Citroën DS 266545 224361761 2008-07-08T14:50:26Z Hertz1888 4088632 /* DS in popular culture */ the punct. goes before <ref> {{Infobox Automobile |image=[[Image:1974 Citroen D-Special 02.jpg|250px|Citroën DS]] |name=Citroën DS |aka=Citroën ID |manufacturer=[[Citroën]] |production=1955-1976 |predecessor=[[Citroën Traction Avant]] |successor=[[Citroën CX]] |class=[[Mid-size]] [[luxury car]] / [[Executive car]] |body_style=4-door [[sedan]]<br>5-door Safari [[station wagon]]<br>2-door [[convertible]] |layout=[[MF layout]] |related=[[Citroën SM]] | length = {{Auto mm|4826}} (saloon)<br> {{Auto mm|4991}} (estate) | width = {{Auto mm|1791}} | height = {{Auto mm|1464}} (saloon)<br> {{Auto mm|1537}} (estate) | weight = {{Auto kg|1270}}(saloon) <br> {{Auto kg|1384}}(estate) | wheelbase = {{Auto mm|3124}} <ref name=DlyExpressLonMoShoRev1966>{{cite book |last=Cardew|first=Basil |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Daily Express Review of the 1966 Motor Show|year=1966 |publisher=Beaverbrook Newspapers Ltd |location=London |id=}}</ref> | track = | fuel_capacity = {{Convert|64|L|usgal impgal|0|abbr=on|lk=on}} |designer=[[Flaminio Bertoni]] }} [[Image:1974 Citroen DS23 Pallas.jpg|250px|thumb|1974 Citroën DS23 Pallas]] [[Image:Draaiende koplamp.jpg|250px|thumb|[[Headlamp#Dynamic Headlight Beam Control|Directional headlight]] detail of a Citroën DS21]] [[Image:Greends.jpg|250px|1968-1975 Citroën DS|thumb|Swedish-spec Citroën DS with headlight wipers]] [[Image:Citroen ds break h sst.jpg|250px|thumb|Citroën DS Break - also known as the Safari, Familiale, or Wagon]] [[Image:Citroën DS Cabrio Jarama 2006.jpg|250px|thumb|Citroën DS Convertible]] [[Image:CZCitroenDS.jpg|250px|thumb|Turn indicators were mounted in the upper corners of the rear window]] The '''Citroën DS''' (also known as '''Déesse''', or ''[[Goddess]]'', after the punning initials in French) is an [[executive car]] that was produced by the [[France|French]] manufacturer [[Citroën]] between 1955 and 1975. Citroën sold nearly 1.5 million D-series during its 20 years of production. The DS is well-known for its futuristic, aerodynamic body design, styled by the [[Italy|Italian]] sculptor and industrial designer [[Flaminio Bertoni]], and for its innovative technology, including its [[hydropneumatic]] [[self-leveling suspension]] system. The DS advanced the achievable standards in terms of [[ride quality]], roadholding, [[car handling|handling]] and braking in an automobile.<ref name="retrothing.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.retrothing.com/2007/01/citroen_ds_deca.html|title=Citroen DS - A car years ahead of its time|accessdate=2007-09-06|work=retrothing.com}}</ref> The DS came in third in the 1999 [[Car of the Century]] competition, recognizing the world's most influential auto designs. Winner and second place went to the [[Ford Model T]] and the [[Mini]]. ==Model history== {{Unreferencedsection|date=September 2007}} After 18 years of development in secret as the successor to the venerable [[Citroën Traction Avant|Traction Avant]], the ''DS 19'' was introduced on [[October 5]], [[1955]] at the [[Paris Motor Show]]. The car's appearance and innovative engineering captured the imagination of the public and the automobile industry almost overnight. In the first 15 minutes of the show 743 orders were taken, and orders for the first day totalled 12,000.<ref name="egothemag.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.egothemag.com/archives/2004/10/citroen_ds_1.htm|title=The Most Incredible Car Ever Built|accessdate=2007-09-06|work=egothemag.com}}</ref> Far from being just a fascinating technology in search of a purpose, contemporary [[journalist]]s were effusive in noting how the DS dramatically pushed the envelope in the ride vs. handling compromise possible in a motor vehicle.<ref name="motortrend.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.motortrend.com/classic/roadtests/c12_0511_1960_citroen_ds/suspension_engine.html|title=Drive: 1960 Citroen DS|accessdate=2007-09-06|work=motortrend.com}}</ref> To a France still deep in reconstruction after the devastation of [[World War II]], and also building its identity in the post-[[colonialism|colonial]] world, the DS [[motor car]] was a symbol of French ingenuity.{{Fact|date=September 2007}} It defied virtually every automotive design convention of that era.