Citizenship
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{{redirect|Citizen}}
{{Otheruses4|the rights and obligations of citizens ("civic duty" redirects here)|the 2006 film|Civic Duty (film)}}
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'''Citizenship''' is membership in a society, community, or (originally a [[city]] or town but now usually a [[country]]) and carries with it [[rights]] to political participation; a person having such membership is a '''citizen'''. Citizenship status often implies some responsibilities and duties. It is largely coterminous with [[nationality]],{{Fact|date=September 2007}} although it is possible to have a nationality without being a citizen (i.e., be legally subject to a state and entitled to its protection without having rights of political participation in it); it is also possible to have political rights without being a national of a state. In most nations, a non-citizen is a non-national and called either a ''foreigner'' or an ''alien''.
Citizenship, which is explained above, is the political rights of an individual within a society. Thus, you can have a citizenship from one country and be a national of another country. One example might be as follows: A Cuban-American might be considered a national of Cuba due to his being born there, but he could also become an American citizen through naturalization. Nationality most often derives from place of birth (i.e. ''[[jus soli]]'') and, in some cases, ethnicity (i.e. ''[[jus sanguinis]]''). Citizenship derives from a legal relationship with a state. Citizenship can be lost, as in [[denaturalization]], and gained, as in [[naturalization]].
The term [[active citizenship|''Active Citizenship'']] implies working towards the betterment of one's [[community]] through economic participation, public service, [[volunteer]] work, and other such efforts to improve life for all citizens. In this vein, [[school]]s in [[England]] provide lessons in citizenship.<ref name=dfes>{{cite web
|url=http://www.dfes.gov.uk/citizenship/
|title=Citizenship; the national curriculum for England
|publisher=British Government, Department for Children, Schools and Families
|accessdate=2007-08-09}}</ref>
In Wales the model used is [[Personal and Social Education]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://new.wales.gov.uk/publications/circular/circulars03/NAFWC132003?lang=en
|title= NAFWC 13/2003 Personal and Social Education (PSE) and Work-Related Education (WRE) in the Basic Curriculum. Education (WRE) in the Basic Curriculum.
|date=[[15 June]] [[2003]]
|publisher=Welsh Assembly Government
|accessdate=2007-06-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://new.wales.gov.uk/topics/educationandskills/policy_strategy_and_planning/schools/339214-wag/key_documents/supporting_specific_groups/personal_social_education?lang=en
|title= Personal and Social Education Framework: Key Stages 1 to 4 in Wales
|publisher=Welsh Assembly Government
|accessdate=2007-06-09}}</ref>
In the [[Republic of Ireland]] it is known as C.S.P.E. (Cival,Social and Political Education).
==Subnational citizenship==
Citizenship most usually relates to membership of the nation state, but the term can also apply at subnational level. Subnational entities may impose requirements, of residency or otherwise, which permit citizens to participate in the political life of that entity, or to enjoy benefits provided by the government of that entity. But in such cases, those eligible are also sometimes seen as "citizens" of the relevant state, province, or region. An example of this is how the fundamental basis of [[Switzerland|Swiss]] citizenship is citizenship of an individual commune, from which follows citizenship of a canton and of the Confederation.
==Honorary citizenship==
Some countries extend "honorary citizenship" to those whom they consider to be especially admirable or worthy of the distinction.
By [[Act of Congress|act of United States Congress]] and presidential assent, [[Honorary Citizen of the United States|honorary United States citizenship]] has been awarded to only six individuals.
[[Honorary Canadian citizenship]] requires the unanimous approval of [[Parliament of Canada|Parliament]]. The only people to ever receive honorary Canadian citizenship are [[Raoul Wallenberg]] posthumously in 1985, [[Nelson Mandela]] in 2001, the 14th [[Dalai Lama]] [[Tenzin Gyatso]] in 2006, and [[Aung San Suu Kyi]] in 2007.
In [[2002]] [[South Korea]] awarded honorary citizenship to Dutch football (soccer) coach [[Guus Hiddink]] who successfully and unexpectedly took the national team to the semi-finals of the [[2002 FIFA World Cup]]. Honorary citizenship was also awarded to [[Hines Ward]], a black [[Korean American]] football player, in 2006 for his efforts to minimize discrimination in Korea against half-Koreans.
American actress [[Angelina Jolie]] received an honorary [[Cambodia]]n citizenship in 2005 due to her humanitarian efforts.
