Citrus
52136
219460750
2008-06-15T10:00:15Z
91.68.196.71
corrected etymology
{{otheruses}}
{{Taxobox
| name = ''Citrus''
| image = OrangeBloss wb.jpg
| image_width = 240px
| image_caption = [[Mandarin Orange]] (''Citrus reticulata'' [[cultivar]])
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| divisio = [[Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
| subclassis = [[Rosidae]]
| unranked_ordo = [[Eurosids I]]
| ordo = [[Sapindales]]
| familia = [[Rutaceae]]
| subfamilia = [[Aurantioideae]]
| tribus = [[Citreae]]
| genus = '''''Citrus'''''
| genus_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]
| subdivision_ranks = [[Species]] and [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrid]]s
| subdivision =
Important species:
* ''[[Citrus aurantifolia]]'' – Key Lime
* ''[[Citrus maxima]]'' – Pomelo
* ''[[Citrus medica]]'' – Citron
* ''[[Citrus reticulata]]'' – [[Mandarin Orange]] & [[Tangerine]]
----
Important hybrids:
* ''[[Citrus × aurantium]]'' – Bitter Orange
* ''[[Citrus × latifolia]]'' – Persian Lime
* ''[[Citrus × limon]]'' – Lemon
* ''[[Citrus × limonia]]'' – Rangpur
* ''[[Citrus × paradisi]]'' – Grapefruit
* ''[[Citrus × sinensis]]'' – Sweet Orange
See also [[#List of citrus fruits|below]] for other species and hybrids.
| synonyms =
''Eremocitrus''<br />
''Microcitrus''<br />
and see text
}}
'''''Citrus''''' is a common term and [[genus]] of [[flowering plant]]s in the family [[Rutaceae]], originating in tropical and subtropical southeast [[Asia]]. The Latin word ''citrus'' was borrowed from [[ancient Greek]] ''kedros'' "cedar, juniper" probably through [[Etruscan_language|Etruscan]]. The Romans applied the word to several different trees with fragrant foliage or wood (compare the completely unrelated [[cedar]]s)<ref>Andrews (1961)</ref>.
The [[taxonomy]] and [[systematics]] of the genus are complex and the precise number of natural [[species]] is unclear, as many of the named species are [[clonal]]ly-propagated [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrid]]s, and there is genetic evidence that even some wild, true-breeding species are of hybrid origin<ref>Nicolosi ''et al.'' (2000)</ref>. Cultivated ''Citrus'' may be derived from as few as four ancestral species. Natural and cultivated origin hybrids include commercially important [[fruit]] such as the [[orange (fruit)|orange]]s, [[grapefruit]], [[lemon]]s, some [[lime (fruit)|limes]], and some [[tangerine]]s.
Recent research has suggested that the closely related genus ''[[Fortunella]]'' (kumquats), and perhaps also ''[[Poncirus]]'' and the Australian ''Microcitrus'' and ''Eremocitrus'', should be included in ''Citrus''. In fact, most botanists now classify ''Microcitrus'' and ''Eremocitrus'' as part of the genus ''Citrus''.<ref>Nicolosi ''et al.'' (2000), Freitas de Araújo ''et al.'' (2003)</ref>
==Description==
[[Image:Citrus fruits.jpg|thumb|left|Slices of various citrus fruits]]
These plants are large [[shrub]]s or small [[tree]]s, reaching 5–15 m tall, with [[Spine (botany)|spiny]] shoots and alternately arranged [[evergreen]] [[leaf|leaves]] with an entire margin. The [[flower]]s are solitary or in small [[corymb]]s, each flower 2–4 cm diameter, with five (rarely four) white petals and numerous stamens; they are often very strongly scented. The [[fruit]] is a ''[[hesperidium]]'', a specialised berry, globose to elongated, 4–30 cm long and 4–20 cm diameter, with a leathery rind surrounding segments or "liths" filled with pulp [[vesicle]]s. The genus is commercially important as many species are cultivated for their fruit, which is eaten fresh or pressed for [[juice]]. {{Fact|date=April 2008}}
Citrus fruits are notable for their fragrance, partly due to [[flavonoids]] and [[limonoids]] (which in turn are [[terpene]]s) contained in the rind, and most are juice-laden. The juice contains a high quantity of [[citric acid]] giving them their characteristic sharp flavour. They are also good sources of [[vitamin C]] and [[flavonoid]]s.