{{Or|date=September 2007}} It also posited the nation's relevance in the [[Space Age]], during the global race for technology of the [[Cold War]].{{Or|date=September 2007}} [[Structuralism|Structuralist]] philosopher [[Roland Barthes]], in an essay about the car, said that it looked as if it had "fallen from the sky".<ref name="id-ds.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.id-ds.com/PlanetD%26G/barthes.but.html|title=The New Citroen by Roland Barthes 1957|accessdate=2007-09-06|work=id-ds.com}}</ref> The high price tag, however, hurt general sales in a country still recovering from [[World War II]] 10 years earlier, and a cheaper submodel, the ID (another pun: in French, ''Idée'', or ''Idea''), was introduced in 1957. The ID shared the same body with the DS, but had more traditional features under the hood. It had no power steering (though this was added as an option later), and instead of the hydraulically controlled manual transmission and clutch, it had a conventional clutch and transmission. Interestingly, the first model series was called 11D, a clear reminder of the last model of the Traction Avant, the 11C. A [[station wagon]] variant, the ID Break, was introduced in 1958. Outside of France, the car's radical and [[wiktionary:Cosmopolitan|cosmopolitan]] [[design]] appealed to [[non-conformists]]. A [[United States]] advertisement summarised this selling point: "It takes a special person to drive a special car".{{Fact|date=September 2007}} Throughout its model lifetime, the DS managed to remain ahead of its time.{{Or|date=September 2007}} It featured power [[disc brake]]s, a [[hydropneumatic]] suspension including an automatic levelling system and [[height adjustable suspension|variable ground clearance]], [[power steering]] and a semi-[[automatic transmission]], and a [[fiberglass]] roof which reduced [[weight transfer]].{{Fact|date=September 2007}} Inboard front brakes (as well as an independent suspension) reduced unsprung weight. Different front and rear track widths and tire sizes reduced the [[understeer]] typical of front-engined and [[front-wheel drive]] cars.{{Fact|date=September 2007}} As with all French cars, the DS design was affected by the [[tax horsepower]] system, which effectively mandated very small engines. Unlike the ''Traction Avant'' predecessor, there was no top-of-range model with a powerful six cylinder engine. Despite the rather leisurely acceleration afforded by its small four-cylinder engine, the DS was successful in [[motorsport]]s like [[rallying]], where sustained speeds on poor surfaces are paramount, and won the [[Monte Carlo Rally]] in 1959 and 1966. The DS placed fifth on [[Automobile Magazine]] "100 Coolest Cars" listing in 2005.{{Fact|date=March 2008}} The DS was historically significant for many reasons, one being that it was the first [[mass production|production]] car with front [[disc brakes]].<ref name="vintagecars.about.com/internet archive">{{Cite web|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20070104231250/http://vintagecars.about.com/od/historygreatmoments/a/citroen_ds.htm|title=Citroën DS |accessdate=2007-09-06|work=vintagecars.about.com/internet archive}}</ref> ==Technical Innovation - Hydraulic System== In conventional cars, hydraulics are only used in brakes and [[power steering]]. In the DS they were also used for the suspension, clutch and transmission, although the later ID19 did have manual steering and a simplified power braking system. At a time when few passenger vehicles had [[independent suspension]] on all wheels, the application of the hydraulic system to the car's suspension system to provide a self-levelling system was an innovative move. This suspension allowed the car to achieve sharp handling combined with very comfortable [[ride quality]], frequently compared to a '[[magic carpet]]'. The system used - '[[hydropneumatic suspension]]' - was pioneered the year before, on the rear of another car from Citroën, the top of range ''Traction Avant 15CV-H''. ==Impact on Citroën brand development== The 1955 DS in one stroke cemented the Citroën brand name as an automotive innovator. In fact, the DS caused such a huge sensation that Citroën was fearful future models would not be bold enough. Other than variations on the very basic 2 cylinder economy