Citrus production 469300 207190281 2008-04-21T19:50:03Z ClueBot 4928500 Reverting possible vandalism by [[Special:Contributions/99.244.161.191|99.244.161.191]] to version by Gene Nygaard. False positive? [[User:ClueBot/FalsePositives|Report it]]. Thanks, [[User:ClueBot]]. (332097) (Bot) [[Image:belize36.jpg|right|thumb|Gathering oranges in [[Cayo District|Cayo]], [[Belize]]]] '''Citrus fruits''' are the highest value fruit crop in terms of international trade. There are two main [[market]]s for [[citrus]] [[fruit]]: * the fresh fruit market * the processed citrus fruits market (mainly orange juice) Most citrus production is accounted for by [[orange (fruit)|orange]]s, but significant quantities of [[grapefruit]]s, [[pomelo]]es, [[lemon]]s and [[lime (fruit)|lime]]s are also grown. ==History== While the origin of citrus fruits cannot be precisely identified, researchers believe they began to appear in southeast Asia around 4000BC. From there, they slowly spread to northern [[Africa]], mainly through migration and trade. During the period of the [[Roman Empire]] demand by higher-ranking members of society, along with increased trade, allowed the fruits to spread to southern Europe. Citrus fruits spread throughout Europe during the [[Middle Ages]], and were then brought to the Americas by Spanish explorers. Worldwide trade in citrus fruits didn't appear until the [[1800]]s and trade in orange juice developed as late as [[1940]].<ref name=history>{{cite book|author=H. John Webber|date=1967|title=History and Development of the Citrus Industry|publisher=University of California Division of Agricultural Sciences|url=http://lib.ucr.edu/agnic/webber/}}</ref> ==Volume== Total production and consumption of citrus fruit has grown strongly since the [[1980]]s. Current annual worldwide citrus production is estimated at over 105 million [[ton]]s, with more than half of this being oranges. According to the [[United Nations Conference on Trade and Development]] (UNCTAD), the rise in citrus production is mainly due to the increase in [[tillage|cultivation]] areas, improvements in transportation and packaging, rising incomes and [[consumer]] [[preference]] for healthy foods. This trend is projected to change from [[2000]] to [[2010]] since the high production levels have slowed the rate of new plantings.<ref name=history/> == Countries involved == {{cleanup|section|date=March 2008}}<!--needs tables for major citrus crops, too--> Citrus fruits are produced all over the world. According to UNCTAD, in 2004 there were 140 citrus producing countries. Around 70% of the world's total citrus production is grown in the [[Northern Hemisphere]], in particular [[Brazil]], countries around the [[Mediterranean]] and the [[United States]]. In the United States, citrus fruits for consumption as fresh fruit are mainly grown in [[California]], [[Arizona]] and [[Texas]], while most orange juice and grapefruit is produced in [[Florida]]).<ref name=us>{{cite web|url=http://www.fas.usda.gov/htp/horticulture/citrus/2004%20Citrus.pdf|format=pdf|title=USDA - U.S and the World Situation: Citrus|author=USDA Foreign Agricultural Service}}</ref> [[China]] could be a major player in the orange juice and processed citrus markets, except for high tariffs on citrus that make domestic sale more profitable. Though citrus originated in southeast [[Asia]], current citrus production is low due to lower than average yields, high production and marketing costs and problems with disease.<ref name=asia>{{cite web|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20061007163603/http://www.agnet.org/library/article/ac1996c.html|title=Citrus Production in Asia|author=Cheju Citrus Research Institute, Korea|publisher=Asian Studies on the Pacific Coast}}</ref> Citrus production in most of [[Europe]] continues to decline, although the [[clementine]]s produced by [[Spain]] are increasing in popularity among consumers.<ref name=spread>{{cite book|author=Thomas H. Spreen|title=Projections of World Production and Consumption of Citrus to 2010|url=http://www.fao.org/documents/show_cdr.asp?url_file=/DOCREP/003/X6732E/x6732e02.htm}}</ref> {| border="1" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" width="100%" class="wikitable" align=left style="clear:left" ! colspan=5|Top Ten Producers of Citrus other than Grapefruit and Pomelos, Oranges, etc. — 2005 |- ! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="30%" | Country ! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="25%" | Production (Int $1000) ! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="10%" | Footnote ! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="25%" | Production (MT) ! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="10%" | Footnote |- | {{NGA}} ||align="right"| 1,167,400 || C ||align="right"| 3,250,000 || F |- | {{PRC}} ||align="right"| 387,936 || C ||align="right"| 1,135,000 || F |- | {{GIN}} ||align="right"| 75,432 || C ||align="right"| 210,000 || F |- | {{SYR}} ||align="right"| 71,840 || C ||align="right"| 200,000 || F |- | {{JPN}} ||align="right"| 64,656 || C ||align="right"| 180,000 || F |- | {{SAU}} ||align="right"| 50,288 || C ||align="right"| 140,000 || F |- | {{KEN}} ||align="right"| 46,696 || C ||align="right"| 130,000 || F |- | {{IND}} ||align="right"| 31,610 || C ||align="right"| 88,000 || F |- | {{SLE}} ||align="right"| 30,532 || C ||align="right"| 85,000 || F |- | {{AGO}} ||align="right"| 28,018 || C ||align="right"| 78,000 || F |- |colspan=5 style="font-size:.7em"|No symbol = official figure,F = FAO estimate, * = Unofficial figure, C = Calculated figure;<br> Production in Int $1000 have been calculated based on 1999-2001 international prices<br> Source: [http://www.fao.org/es/ess/top/commodity.html?lang=en&item=512&year=2005 Food And Agricultural Organization of United Nations: Economic And Social Department: The Statistical Devision] |} {{-}} == Oranges and orange juice == About a third of citrus fruit production goes for processing: more than 80% of this is for orange juice production. Demand for fresh and processed oranges continues to rise in excess of production, especially in developed countries. The two main players are Florida in the United States and [[São Paulo]] in Brazil. Production of orange juice between these two makes up roughly 85 percent of the world market. Brazil exports 99 percent of its production, while 90 percent of Florida’s production is consumed in the US.<ref name=us/> Orange juice is traded internationally in the form of frozen concentrated orange juice to reduce the volume used, so that storage and transportation costs are lower.<ref name=spread/> == Citrus canker == {{main|Citrus canker}} Citrus production is often cut short in many areas by outbreaks of bacteria known as ''Xanthomonas axonopodis'', or [[Citrus canker]], which cause unsightly lesions on all parts of the plant, affecting tree vitality and early drop of fruit. While not harmful to human consumption, the fruit becomes too unsightly to be sold, and entire orchards are often destroyed to protect the outbreak from spreading.<ref name="gottwald2002">Gottwald, T.R, Graham, J.H. and Schubert, J.S. (2002). [http://www.apsnet.org/online/feature/citruscanker/ Citrus canker: The pathogen and its impact]. Online. ''Plant Health Progress'' doi:10.1094/PHP-2002-0812-01-RV</ref> Citrus canker affects all varieties of citrus trees, and recent outbreaks in [[Australia]], [[Brazil]] and the [[United States]] have slowed citrus production in parts of those countries. == References == {{reflist}} ==External links== * [http://www.usda.gov/nass/ U.S. National Agriculture Statistics Service] * [http://r0.unctad.org/infocomm/anglais/orange/market.htm UNCTAD report]; [http://r0.unctad.org/infocomm/anglais/orange/characteristics.htm History and Characteristics of Citrus] [[Category:Horticulture]] [[Category:Citrus]]