== Cultivation ==
{{further|[[Citrus production]]}}
[[Image:Limes.jpg|thumb|right|[[Persian Lime]]s in a grocery store.]]
Citrus trees [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrid]]ise very readily - depending on the [[pollen]] source, plants grown from a [[Persian Lime]]'s seeds can produce fruit similar to grapefruit. Thus all commercial citrus cultivation uses trees produced by [[grafting]] the desired fruiting [[cultivar]]s onto rootstocks selected for disease resistance and hardiness.
The colour of citrus fruits only develops in climates with a ([[diurnal]]) cool winter. In tropical regions with no winter, citrus fruits remain green until maturity, hence the tropical "green oranges". The [[Persian Lime]] in particular is extremely sensitive to cool conditions, thus it is usually never exposed to cool enough conditions to develop a mature colour. If they are left in a cool place over winter, the fruits will actually change to a yellow colour. Many citrus fruits are picked while still green, and ripened while in transit to supermarkets.
Citrus trees are not generally frost hardy. [[Mandarin Orange]]s (''C. reticulata'') tend to be the hardiest of the common ''Citrus'' species and can withstand short periods down to as cold as −10 °C, but realistically temperatures not falling below −2 °C are required for successful cultivation. Tangerines, tangors and [[yuzu]] can be grown outside even in regions with more marked sub-zero degrees in winter, although this may affect fruit quality. A few hardy hybrids can withstand temperatures well below freezing, but do not produce quality fruit. Lemons can be commercially grown in cooler-summer/moderate-winter coastal Southern California, because sweetness is neither attained nor expected in retail lemon fruit. The related [[Trifoliate Orange]] (''Poncirus trifoliata'') can survive below −20 °C; its fruit are astringent and inedible unless cooked but a few better-tasting cultivars and hybrids have been developed (see [[citrange]]s).
The trees do best in a consistently sunny, humid environment with fertile soil and adequate rainfall or irrigation. Older 'abandoned' ''Citrus'' in low valleyland may suffer, yet survive, the dry summer of Central California's [[Inner Coast Range]]s. At any age Citrus grows well enough with infrequent irrigation in partial/understory shade, but the fruit crop is smaller. Though broadleaved, they are evergreen and do not drop leaves except when stressed. The [[Plant stem|stems]] of many varieties have large sharp [[Spine (botany)|thorns]]. The trees flower in the spring, and fruit is set shortly afterward. Fruit begins to ripen in fall or early winter months, depending on cultivar, and develops increasing sweetness afterward. Some cultivars of tangerines ripen by winter. Some, such as the grapefruit, may take up to eighteen months to ripen.
Major commercial citrus growing areas include southern [[China]], the [[Mediterranean Basin]] (including southern [[Spain]]), [[South Africa]], [[Australia]], the southernmost [[United States]], and parts of [[South America]]. In the [[United States|U.S.]], [[Florida]], [[California]], [[Arizona]], and [[Texas]] are major producers, while smaller plantings are present in other [[Sun Belt]] states.
===As ornamental plants===
Citrus trees grown in tubs and wintered under cover were a feature of [[History of gardens|Renaissance gardens]], once glass-making technology enabled sufficient expanses of clear glass to be produced. An [[orangery]] was a feature of royal and aristocratic residences through the 17th and 18th centuries. The ''Orangerie'' at the [[Louvre|Palace of the Louvre]], 1617, inspired imitations that were not eclipsed until the development of the modern greenhouse in the 1840s. In the United States the earliest surviving orangery is at the [[Mount Airy, Richmond County, Virginia|Tayloe House, Mount Airy, Virginia]]. George Washington had an orangery at [[Mount Vernon]].