car [[Citroën 2CV]], like the [[Citroën Ami]], no new models were introduced from 1955 to 1970. The DS was a large, expensive [[executive car]] and a downward brand extension was attempted, but without result. Throughout the late 1950s and 1960s Citroën developed many new vehicles for the very large market segments between the 2CV and the DS, occupied by vehicles like the [[Peugeot 403]], [[Renault 16]] and [[Ford Cortina]]. None made it to production. Either they had uneconomic build costs, or were ordinary "me too" cars, not up to the company's high standard of [[innovation]]. Because [[Citroën]] was owned by [[Michelin]] as a sort of research laboratory, such experimentation was possible. Citroën finally did introduce the clever [[Citroën GS]] in 1970, which sold a spectacular 2.5 million units. ==Replacing the DS==<!-- This section is linked from [[Citroën SM]] --> The DS remained popular and competitive throughout its production run. Its peak production year was 1970. Certain design elements like the somewhat narrow cabin, column mounted gear shifter, and separate [[Fender (automobile)|fender]]s began to seem a little old fashioned in the 1970s. Citroën invested enormous resources to design and launch an entirely new vehicle in 1970, the [[Citroën SM]], which was a thoroughly modernized, much wider, version of the DS. The SM construction was conceptually similar to the DS: a platform frame with many pieces spotwelded together, [[MF layout|mid-engine]], [[front wheel drive]], detachable front fenders, [[hydropneumatic suspension]], rear [[fender skirts]], and [[trailing arm]] rear suspension. On the SM, the roof and rear quarter panels were welded on. Few parts are directly interchangeable between the two cars, but the DS and SM were both assembled on the same production lines in [[Paris]]. Unlike the DS, the factory never authorized a convertible model, since Citroën felt the roof was integral to the structure of the SM. The SM had to fulfill another purpose beyond just upgrading the DS however - it also had to launch Citroën into a new [[Grand Touring]] [[market segment]]. This meant that unlike the DS, the SM was not designed to be a practical 4-door [[sedan]] suitable as a large [[family car]], the key market for vehicles of this type in [[Europe]]. Typically, manufacturers would introduce low volume [[coupé]]s based on parts shared with an existing sedan, not as unique models - a contemporary example being the [[Mercedes-Benz SLC-Class]]. The SM's high price, driven by the [[Maserati]] engine and limited utility of the 2+2 configuration, meant the SM as actually produced could not seize the mantle from the DS. The DS was finally phased out in 1976 after 1,455,746 cars were produced. The DS was replaced in the model range by the [[Citroën CX|CX]]. ==Nations assembling the DS== The majority of DS cars were built in [[Paris]], France. They were also made in the [[United Kingdom]], [[South Africa]], the former [[Yugoslavia]] (mostly Break Ambulances), and [[Australia]]. Australia constructed their own D variant in the 1960s at [[Heidelberg, Victoria]]. These are identified as the ID 19 "Parisiene." Australian market cars were all fitted with options as standard equipment like the "DSpecial DeLuxe" that were never available on domestic European models. British built cars are distinguished by their leather seats, wooden dashboards, and Lucas made electrics. Within some parts of the former [[Yugoslavia]], DS sedans are still in normal use as taxis. ==DS in the US== [[Image:1969 Citroen ID 19.jpg|250px|thumb|US-spec 1969 Citroën DS with exposed [[headlights]] ]] While the DS was a hit in Europe, it seemed rather odd in the [[United States]]. Ostensibly a luxurious car, it did not have the basic features that buyers of that era expected to find on such a vehicle - fully [[automatic transmission]], [[air conditioning]], [[power windows]] and a reasonably powerful V8 engine instead of a relatively modest 4-cylinder inline engine. The DS price point was similar to the contemporary [[Cadillac]] luxury car. Also, people at the time wanted only the newest models, which changed every year, like [[haute couture|fashion]]s, while the DS appeared vaguely derivative of the 1950 [[Hudson Motor Car#1946 - 1954|Hudson Hornet]] step-down design. Outdated US legislation also [[Trade