Classical
321054
221838143
2008-06-26T09:27:40Z
JRSpriggs
1026643
/* Science */ correct and clarify meaning of "classical" wrt relativity and quantum mechanics
{{wiktionary}}
The word '''classical''' has several meanings:
==Culture==
* [[Classical antiquity]] and the study of "''the [[classics]]''", refers to the culture of Ancient Greece or Rome
**"High classical" refers to Greek art associated mainly with [[Athens]] and the works atop the [[Acropolis]]
*"Classical [[China|Chinese]]" or "classical [[India (disambiguation)|Indian]]" culture refers to a perceived apex in the development of a society or of its arts and sciences
* "Classical [[France|French]]" culture refers specifically to the 18th century, rather than Ancient Greece or Rome. This causes confusions in translation.
* [[Classicism]] can be understood as defining and long-lasting civilizational patterns shaped by belief systems.
* [[Classical language]]
==The arts==
Pertaining to the arts ([[painting]], [[music]], [[literature]], etc.), the word '''classical''' often refers to a specific time period or artistic style:
*[[Classical architecture]] originated from Roman and Greek construction methods, which were later used as a model for "neo–" and "revival" architectural styles
*[[Classical music]]
*[[Classical music era]]
* Classical dance, or [[ballet]]
*[[Classicism]]
*[[Classical education|Classical education movement]] refers to the educational tradition based upon the [[trivium (education)|trivium]] and [[quadrivium]].
*[[Classical philosophy]]
*[[Indian classical music]]
*[[Classical Indian dance]]
*[[Classical liberalism]]
*[[Non-Western classical music]]
==Science==
The word 'classical' is applied to any mode of scientific thought prevalent up to the time of some radical new [[innovation]], or any scientific area of study that has well established roots, typically pre-nineteenth century.
* [[Classical mechanics]], in [[physics]], as founded by e.g. [[Galileo Galilei|Galilei]], [[Isaac Newton|Newton]] and formalized by [[William Rowan Hamilton|Hamilton]] and [[Joseph Louis Lagrange|Lagrange]] (developed before the advent of modern [[quantum mechanics]]) (see also the page about [[classical physics]])
** [[Classical mechanics]] is Newtonian physics, i.e. physics as it was before special relativity and quantum mechanics. In other words, the limit of physics as ''c''<sup>2</sup> goes to infinity and ''h'' goes to zero.
** [[Special relativity]] is classical in contrast with [[general relativity]] and [[quantum mechanics]].
** The [[theory of relativity]] including [[general relativity]] is classical in contrast with [[quantum field theory]].
**[[Semiclassical]] physics, an approximate solution to a problem generated by assuming that for parts of the system, the results of classical physics does not differ too much from that of the quantum mechanics method.
* [[Classical electrodynamics]], as formalized by [[James Clerk Maxwell|Maxwell]]
* [[Classical logic]], in [[mathematical logic]] includes the family of [[Principle of bivalence|
bivalent logic]]s where every proposition is either true or false. Many non-classical logics exist, the most notable of which is [[intuitionistic logic]]
* "Classical control theory" applies [[control theory]] to analog systems. Based on classical math methods such as [[Laplace transform]]s and [[calculus]], as opposed to the more recent [[digital control]] systems theory - based on more modern methods such as the [[z transform]]s.
* [[Classical economics]] is the school of the first economists starting with Adam Smith. Its modern successor is [[neoclassical economics]]
==See also==
*[[Neoclassical]]
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[[ko:고전 (동음이의)]]
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[[ja:古典]]