Some modern hobbyists still grow dwarf citrus in containers or greenhouses in areas where it is too cold to grow it outdoors. Consistent climate, sufficient sunlight, and proper watering are crucial if the trees are to thrive and produce fruit. Compared to many of the usual "green shrubs", citrus trees better tolerate poor container care. For cooler winter areas, [[Lime (fruit)|lime]]s and [[lemon]]s should not be grown, since they are more sensitive to winter cold than other citrus fruits. Hybrids with [[kumquat]]s (× ''[[Citrofortunella]]'') have good cold resistance.
=== Pests and diseases ===
{{Main|List of citrus diseases}}
''Citrus'' plants are very liable to infestation by [[aphid]]s, [[whitefly]] and [[scale insect]]s (e.g. [[California red scale]]). Also rather important are the viral infections to which some of these [[ectoparasite]]s serve as [[vector (biology)|vectors]] such as the aphid-transmitted ''[[Citrus tristeza virus]]'' which when unchecked by proper methods of control is devastating to citrine plantations.
European brown snails (''[[Helix aspersa]]'') can be a problem in California, though laying female [[Khaki Campbell]] and other [[Mallard]]-based [[duck]]s can be used for control.
The foliage is also used as a food plant by the [[larva]]e of [[Lepidoptera]] ([[butterfly]] and [[moth]]) species such as the [[Geometridae]] ''Hemithea aestivaria'' ([[Common Emerald]]) and ''Gymnoscelis rufifasciata'' ([[Double-striped Pug]]), or the [[Arctiidae]] ''Hypercompe scribonia'' ([[Giant Leopard Moth]]), ''[[Hypercompe eridanus|H. eridanus]]'', ''[[Hypercompe icasia|H. icasia]]'' and ''[[Hypercompe indecisa|H. indecisa]]''.
=== Production ===
{| border="1" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" width="100%" class="wikitable" align=left style="clear:left"
! colspan=5|Top Ten Citrus Producers — 2005
|-
! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="30%" | Country
! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="25%" | Production (Int $1000)
! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="10%" | Footnote
! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="25%" | Production (MT)
! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="10%" | Footnote
|-
| {{NGA}} || 1,167,400 || C || 3,250,000 || F
|-
| {{PRC}} || 387,936 || C || 1,135,000 || F
|-
| {{GIN}} || 75,432 || C || 210,000 || F
|-
| {{SYR}} || 71,840 || C || 200,000 || F
|-
| {{JPN}} || 64,656 || C || 180,000 || F
|-
| {{SAU}} || 50,288 || C || 140,000 || F
|-
| {{KEN}} || 46,696 || C || 130,000 || F
|-
| {{IND}} || 31,610 || C || 88,000 || F
|-
| {{SLE}} || 30,532 || C || 85,000 || F
|-
| {{AGO}} || 28,018 || C || 78,000 || F
|-
|colspan=5 style="font-size:.7em"|No symbol = official figure,F = FAO estimate, * = Unofficial figure, C = Calculated figure;<br>
Production in Int $1000 have been calculated based on 1999-2001 international prices<br>
Source: [http://www.fao.org/es/ess/top/commodity.html?lang=en&item=512&year=2005 Food And Agricultural Organization of United Nations: Economic And Social Department: The Statistical Devision]
|}
{{-}}
== Uses ==
=== Culinary ===
[[Image:NIH citrus.jpg|thumb|right|Slices of pink [[grapefruit]], [[Lime (fruit)|lime]], [[lemon]] and [[Orange (fruit)|orange]] (clockwise from top)]]
Many citrus fruits, such as [[orange (fruit)|oranges]], [[tangerine]]s, [[grapefruit]]s, and [[clementine]]s, are generally eaten fresh. They are typically peeled and can be easily split into segments. Grapefruit is more commonly halved and eaten out of the skin with a spoon. There are special spoons ([[grapefruit spoons]]) with serrated tips designed for this purpose. Orange and grapefruit juices are also very popular [[breakfast]] beverages. More astringent citrus, such as [[lemons]] and [[Lime (fruit)|limes]] are generally not eaten on their own. [[Meyer Lemon]]s can be eaten 'out of hand' with the fragant skin; they are both sweet and sour. [[Lemonade]] or [[limeade]] are popular beverages prepared by diluting the juices of these fruits and adding sugar. Lemons and limes are also used as garnishes or in cooked dishes. Their juice is used as an ingredient in a variety of dishes; it can commonly be found in salad dressings and squeezed over cooked meat or vegetables. A variety of flavours can be derived from different parts and treatments of citrus fruits. The [[peel (fruit)|rind]] and [[essential oil|oil]] of the fruit is generally very bitter, especially when cooked. The fruit pulp can vary from sweet and tart to extremely sour. [[Marmalade]], a condiment derived from cooked orange and lemon, can be especially bitter. Lemon or lime is commonly used as a [[garnish (food)|garnish]] for water, soft drinks, or cocktails. Citrus juices, rinds, or slices are used in a variety of mixed drinks. The colourful outer skin of some citrus fruits, known as [[zest (ingredient)|zest]], is used as a flavouring in cooking; the white inner portion of the peel, the pith, is usually avoided due to its bitterness. The zest of a citrus fruit, typically lemon or an orange, can also be soaked in water in a [[coffee filter]], and drunk.