restriction|banned]] one of the car's more advanced features, aerodynamic headlamps, now common in US automobiles. The first year of aerodynamic glass enclosing the DS's headlights, along with driving lights turned by the steering, was also the first year those features were outlawed in the US. The VW Beetle and Jaguar XKE had aerodynamic faired glass over their (fixed) headlights until the same time. The DS was sold in the United States from 1956 to 1972. Ultimately, 38,000 units were sold. ==Design variations== The DS always maintained its size and shape, with easily removable, unstressed body panels, but certain design changes did occur. A [[station wagon]] version was introduced in 1958. It was known by various names in different markets (Break in France, Safari and Familiale in the UK, Wagon in the US, and Citroën Australia used the terms Safari and Station-Wagon). It had a steel roof to support the standard roof rack. In September 1962, the DS was restyled with a more [[aerodynamics|aerodynamically]] efficient nose, better ventilation and other improvements. It retained the open two headlamp appearance, but was available with an optional set of driving lights mounted on the front fenders. In 1965 a luxury upgrade kit, the ''DS Pallas'' (after [[Greek mythology|Greek]] goddess [[Pallas]]), was introduced. This included comfort features such as better noise insulation, [[leather]] upholstery and external trim embellishments. In 1967, the DS and ID was again restyled. This version had a more streamlined [[headlights#History of automotive headlights|headlamp]] design, giving the car a notably [[shark]]-like appearance. This design had four headlights under a smooth glass canopy, and the inner set [[Headlights#Dynamic Headlight Beam Control|swivelled]] with the steering wheel. This allowed the driver to see 'around' turns, especially valuable on twisting roads driven at high speed at night. [[Image:Citroën DS Cabrio.jpg|left|thumb|200px]] However, this feature was not allowed in the US at the time (see [[World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations]]), so a version with four exposed headlights that did not swivel was made for the US market. The station wagon edition, the ''Break'' (called the ''ID Safari'' on the UK market) and "Familiale", was also upgraded. The hydraulic fluid changed in all markets (except the US) to the technically superior LHM (Liquide Hydraulique Minérale). Rarest and most [[collectible]] of all DS variants, a [[convertible]] was offered from 1958 until 1973. The convertibles were built in small series by French carrossier [[Henri Chapron]], for the Citroën factory. The DS convertibles used the break (station wagon) frame, which was reinforced on the sidemembers and rear suspension swingarm bearing box. In addition, Chapron also produced a few coupés, non-works convertibles and special sedans (DS Lorraine for instance). ==Technical Details== {{Unreferencedsection|date=September 2007}} ====Suspension==== In a [[hydropneumatic suspension]] system, each wheel is connected, not to a spring, but to a hydraulic suspension unit consisting of a [[sphere]] of about 12 cm in diameter containing pressurised [[nitrogen]], a cylinder containing hydraulic fluid screwed to the suspension sphere, a piston inside the cylinder connected by levers to the suspension itself, and a [[dashpot|damper valve]] between the piston and the sphere. A membrane in the sphere prevented the nitrogen from escaping. The motion of the wheels translated to a motion of the piston, which acted on the oil in the nitrogen cushion and provided the spring effect. The damper valve took place of the shock absorber in conventional suspensions. The hydraulic cylinder was fed with hydraulic fluid from the main pressure reservoir via a ''height corrector'', a valve controlled by the mid-position of the anti-roll bar connected to the axle. If the suspension was too low, the height corrector introduced high-pressure fluid; if it was too high, it released fluid back to the fluid reservoir. In this manner a constant ride height was maintained. A control in the cabin allowed the driver to select one of five [[height adjustable suspension|heights]]: normal riding height, two slightly higher riding heights for poor terrain, and two extreme positions for changing wheels. [The