Cricketers [[Matthew Hayden]] and [[Herschelle Gibbs]] were awarded honorary citizenship of [[St. Kitts and Nevis]] in March 2007 due to their record-breaking innings' in the [[2007 Cricket World Cup]].
In [[Germany]] the honorary citizenship is awarded by cities, towns and sometimes federal states. The honorary citizenship ends with the death of the honored, or, in exceptional cases, when it is taken away by the council or parliament of the city, town or state. In the case of war criminals all such honors were taken away by "Article VIII, section II, letter i of the directive 38 of the Allied Control Council for Germany" on October 12, 1946. In some cases, honorary citizenship was taken away from members of the former [[GDR]] regime, e.g. [[Erich Honecker]], after the collapse of the GDR in 1989/90.
{{Navbox
|name = Honorary Citizenship
|title = [[Honorary citizenship]] around the world
|list1 = <div>
[[Honorary_Canadian_citizenship|Canada]]{{·}}[[List_of_people_granted_honorary_French_citizenship_during_the_French_Revolution| Revolutionary France]]{{·}}[[List_of_Honorary_Citizens_of_Gyumri|Armenian town of Gyumri]]{{·}}[[List_of_Honorary_Citizens_of_Schleswig-Holstein|Schleswig-Holstein]]{{·}}[[Honorary_Citizen_of_Singapore|Singapore]]{{·}}[[Honorary_Citizen_of_the_United_States| USA]]
</small>
</div>}}
==Historical citizenship==
Historically, many states limited citizenship to only a proportion of their population, thereby creating a citizen class with political rights superior to other sections of the population, but equal with each other. The classical example of a limited citizenry was [[Athenian democracy|Athens]] where slaves, women, and resident foreigners (called [[metic]]s) were excluded from political rights. The [[Roman Republic]] forms another example (see [[Roman citizenship]]), and, more recently, the [[szlachta| nobility]] of the [[Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth]] had some of the same characteristics.
Polis citizenship
{{main|Polis}}
The first form of citizenship was based on the way people lived in the ancient Greek times, in small-scale organic communities of the polis. In those days citizenship was not seen as a public matter, separated from the private life of the individual person. The obligations of citizenship were deeply connected into one’s everyday life in the polis. To be truly human, one had to be an active citizen to the community, which Aristotle famously expressed: “To take no part in the running of the community's affairs is to be either a beast or a god!” This form of citizenship was based on obligations of citizens towards the community, rather than rights given to the citizens of the community. This was not a problem because they all had a strong affinity with the polis; their own destiny and the destiny of the community were strongly linked. Also, citizens of the polis saw obligations to the community as an opportunity to be virtuous, it was a source of honour and respect. In Athens, citizens were both ruler and ruled, important political and judicial offices were rotated and all citizens had the right to speak and vote in the political assembly.
However, an important aspect of polis citizenship was exclusivity. Citizenship in ancient Greece and Rome, as well as Medieval cities that practiced polis citizenship, was exclusive and inequality of status was widely accepted. Citizens had a much higher status than non-citizens: Women, slaves or ‘barbarians’. For example, women were seen to be irrational and incapable of political participation (although some, most notably [[Plato]], disagreed). Methods used to determine whether someone could be a citizen or not could be based on wealth (the amount of taxes one paid), political participation, or heritage (both parents had to be born in the polis).
In the Roman Empire, polis citizenship changed form: Citizenship was expanded from small scale communities to the entire empire. Romans realised that granting citizenship to people from all over the empire legitimized Roman rule over conquered areas. They also found that taxes were more easily collected and the need for expensive military power in those areas with citizenship was reduced. Citizenship in the Roman era was no longer a status of political agency; it had been reduced to a judicial safeguard and the expression of rule and law.
== School subject ==
In 2002, [[Citizenship education|Citizenship]] was introduced as a compulsory subject of the National Curriculum in all state-run schools in the [[United Kingdom]]. Some state schools offer an examination in this subject, all state schools have a statutory requirement to report student's progress in Citizenship.<ref name=dfes/>
Citizenship is not offered as a normal GCSE course in many schools. Only some schools offer this subject as a GCSE course, and this is usually not a compulsory subject. Some schools may even give students an option, whether to study Citizenship or not at GCSE. All 14-16 year-olds must study Citizenship, but there are no exams, few assessments and is quite a different subject.