=== Medical ===
Citrus juice also has medical uses; lemon juice is used to relieve the pain of [[bee sting]]s. The orange is also used in [[vitamin C]] [[pills]], which prevents [[scurvy]]. Scurvy is caused by vitamin C deficiency, and can be prevented by having 10 milligrams of vitamin C a day. An early sign of scurvy is fatigue. If ignored, later symptoms are bleeding and bruising easily. After consumption, the peel is sometimes used as a facial cleanser.
Before the development of [[fermentation]]-based processes, lemons were the primary commercial source of [[citric acid]].
== List of citrus fruits ==<!-- This section is linked from [[List of fruits]] -->
[[Image:Cedri BMK.jpg|thumb|right|[[Citron]]s for sale in [[Germany]].]]
[[Image:Citrus australasica red whole.jpg|thumb|right|Red [[Finger Lime]], a rare delicacy from [[Australia]].]]
[[Image:Sweetie (Citrus).jpg|thumb|right|Sweetie or [[Oroblanco]].]]
[[Image:Clementinepeeled.jpg|thumb|right|[[Clementine]]s have thinner skins than oranges.]]
[[Image:Citrus unshiu-温州蜜柑-2.jpg|thumb|right|[[Mikan]], also known as satsumas.]]
[[Image:Ambersweet oranges.jpg|thumb|right|[[Sweet oranges]] are used in many foods.]]
[[Image:Citrus hystrix dsc07772.jpg|thumb|right|A batch of [[kaffir lime]]s.]]
[[Image:Lemon-edit1.jpg|right|thumb|[[Lemon]]s, whole and in sections.]]
The genus ''Citrus'' has been suggested to originate in [[Southeast Asia]]. Prior to human cultivation, it consisted of just a few species:
* [[Papeda]]s
** ''[[Citrus aurantifolia]]'' – [[Key Lime]], from [[India]]
** ''[[Citrus halimii]]'', from [[Thailand]] and [[Malay Peninsula|Malaya]]
** ''[[Citrus maxima]]'' – [[Pomelo]] (pummelo, shaddock), from the [[Malay Archipelago]]
** ''[[Citrus medica]]'' – [[Citron]], from [[India]]
** ''[[Citrus reticulata]]'' – [[Mandarin orange]]s, from [[China]]
* [[Australian lime]]s
** ''[[Citrus australasica]]'' – [[Finger Lime]] - sometimes separated in ''Microcitrus''
** ''[[Citrus australis]]'' – [[Australian Round Lime]] - sometimes separated in ''Microcitrus''
** ''[[Citrus glauca]]'' – [[Desert Lime]] - sometimes separated in ''Eremocitrus''
:and 3 other ''Microcitrus''
===Hybrids and cultivars===
Sorted by parentage. As each is the product of (at least) two parent species, they are listed mutliple times.