correct term ''oleopneumatic'' (''oil-air'') has never gained widespread use. ''Hydropneumatic'' (''water-air'') continues to be preferred overwhelmingly.] The DS did not have a jack for lifting the car off the ground. Instead, the hydraulic system enabled wheel changes with the aid of a simple adjustable stand. To change a flat tyre, one would adjust the suspension to its topmost setting, insert the stand into a special peg near the flat tyre, then readjust the suspension to its lowermost setting. The flat tyre would then retract upwards and hover above ground, ready to be changed. This system, used on the SM also, was superseded on the CX by a screw jack that, after the suspension was raised to the high position, lifted the tire a fraction of an inch off the ground. The DS system, while impressive to use, sometimes dropped the car quite suddenly, especially if the stand was not placed precisely or the ground was soft or unlevel. ====Source and reserve of pressure==== The central part of the hydraulic system was the high pressure pump, which maintained a pressure of between 130 and 150&nbsp;[[bar (unit)|bar]] in two ''accumulators''. These accumulators were very similar in construction to the suspension spheres. One was dedicated to the front [[brake]]s, and the other ran the other hydraulic systems. (On the simpler ID models, the front brakes operated from the main accumulator.) Thus in case of a hydraulic failure (a surprisingly infrequent occurrence), the first indication would be that the steering became heavy, followed by the gearbox not working; only later would the brakes fail. ====Hydraulic fluid==== The original hydropneumatic system used a [[vegetable oil]] ''liquide hydraulique végétal'' (LHV), similar to that used in other cars at the time. Later, Citroën changed to using a [[synthetic oil|synthetic]] fluid ''liquide hydraulique synthétique'' (LHS). Both of these had the disadvantage that they are [[Hygroscopy|hygroscopic]], as is the case with most [[brake fluid]]s. Disuse allows water to enter the hydraulic components causing deterioration and expensive maintenance work. The difficulty with hygroscopic hydraulic fluid was exacerbated in the DS/ID due to the extreme rise and fall in the fluid level in the reservoir, which went from nearly full to nearly empty when the suspension "got up" and the 6 accumulators in the system filled with fluid. With every "inhalation" of fresh moisture- (and dust-) laden air, the fluid absorbed more water. In August 1967, Citroën introduced a new [[mineral oil]]-based fluid ''liquide hydraulique minéral'' (LHM). This fluid was much less harsh on the system, and remains in use to the present day. Briefly illegal in the [[United States]] (US federal law required motor vehicle brake systems to use DoT approved brake fluid - an exception had to be granted to Citroën), LHM has since been adopted by manufacturers like [[Rolls-Royce car|Rolls-Royce]], [[Jaguar (car)|Jaguar]], [[BMW]], and [[Audi]] under various labels, like "Total," "Pentosin," and others. LHM required completely different materials for the seals. Using either fluid in the incorrect system would completely destroy the hydraulic seals very quickly. To help avoid this problem, Citroën added a bright [[green]] [[dye]] to the LHM fluid and also painted all hydraulic elements bright green. The former LHS parts were painted black. Several different hydraulic pumps were used. The DS used a seven-cylinder [[axial piston pump]] driven off two belts and delivering 175&nbsp;[[bar (unit)|bar]] of pressure. The ID19, with its simpler hydraulic system, had a single cylinder pump driven off an eccentric on the cam. ====Gearbox and clutch==== [[Image:DS interieur kleine.jpg|thumb|left|225px|Late 1960's Pallas interior with Hydraulic gear selector - mounted top right of steering column with unusual single spoke steering wheel]] The mechanical aspects of the [[gearbox]] and [[clutch]] were completely conventional and the same elements were used in the ID 19. The gear change control though, consisted of: a hydraulic gear selector, and clutch control. The speed of engagement of the clutch was controlled by: a centrifugal regulator sensing engine rpm and driven off the [[camshaft]] by a belt, the position of the [[butterfly valve]] in the carburettor (i.e. the position of the