers are asked to write on the world's so-called underreported issues.
== Legal implications in the United States of America ==
The growth of online participatory journalism gives rise to the legal question of whether bloggers who gather and disseminate “news” should be classified as journalists. In light of the proposed federal reporter-shield law, the resolution of this issue will have far reaching implications for the millions of people in this country who disseminate information via blogs. In other words, are bloggers the modern day equivalent of the revolutionary pamphleteer who passed out leaflets on the street corner? These and other issues are discussed in a recent book, ''We're All Journalists Now: The Transformation of the Press and Reshaping of the Law in the Internet Age'' (Free Press 2007).
Currently, more than 30 states and the District of Columbia have enacted shield laws that allow journalists the privilege to shield their confidential sources from disclosure. These states include: Alabama, California, Colorado, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina and Tennessee.
In its landmark decision in [[Branzburg v. Hayes]], 408 U.S. 665 (1972), the [[Supreme Court of the United States|United States Supreme Court]] recognized that “the administration of a constitutional newsman’s privilege would present practical and conceptual difficulties of high order … Sooner or later it would be necessary to define those categories of newsmen who qualify for the privilege, a questionable procedure in light of the traditional doctrine that liberty of the press is the right of the lonely pamphleteer who uses carbon paper or a mimeograph just as much as the larger metropolitan publisher who utilizes the latest photocomposition methods.”
The time is fast approaching when these legal lines will have to be drawn. In recent times, bloggers have broken too many stories of national interest that mainstream media either overlooked, or decided against reporting, not to be considered legitimate news gatherers and reporters. Mass Media companies found out importance of people and have opened space on their agenda, as explained by Sebastian Perez Oyarzun ([http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UVtf5mTwftE])
Moreover, the fact that many bloggers are anonymous is of marginal importance to the question of whether they qualify as journalists. The Supreme Court has long recognized that anonymous speech is entitled to First Amendment protection. In Talley v. California, 362 U.S. 60 (1960), The Supreme Court exclaimed that “[a]nonymous pamphlets, leaflets, brochures and even books have played an important role in the progress of mankind.” Indeed the Federalist Papers were published under the pseudonym “Publius.” Accordingly, there are times and circumstances when the authorities may not compel those engaged in the dissemination of ideas to be publicly identified for the fear of identification and reprisal might deter perfectly lawful discussions of matters of public importance. See Bates v. Little Rock, 361 U.S. 516.
The way the courts deal with the myriad issues that will arise from the use of this cyber-soapbox will determine the extent to which First Amendment freedoms will flourish in the age of Internet.
== Criticisms ==
Citizen journalists may be activists within the communities they write about. This has drawn some criticism from traditional media institutions such as [[The New York Times]], which have accused proponents of public journalism of abandoning the traditional goal of [[Objectivity (journalism)|'objectivity']]. Many traditional journalists view citizen journalism with some skepticism, believing that only trained journalists can understand the exactitude and ethics involved in reporting news. See, e.g., [[Nicholas Lemann]], Vincent Maher, and Tom Grubisich.
A paper by Vincent Maher, the head of the New Media Lab at Rhodes University, outlined several weaknesses in the claims made by citizen journalists, in terms of the "three deadly E's", referring to [[ethics]], [[economics]] and [[epistemology]]. This paper has itself been criticized in the press and blogosphere.<ref name="maher">Maher, V. "[http://nml.ru.ac.za/maher/?p=6 Citizen Journalism is Dead.]" [[2005]], New Media Lab, School of Journalism & Media Studies, Rhodes University, South Africa.</ref>
An article in [[2005]] by Tom Grubisich reviewed ten new citizen journalism sites and found many of them lacking in quality and content.<ref name="grubisich">Grubisich, T. "[http://www.ojr.org/ojr/stories/051006/ Grassroots journalism: Actual content vs. shining ideal.]" [[October 6]], [[2005]], ''USC Annenberg, Online Journalism Review''.</ref> Grubisich followed up a year later with, "Potemkin Village Redux."<ref name="grubisich2006">Grubisich, T. "[http://www.ojr.org/ojr/stories/Grubisich061911/ Potemkin Village Redux.]" [[November 19]], [[2006]], ''USC Annenberg, Online Journalism Review''.</ref> He found that the best sites had improved editorially and were even nearing profitability, but only by not expensing editorial costs. Also according to the article, the sites with the weakest editorial content were able to aggressively expand because they had stronger financial resources.
Another article published on Pressthink examined Backfence, a citizen journalism site with initial three locations in the DC area, which reveals that the site has only attracted limited citizen contributions.<ref name="george">George, E. "[http://journalism.nyu.edu/pubzone/weblogs/pressthink/2005/11/30/lz_bcfc.html Guest Writer Liz George of Baristanet Reviews Backfence.com Seven Months After Launch.]" [[November 30]], [[2005]], ''Pressthink''.</ref> The author concludes that, "in fact, clicking through Backfence's pages feels like frontier land -– remote, often lonely, zoned for people but not home to any. The site recently launched for [[Arlington, Virginia]]. However, without more settlers, Backfence may wind up creating more ghost towns."