* ''Citrus maxima''-based
** [[Amanatsu]], natsumikan – ''Citrus × natsudaidai'' (''C. maxima'' × unknown)
**[[limequat]]
**[[fortunella margareta]]
** [[Grapefruit]], ''Citrus × paradisi'' (''C. maxima'' × ''C. × sinensis'')
** [[Imperial Lemon]] (''C. × limon × C. × paradisi'')
** [[Minneola Tangelo]] (''C. reticulata × ''C. × paradisi'')
** [[Orangelo]], Chironja (''C. × paradisi'' × ''C. × sinensis'')
** [[Oroblanco]], [[Sweetie (fruit)|Sweetie]] (''C. maxima × C. × paradisi'')
** [[Sweet Orange]] – ''Citrus × sinensis'' (probably ''C. maxima'' × ''C. × reticulata'')
** [[Tangelo]] – ''Citrus × tangelo'' (''C. reticulata × ''C. maxima'' or ''C. × paradisi'')
** [[Tangor]] – ''Citrus × nobilis'' (''C. reticulata'' × ''C. × sinensis'')
** [[Ugli]] (''C. reticulata'' × ''C. maxima'' or ''C. × paradisi'')
** [[Wilking]] (''C. × nobilis × C. × deliciosa'')
* ''Citrus medica''-based
** [[Buddha's Hand]] – ''Citrus medica'' var. ''sarcodactylus''
** [[Etrog]]
** [[Fernandina (fruit)|Fernandina]] – ''[[Citrus × limonimedica]]'' (probably ''C. medica'' × ''C. × limon'')
** [[Ponderosa Lemon]] (probably ''C. medica'' × ''C. × limon'')
* ''Citrus reticulata''-based
** [[Bergamot Orange]], Seville Orange – ''Citrus × aurantium'' ssp. ''bergamia'' or ''Citrus × bergamia''
** [[Bitter Orange]] – ''Citrus × aurantium''
** [[Blood Orange]] – ''Citrus × sinensis'' [[cultivars]]
** [[Cam sành]] (''C. reticulata'' × ''C. × sinensis'')
** [[Chinotto]] – ''Citrus × aurantium'' var. ''myrtifolia'' or ''Citrus × myrtifolia''
** [[ChungGyun]]
** [[Clementine]] – ''Citrus × clementina''
** [[Cleopatra Mandarin]] – ''[[Citrus × reshni]]''
** [[Dekopon]] – ''Citrus reticulata'' cv. 'Siranui' (Kiyomi × Ponkan)
** [[Daidai]] – ''Citrus × aurantium'' var. ''daidai'' or ''Citrus × daidai''
** [[Grapefruit]], ''Citrus × paradisi'' (''C. maxima'' × ''C. × sinensis'')
** [[Hermandina]]
** [[Imperial Lemon]] (''C. × limon × C. × paradisi'')
** [[Kinnow]]
** [[Meyer Lemon]], Valley Lemon – ''Citrus × meyeri'' (''C. × limon × C. × paradisi'' or ''C. × sinensis'')
** [[Michal Mandarin]]
** [[Mikan]], satsuma – ''Citrus × unshiu''
** [[Minneola Tangelo]] (''C. reticulata × ''C. × paradisi'')
** [[Nova Mandarin]]
** [[Orangelo]], [[Chironja]] (''C. × paradisi'' × ''C. × sinensis'')
** [[Oroblanco]], [[Sweetie (fruit)|Sweetie]] (''C. maxima × C. × paradisi'')
** [[Ponkan]]
** [[Rangpur (fruit)|Rangpur]], Lemanderin, Mandarin Lime – ''Citrus × limonia'' (''C. reticulata'' × ''C. × limon)
** [[Sweet Orange]] – ''Citrus × sinensis'' (probably ''C. maxima'' × ''C. × reticulata'')
** [[Tangelo]] – ''Citrus × tangelo'' (''C. reticulata × ''C. maxima'' or ''C. × paradisi'')
** [[Tangerine]]
** [[Tangor]] – ''Citrus × nobilis'' (''C. reticulata'' × ''C. × sinensis'')
** [[Ugli]] (''C. reticulata × ''C. maxima'' or ''C. × paradisi'')
** [[Wilking]] (''C. × nobilis × C. × deliciosa'')
** [[Willow Leaf]] – ''[[Citrus × deliciosa]]''
** [[Yuzu]] – ''Citrus × junos'' (''C. reticulata'' × ''C. × ichangensis'')
* Unresolved