accelerator), and the brake circuit. When the brake was pressed, the engine idle speed dropped to a rpm below the clutch engagement speed, thus preventing friction while stopped in gear at traffic lights. When the brake was released, the idle speed increased to the clutch dragging speed. The car would then "creep" much like automatic transmission cars. This drop in idle throttle position also caused the car to have more engine drag when the brakes were applied even before the car slowed to the idle speed in gear, preventing the engine from "pulling" against the brakes. ====Engines==== [[Image:Citroën Schnitt-DS Motor.jpg|thumb|250px|right| Cutaway model shows engine set far back of front wheels ("[[MF layout]]") ]] The DS was designed around an [[Air-cooled engine|air cooled]] [[flat engine|flat six]] based on the design of the 2 cylinder engine of the 2CV, similar to the motor in the [[Porsche 911]]. Technical and monetary issues forced this idea to be scrapped. Thus, for such a modern car, the engine of the original DS 19 was also old-fashioned. It was derived from the engine of the 11CV [[Citroën Traction Avant|Traction Avant]] (models 11B and 11C). It was an [[Overhead valve|OHV]] four-cylinder engine with three main bearings and dry liners, and a bore of 78 mm and a stroke of 100 mm, giving a volumetric displacement of 1911 cc. The cylinder head had been reworked; the 11C had a reverse-flow cast iron cylinder head and generated 60 hp at 3800 rpm; by contrast, the DS 19 had an aluminium cross-flow head with hemispherical combustion chambers and generated 75 hp at 4500 rpm. Apart from these details, there was very little difference between the engines: even the locations of the cylinder head studs were the same, so that it was possible to put the cylinder head of a DS on a Traction Avant engine and run it. {{Fact|date=February 2007}} Like the Traction Avant, the DS had the gearbox mounted in front of the engine, with the differential in between. Thus the DS is a really a [[MF layout|mid engine front wheel drive]] car. It initially had a four-speed transmission and clutch, operated by a hydraulic controller. To change gears, the driver flicked a lever behind the steering wheel to the next position and eased-up on the accelerator pedal. The hydraulic controller disengaged the clutch, engaged the nominated gear, and re-engaged the clutch. Manual transmission control was a lower-cost option. The later and simpler ID19 also had the same gearbox and clutch, manually operated. In the 1970s a five-speed manual and 3-speed fully-automatic Borg-Warner gearbox were introduced, in addition to the original four-speed unit. The DS and ID powerplants evolved throughout its 20 year production life. The car was underpowered and faced constant mechanical changes to boost the performance of the four-cylinder engine. The initial [[engine displacement|1911 cc]] 3 main [[bearing]] engine (carried forward from the [[Citroën Traction Avant|Traction Avant]]) of the DS 19 was replaced in 1965 with the 1985 cc 5 bearing motor of the DS 19a (called DS20 from September 1969). The DS 21 was also introduced for model year 1965. This was a 2175 cc, 5 main bearing engine. This engine received a substantial increase in power with the introduction of [[Robert Bosch GmbH|Bosch]] electronic [[fuel injection]] for 1970, making the DS one of the first mass-market cars to use electronic fuel injection. Lastly, 1973 saw the introduction of the 2347 cc engine of the DS 23 in both carbureted and fuel injected forms. The DS 23 with electronic fuel injection was the most powerful production model, producing 143 horsepower. IDs and their variants went through a similar evolution, generally lagging the DS by about one year. ID models never received the DS 23 engine or fuel injection. The DS was offered with a number of transmission options, including the "Hydraulique" 4-speed semi-automatic, 4-speed and 5-speed manuals and a 3-speed [[Borg-Warner]] full-automatic. The full-automatic transmissions were intended for the US market, but as Citroën withdrew from the US in 1972, the year of highest US sales, due to constrictive road rules, most automatic DSs, being the DS 23 EFI sedans with air conditioning, were sold in [[Australia]]. ==DS in popular culture== The DS has been used in many film and television productions,<ref>[http://www.imcdb.org/vehicles.php?make=citro%EBn&model=DS IMCDb: Citroën DS in movies]</ref> has inspired artists, and was associated with the French state and French society for many years. One notable exception to this is the very English character of [[Rupert Giles]] who, in the first four seasons of [[Buffy the Vampire Slayer (TV series)|Buffy the Vampire Slayer]] TV series drove a DS.