Civil liberties
37476
220733280
2008-06-21T09:07:41Z
TomChatt
1736086
corrected amusing typo: the right to bear arms is probably more controversial than the right to "bare arms", except perhaps under Sharia law
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[[Image :Li-ber-ty.jpg|thumb| |Broken Liberty: Istanbul Archaeology Museum.]]
'''Civil liberties''' are [[Freedom (political)|freedoms]] that protect the individual from government to a certain extent. Civil liberties set limits for government so that it cannot abuse its power and interfere with the lives of its citizens.
Common civil liberties include [[freedom of association]], [[freedom of assembly]], [[freedom of religion]], and [[freedom of speech]], and additionally, the right to [[due process]], to [[Right to a fair trial|fair trial]], to own [[property]] and to [[privacy]].
The formal concept of civil liberties dates back to the [[Magna Carta]] of 1215 which in turn was based on pre-existing documents.
Republics or democracies such as the United States have a [[Constitution]], a [[bill of rights]] and similar constitutional documents that enumerate and seek to guarantee civil liberties. Other states have enacted similar laws through a variety of legal means, including signing and ratifying or otherwise giving effect to key conventions such as the [[European Convention on Human Rights]] and the [[International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights]].
It might be said that the protection of civil liberties is a key responsibility of all [[citizenship|citizens]] of [[free states]], as distinct from [[Authoritarianism|authoritarian states]].
The existence of some claimed civil liberties is a matter of dispute, as are the extent of most civil liberties. Controversial examples include [[reproductive rights]], [[same-sex marriage]], the right to bear arms and the use of certain drugs. Another matter of debate is the suspension or alteration of certain civil liberties in times of [[war]] or [[state of emergency]], including whether and to what extent this should occur.
==Civil liberties by country==
{{seealso|Civil liberties in the United Kingdom}}
[[Image:06CFREU-Article6-crop.jpg|right|thumb|350px|Article 6 of the [[Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union]] affirms the right to liberty.]]
While the [[United Kingdom]] has no codified constitution, relying on a number of legal conventions and pieces of legislation, it is a signatory to the [[European Convention on Human Rights]] which covers both [[human rights]] and civil liberties. The [[Human Rights Act 1998]] incorporates the great majority of Convention rights directly into UK law.
Britain has what is called an unwritten constitution: centuries of legislation and legal precedent dating back to before the magna carta guarantee the rights of her subjects.
The [[United States Constitution]], especially its [[United States Bill of Rights|Bill of Rights]], protects many civil liberties. See [[Civil liberties in the United States]]. Human rights within the United States are often called [[civil rights]], which are those civil liberties and civil rights held by citizens or civilians, as distinguished from those held by members of the military.<ref>Reginald Wilson, Think about Our Rights: Civil Liberties and the United States. 1988. ISBN:0-8027-6751-6. Page 1.</ref> The first ten amendments to the constitution are known as the bill of rights and the first eight guarantee certain personal freedoms. The rights contained are often referred to in legal proceedings, and are viewed with great patriotism by Americans.{{fact|date=March 2008}}
The [[Constitution of Canada]] includes the [[Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms]] which guarantees many of the same rights as the U.S. constitution, with the notable exceptions of protection against [[establishment of religion]]. However, the Charter does protect [[freedom of religion]]. The Charter also omits any mention of, or protection for, property.
The [[European Convention on Human Rights]], to which most European countries, including all of the [[European Union]], belong, enumerates a number of civil liberties and is of varying constitutional force in different European states. [[France]]'s [[1789]] [[Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen]] listed many civil liberties and is of constitutional force.
The [[Constitution of the People's Republic of China|Constitution of People's Republic of China]] (apply to [[mainland China]] only, not to [[Hong Kong]], [[Macau]] and [[Taiwan]]) , especially its Fundamental Rights and Duties of Citizens, claims to protect many civil liberties, although in practice dissidents may find themselves without the protection of the [[rule of law]]. See [[Civil liberties in the People's Republic of China]]
The [[Constitution of Russian Federation]] guarantees in theory many of the same rights and civil liberties as U.S. except to bear arms, i.e.: freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom of association and assembly, freedom to choose language, to due process, to a fair trial, privacy, freedom to vote, right for education, etc. However, human rights groups like [[Amnesty International]] have warned that Putin has seriously curtailed [[freedom of expression]], [[freedom of assembly]] and [[freedom of association]] amidst growing authoritarianism.<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/feb/27/russia.humanrights Putin rolling back civil rights, warns Amnesty | World news | The Guardian<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
==See also==
* [[American Civil Liberties Union]]
* [[Bill of Rights Defense Committee]]
* [[Rutherford Institute]]
* [[Civil]]
* [[Privacy]]
* [[Teaching for social justice]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}
* [[Alan Dershowitz|Dershowitz, Alan]]. [http://chronicle.com/free/v48/i05/05b00901.htm "Preserving Civil Liberties."] ''Reflections on the Fractured Landscape,'' spec. sec. of ''[[Chronicle of Higher Education]]'', ''Chronicle Review'', [[September 28]], [[2001]]. Accessed [[August 11]], [[2006]].
* [[Jean Edward Smith|Smith, Jean Edward]], and Herbert M. Levine. ''Civil Liberties and Civil Rights Debated''. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1988.
==External links==
<!--This list is sorted alphabetically by the title of the site. If you are adding a link, please put it in the correct place in the list-->
{{wikiquote|Civil Liberties}}
* [http://civilliberty.about.com/ About.com: Civil Liberties]
* [http://www.aclu.org/ American Civil Liberties Union]
* [http://www.bordc.org/ Bill of Rights Defense Committee]
* [http://www.bccla.org British Columbia Civil Liberties Association]
* [http://www.ccla.org/index.shtml Canadian Civil Liberties Association]
* [http://www.cmcla.org Canadian Muslim Civil Liberties Association]
* [http://chicagofreespeechzone.blogspot.com/ Chicago FreeSpeechZone]
* [http://www.equalityhumanrights.com Equality and Human Rights Commission: A UK Quango promoting Human and Civil Rights]
* [http://www.liberty-human-rights.org.uk/ Liberty: a UK based Civil Rights organisation]
* [http://www.constitution.ru/en/10003000-03.htm Rights, Civil Liberties and Freedoms in Russia]
* [http://www.statewatch.org/ Statewatch watches the European Union on Civil Liberties]
* [http://www.cato.org/current/civil-liberties/index.html The Cato Institute: Civil Liberties]
* [http://www.usdoj.gov/pclo/ USDOJ: Privacy and Civil Liberties Office]
* [http://maps.maplecroft.com/hrcivillib Global Map of Civil Liberties]
{{enlightenment}}
[[Category:Civil rights and liberties| ]]
[[Category:Political philosophy]]
[[Category:Social philosophy]]
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[[ja:自由権]]
[[ku:Azadîyên bajêrwarane]]
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