** [[Alemow]], Colo – ''[[Citrus × macrophylla]]''
** [[Djeruk limau]] – ''[[Citrus × amblycarpa]]''
** [[Gajanimma]], [[Carabao Lime]] – ''[[Citrus × pennivesiculata]]''
** [[Ichang Lemon]], Ichang papeda – ''Citrus × ichangensis''
** [[Imperial Lemon]] (''C. × limon × C. × paradisi'')
** [[Iyokan]], anadomikan
** [[Kabosu]] – ''Citrus × sphaerocarpa''
** [[Kaffir Lime]], makrut – ''Citrus × hystrix''
** [[Khasi Papeda]] – ''[[Citrus × latipes]]''
** [[Lemon]] – ''Citrus × limon''
** [[Limetta]], Sweet Lemon, Sweet Lime, mosambi – ''Citrus × limetta''
** [[Omani Lime]]
** [[Palestine Sweet Lime]] – ''[[Citrus × limettioides]]''
** [[Persian lime]], Tahiti Lime – ''Citrus × latifolia''
** [[Rough Lemon]] – ''[[Citrus × jambhiri]]''
** [[Shekwasha]], Hirami Lemon, Taiwan Tangerine – ''Citrus × depressa''
** [[Sudachi]] – ''Citrus × sudachi''
** [[Sunki (fruit)|Sunki]], [[Suenkat]] – ''[[Citrus × sunki]]''
** [[Tachibana Orange]]
** [[Volkamer Lemon]] – ''[[Citrus × volkameriana]]''
For hybrids with [[kumquat]]s, see × ''[[Citrofortunella]]''. For hybrids with the [[Trifoliate Orange]], see [[citrange]].
== See also ==
*[[Japanese citrus]]
==Footnotes==
{{Reflist}}
== References ==<!-- Revista Brasileira de Zoologia 22 (1): 51–59, março 2005 -->
* {{aut|Andrews, A.C.}} (1961): Acclimatization of citrus fruits in the Mediterranean region. ''Agricultural History'' '''35'''(1): 35-46.
* {{aut|Calabrese, Francesco}} (2002): Origin and history. ''In: {{aut|Dugo, Giovanni & Di Giacomo, Angelo (eds.)}} (2002): ''Citrus''. Taylor & Francis. <small>ISBN 0-415-28491-0</small>
* {{aut|de Araújo, E. Freitas; de Queiroz, L. Paganucci & Machado, M.A.}} (2003): What is ''Citrus''? Taxonomic implications from a study of cp-DNA evolution in the tribe Citreae (Rutaceae subfamily Aurantioideae). ''Organisms Diversity & Evolution'' '''3'''(1): 55-62. <small>{{doi|10.1078/1439-6092-00058}}</small> (HTML abstract)
* {{aut|Ellis, R.H.; Hong, T.D. & Roberts, E.H.}} (1985): Chapter 64. Rutaceae. ''In: Handbook of Seed Technology for Genebanks'' (Volume II: Compendium of Specific Germination Information and Test Recommendations). International Board for Plant Genetic Resources, Rome, Italy. [http://www.bioversityinternational.org/publications/Web_version/52/ch49.htm#CHAPTER%2064.%20RUTACEAE HTML fulltext]
* {{aut|Frison, E.A. & Taher, M.M. (eds.)}} (1991): ''FAO/IBPGR Technical Guidelines for the Safe Movement of Citrus Germplasm''. FAO, IOCV, IPGRI. [http://www.bioversityinternational.org/Publications/Pdf/501.pdf PDF fulltext]
* {{aut|International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI)}} (1999): Descriptors for Citrus (''Citrus spp.''). [http://www.bioversityinternational.org/Publications/Pdf/359.pdf PDF fulltext]
* {{aut|Janick, Jules}} (2005): [[Purdue University]] Tropical Horticulture Lecture 32: [http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/tropical/lecture_32/lec_32.html Citrus]