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tea With Lemon|url=http://www.inner-moppet.net/citroen/|work=Buffy fan site devoted entirely to Giles' DS|accessdate=2008-07-08}}</ref> In the post-[[World War II]] environment of the 1950s, the DS was a significant advertisement for French manufacturing and ingenuity. President [[Charles de Gaulle]] praised the unusual abilities of his unarmoured DS with saving his life during the assassination attempt at Petit-Clamart on [[August 22]], [[1962]] planned by [[Jean-Marie Bastien-Thiry]] — the shots had blown two of the tires, but the car could still escape at full speed. This event was accurately recreated for ''[[The Day of the Jackal (film)|The Day of the Jackal]]''. Other famous owners of the DS include actor [[Alec Guinness]], painter [[Marc Chagall]], [[Pope John XXIII]], historian [[Edward Douglas-Scott-Montagu, 3rd Baron Montagu of Beaulieu|the 3rd Baron Montagu of Beaulieu]], cosmonaut [[Yuri Gagarin]], and actress [[Brigitte Bardot]]. The iconic shape of the DS continues to lead to use in a number of popular music videos, TV series and films; the car is the titular subject of the film [[The Goddess of 1967]]. <!-- Please do not fill this section with trivia — items belong if significant to the CAR, rather than to the film/music/etc. --> ==DS today== The highest value so far recorded for a Citroën DS was a silver 1973 DS 23 IE 'Decapotable,' having covered only 100,000 km, that sold for EUR €176,250 ([[USD]] $209,738) at [[Christie's]] Retromobile in February 2006.<ref>http://www.ultimatecarpage.com/frame.php?file=event_item.php&rid=97</ref> The DS's beloved place in French society was demonstrated in [[Paris]] on [[October 9]] [[2005]] with a celebration of the 50th anniversary of its launch. 1,600 DS cars drove in procession past the [[Arc de Triomphe]].<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4324668.stm</ref> == Production figures for all DS models == * 1955 - 69 * 1956 - 9,868 * 1957 - 28,593 * 1958 - 52,416 * 1959 - 66,931 * 1960 - 83,205 * 1961 - 77,597 * 1962 - 83,035 * 1963 - 93,476 * 1964 - 85,379 * 1965 - 89,314 * 1966 - 99,561 * 1967 - 101,904 * 1968 - 81,860 * 1969 - 82,218 * 1970 - 103,633 * 1971 - 84,328 * 1972 - 92,483 * 1973 - 96,990 * 1974 - 40,039 * 1975 - 847<ref>John Reynolds: "Original Citroën DS", Bay View Books, 1996, page 135</ref> ==References== <div class="references-small"> <references /> </div> ==Bibliography== * "Original Citroën DS", John Reynolds, Bay View Books, 1996, ISBN 1870979710 * [[Road & Track]] magazine, USA. June, 1958 ==External links== {{Commonscat|Citroën DS}} *[http://www.citroenet.org.uk/passenger-cars/michelin/ds/ds-index.html Citroën D Series at Citroënët] *[http://p.citroen1.info/ P CITROËN DS] *[http://citcity.citroen1.info/ DS district CitCity] *[http://www1.uol.com.br/bienal/24bienal/rot/erotameoroz03c.htm ''La D.S.'' by Orozco] *[http://www.koolhaas.demon.nl/ds-english.htm Informative fan-site detailing the history and model evolution of the DS/ID] *[http://citroenid19hotrod.blogspot.com/ 1964/2006 ID 19 Hotrod] * {{imcdb vehicle|make=Citroen|model=DS|Citroen DS}} *[http://www.citroengallery.com/gallery.php?page=dsdetail Citroën Gallery DS photos] *[http://www.gilkain.net/dsen.htm The DS Spécial] {{Early Citroën vehicles}} {{Citroën}} [[Category:Citroën vehicles|DS]] [[Category:Front wheel drive vehicles]] [[Category:Industrial design examples]] [[Category:Executive cars]] [[Category:Convertibles]] [[Category:Sedans]] [[Category:Station wagons]] [[Category:Vehicles introduced in 1955]] [[Category:1950s automobiles]] [[Category:1960s automobiles]] [[Category:1970s automobiles]] [[pt:Citroën DS]] [[cs:Citroën DS]] [[da:Citroën DS]] [[de:Citroën DS]] [[el:Citroën DS]] [[fr:Citroën DS]] [[io:Citroën DS]] [[it:Citroën DS]] [[nl:Citroën ID/DS]] [[ja:シトロエン・DS]] [[pl:Citroën DS]] [[sl:Citroën DS]] [[fi:Citroën DS]] [[sv:Citroën DS]] [[tr:Citroën DS]]