Others criticise the formulation of the term "citizen journalism" to describe the concept, as the word "citizen" has a conterminous relation to the nation-state. The fact that many millions of people are considered stateless and often without citizenship (such as refugees or immigrants without papers) limits the concept to those recognised only by governments. Additionally the global nature of many participatory media initiatives, such as the [[Independent Media Center]], makes talking of journalism in relation to a particular nation-state largely redundant as its production and dissemination do not recognise national boundaries. Some additional names given to the concept based on this analysis are '''grassroots media''', '''people's media''', or '''participatory media'''.
== See also ==
{{Wikibooks|How To Run A Newspaper}}
{{portalpar|Journalism|Portal.svg}}
{|
|
*[[Blog]]
*[[Social news]]
*[[Participatory Media]]
*[[Independent Media Center]]
*[[Local news]]
|
*[[Ohmynews]]
*[[Open source journalism]]
*[[Wikinews]]
*[[Media democracy]]
*[[Snaparazzi]]
|
*[[GroundReport]]
*AgoraVox
*[[BrooWaha]]
*[[iNorden.org]]
*[[The BOBs (weblog award)]]
*[[ScribbleSheet]]
|}
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
== External links ==
{{sisterlinks|Citizen journalism}}
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* News uncovered at UK's first citizen journalism website the-latest.com [http://www.the-latest.com]
*[http://www.cs.trincoll.edu/hfoss/wiki/TMZ_and_The_Superficial information on TMZ and the Superficial]
* [http://wiki.cyberjournalist.net/citmedia/ Citizen Media Sites Wiki]
* {{dmoz|News/Media/Participatory/|List of Participatory News Media sites}}
* [http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=List_of_citizen_journalism_websites List of citizen journalism websites] and [http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Tools_for_citizen_journalism Tools for citizen journalism] on [[SourceWatch]]
* Tools for citizen journalism on [http://www.mediaforchange.org/ mediaforchange.org]
* [http://www.cyberjournalist.net/category/citizen-media-monitor/ Citizen Media Monitor]
* [http://www.citmedia.org/ Center for Citizen Media]
* [http://www.citmedialaw.org/ The Citizen Media Law Project]
* [http://www.j-lab.org/ J-Lab: The Institute for Interactive Journalism]
* [http://www.ojr.org Online Journalism Review]
* [http://www.cyberjournalist.net/ CyberJournalist.net]
* [http://www.kcnn.org/ Knight Citizen News Network]
* [http://www.helium.com/pulitzer-contest-overview/ Pulitzer Citizen Journalism Awards]
* [http://www.fromdistance.com/includer.php?cat=1&subcat=3&lang=1 Mobile Citizen Reporter]
* [http://www.worldvoicenews.com/ World Voice]
* [http://www.pewcenter.org/ Pew Center for Civic Journalism]
* [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,2-2461174,00.html The Times - Citizen journalists who snapped the news] - 20/11/06
* [http://www.cijo.wikispaces.com CIJO]
* [http://www.cctvcambridge.org/node/685/play/ Documentary about Citizen Journalism] this documentary features bloggers Ethan Zuckerman, Lisa Williams & Steve Garfield.
* [http://www.swaberita.com First Citizen Journalism News Site in Indonesia]
* [http://www.localjournalism.net Grassroots Journalism Training]
* [http://snarkmarket.com/blog/snarkives/journalism/real_citizen_journalism/ ''Snarkmarket:'' «Real Citizen Journalism» — the exception of the ''Press Institute for Women in the Developing World''.] - Jan 9, 2007
*[http://www.cooperativeresearch.org History Commons] formerly the Center for Cooperative Research
* [http://www.thecitizensjournal.com Citizen Journalism in US]
* [http://www.citizenjournalism.gr Citizen Journalism in Greece]
* [http://www.asturiasopinion.com Citizen Journalism in Spain]
* [http://www.theonlines.co.uk/news.asp?2601 Citizen Journalism in the UK]
* [http://www.thepapr.com Citizen Journalism in the US]
* [http://www.planetpaparazzi.com Citizen Photo Journalism site]
* [http://www.cplash.com Citizen Journalism in India ]
* [http://www.hhinews.com Citizen Journalism in India ]
* [http://www.pbs.org/mt4/mt-search.cgi?tag=citizen%20journalism&blog_id=4Citizen Journalism category on MediaShift Idea Lab]
* [http://www.first2air.com Capture breaking news events using your mobile phone and stream it Live to the world]
*[http://www.soycorresponsal.com.ar/ Soy Corresponsal] (Citizen Journalism in Argentina)
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