* {{aut|Luro, F.; Laigret, F.; Bové, J.M. & Ollitrault, P.}} (1995): RFLP analysis of cytoplasmic and nuclear genomes used for citrus taxonomy. ''In: Mandarines - développements scientifiques récents, résumés oraux et posters'': 12-13. CIRAD-FLHOR, San Nicolao, France. [http://www.corse.inra.fr/pub95/p95sr10.htm HTML abstract]
* {{aut|Molina, A.B.; Roa, V.N.; Bay-Petersen, J.; Carpio, A.T. & Joven, J.E.A. (eds.)}} (2000): ''Citrus, Proceedings of a regional workshop on disease management of banana and citrus through the use of disease-free planting materials held in Davao City, Philippines, 14-16 October 1998''. INIBAP. [http://www.bioversityinternational.org/Publications/Pdf/712.pdf PDF fulltext]
* {{aut|Nicolosi, E.; Deng, Z.N.; Gentile, A.; La Malfa, S.; Continella, G. & Tribulato, E.}} (2000): ''Citrus'' phylogeny and genetic origin of important species as investigated by molecular markers. ''Theoretical and Applied Genetics'' '''100'''(8): 1155-1166. <small>{{doi|10.1007/s001220051419}}</small> (HTML abstract)
* {{aut|Sackman. Douglas Cazaux}} (2005): ''Orange Empire: California and the Fruits of Eden''.
* {{aut|University of California Division of Agricultural Sciences (UC-DAS)}} (1967-1989): ''The Citrus Industry''. [http://lib.ucr.edu/agnic/webber/ HTML fulltext of Vol. 1, 2, & Vol. 5, Chapter 5]
== External links ==
{{commonscat}}
{{wikispecies}}
* [http://culturesheet.org/rutaceae:citrus Culture & Care for the genus Citrus] on CultureSheet.org
* [http://www.crec.ifas.ufl.edu/index.htm Citrus Research and Education Center] of [[IFAS]](largest citrus research center in world)
* [http://www.grcp.ucdavis.edu/publications/doc22/Appx.pdf Citrus Variety Collection by the University of California]
* [http://www.uga.edu/fruit/citrus.html Citrus] (Mark Rieger, Professor of Horticulture, University of Georgia)
* [http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Citrus_1.html Sorting Citrus names]
* [http://www.fundecitrus.com.br/english/menu_us.html Fundecitrus - Fund for Citrus Plant Protection] is an organization of citrus [[Brazil]]ian producers and processors.
* [http://www.homecitrusgrowers.co.uk/poncirustrifoliata/poncirus.html Home Citrus Growers]
* [http://www.citrustreesonline.com/ Buy Citrus Trees Online]
[[Category:lists of foods|Citrus fruits]]
[[Category:lists of plants]]
[[Category:Citrus|*]]
[[ar:حمضيات]]
[[ca:Cítric]]
[[cs:Citrus]]
[[da:Citrus]]
[[de:Zitruspflanzen]]
[[et:Tsitrus]]
[[es:Citrus]]
[[eo:Citruso]]
[[fr:Citrus]]
[[gl:Cítrico]]
[[ko:귤속]]
[[hsb:Citrusowe płody]]
[[hr:Citrus]]
[[it:Citrus]]
[[he:הדרים]]
[[lt:Citrinmedis]]
[[jbo:nimre]]
[[nl:Citrusvrucht]]
[[ja:柑橘類]]
[[no:Sitrusfrukt]]
[[pl:Cytrus]]
[[pt:Citrus]]
[[ru:Цитрусовые]]
[[sq:Citrus]]
[[simple:Citrus]]
[[sl:Citrus]]
[[sr:Цитрус]]
[[fi:Sitruspuut]]
[[sv:Citrussläktet]]
[[th:สกุลส้ม]]
[[vi:Chi Cam chanh]]
[[tr:Narenciye]]
[[uk:Цитрус]]
[[zh:柑橘属]]