Citizenship is not taught as a subject in Scottish schools, however they do teach a subject called "Modern Studies" which covers the social, political and economic study of local, national and international issues.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.msa-scotland.co.uk/
|title=Modern Studies Association
|accessdate=2007-08-09}}</ref>
It is taught in the Republic of Ireland as an exam subject for the Junior Certificate. It is known as C.S.P.E.(Cival,Social and Political Education).
== Responsibilities of citizenship ==
The legally enforceable duties of citizenship vary depending on one's country, and may include such items as:<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.ericdigests.org/2000-1/democracy.html
|title=The Concept of Citizenship in Education for Democracy
|author=Patrick, John J
|publisher=ERICDigests.org
|accessdate=2007-08-09}}</ref>
* paying taxes (although tourists and illegal aliens also pay some taxes such as sales taxes,etc)
* serving on a jury
* serving in the country's armed forces when called upon (in the US even illegal immigrants must serve in case of a [[Conscription|draft]]<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.sss.gov/FSwho.htm
|title=Who must register?
|publisher=Selective Service System of the United States
|accessdate=2007-08-21}}</ref>).
* obeying the criminal laws enacted by one's government, even while abroad.
Purely ethical and moral duties tend to include:
* demonstrating commitment and loyalty to the democratic political community and state
* constructively criticizing the conditions of political and civic life
* participating to improve the quality of political and civic life
* respecting the rights of others
* defending one's own rights and the rights of others against those who would abuse them
* exercising one's rights
==Bibliography==
* {{cite book
| last = [[Joseph Carens|Carens, Joseph]]
| year = 2000
| title = Culture, Citizenship, and Community: A Contextual Exploration of Justice as Evenhandedness
| publisher = Oxford University Press
| id = ISBN 978-0198297680
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Heater
| first = Derek
| year = 2004
| title = A Brief History of Citizenship
| publisher = NYU Press
| id = ISBN 978-0814736722
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Kymlicka
| first = Will
| year = 1995
| title = Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights
| publisher = Oxford University Press
| id = ISBN 978-0198290919
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Maas
| first = Willem
| year = 2007
| title = Creating European Citizens
| publisher = Rowman & Littlefield
| id = ISBN 978-0742554863
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Marshall
| first = T.H.
| year = 1950
| title = Citizenship and Social Class and Other Essays
| publisher = Cambridge University Press
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Smith
| first = Rogers
| year = 2003
| title = Stories of Peoplehood: The Politics and Morals of Political Membership
| publisher = Cambridge University Press
| id = ISBN 978-0521520034
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Turner
| first = Bryan S.
| year = 1994
| title = Citizenship and Social Theory
| publisher = Sage
| id = ISBN 978-0803986114
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Shue
| first = Henry
| year = 1950
| title = Basic Rights
| publisher =
| id =
}}
==See also==
*[[Blood quantum laws]]
*[[Canadians of convenience]]
*[[Citizenship education]]
*[[Citizenship of the European Union]]
*[[Global Citizen]]
*[[Global Citizens Movement]]
*[[Jus sanguinis]]
*[[Jus soli]]
*[[Multiple citizenship]]
*[[Nationality law]]
*[[Nationality law#Examples of nationality law .28Citizenship.29 in specific countries|Examples of nationality law in specific countries]]
*[[Naturalization]]
*[[Naturalization#Denaturalization|Denaturalization]]
*[[Permanent residency]]
*[[Second-class citizen]]
*[[Stateless person]]
*[[United States nationality law]] about US citizenship
*[[World citizen]]
*[[Right of foreigners to vote]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
{{wiktionary}}
*[http://europa.eu/scadplus/leg/en/lvb/l23001.htm Citizenship of the European Union]
*[http://www.ericdigests.org/2000-1/democracy.html The Concept of Citizenship in Education for Democracy]
*{{cite web
| url = http://opm.gov/extra/investigate/IS-01.pdf
| title = Citizenship Laws of the World
| accessdate = 2007-03-07
| year = 2001
| month = March
| format = pdf
| publisher = United States Office of Personnel Management Investigations Service
| archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20060404042127/http://www.opm.gov/extra/investigate/IS-01.pdf
| archivedate = 2006-04-04
}}
*[http://www.timeforcitizenship.org Time for Citizenship] A UK-based website for primary schools
*{{sep entry|citizenship|Citizenship|Dominique Leydet}}
[[Category:Human migration]]
[[Category:Nationality]]
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[[Category:Concepts (nationalism studies)]]
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