Classical 321054 221838143 2008-06-26T09:27:40Z JRSpriggs 1026643 /* Science */ correct and clarify meaning of "classical" wrt relativity and quantum mechanics {{wiktionary}} The word '''classical''' has several meanings: ==Culture== * [[Classical antiquity]] and the study of "''the [[classics]]''", refers to the culture of Ancient Greece or Rome **"High classical" refers to Greek art associated mainly with [[Athens]] and the works atop the [[Acropolis]] *"Classical [[China|Chinese]]" or "classical [[India (disambiguation)|Indian]]" culture refers to a perceived apex in the development of a society or of its arts and sciences * "Classical [[France|French]]" culture refers specifically to the 18th century, rather than Ancient Greece or Rome. This causes confusions in translation. * [[Classicism]] can be understood as defining and long-lasting civilizational patterns shaped by belief systems. * [[Classical language]] ==The arts== Pertaining to the arts ([[painting]], [[music]], [[literature]], etc.), the word '''classical''' often refers to a specific time period or artistic style: *[[Classical architecture]] originated from Roman and Greek construction methods, which were later used as a model for "neo–" and "revival" architectural styles *[[Classical music]] *[[Classical music era]] * Classical dance, or [[ballet]] *[[Classicism]] *[[Classical education|Classical education movement]] refers to the educational tradition based upon the [[trivium (education)|trivium]] and [[quadrivium]]. *[[Classical philosophy]] *[[Indian classical music]] *[[Classical Indian dance]] *[[Classical liberalism]] *[[Non-Western classical music]] ==Science== The word 'classical' is applied to any mode of scientific thought prevalent up to the time of some radical new [[innovation]], or any scientific area of study that has well established roots, typically pre-nineteenth century. * [[Classical mechanics]], in [[physics]], as founded by e.g. [[Galileo Galilei|Galilei]], [[Isaac Newton|Newton]] and formalized by [[William Rowan Hamilton|Hamilton]] and [[Joseph Louis Lagrange|Lagrange]] (developed before the advent of modern [[quantum mechanics]]) (see also the page about [[classical physics]]) ** [[Classical mechanics]] is Newtonian physics, i.e. physics as it was before special relativity and quantum mechanics. In other words, the limit of physics as ''c''<sup>2</sup> goes to infinity and ''h'' goes to zero. ** [[Special relativity]] is classical in contrast with [[general relativity]] and [[quantum mechanics]]. ** The [[theory of relativity]] including [[general relativity]] is classical in contrast with [[quantum field theory]]. **[[Semiclassical]] physics, an approximate solution to a problem generated by assuming that for parts of the system, the results of classical physics does not differ too much from that of the quantum mechanics method. * [[Classical electrodynamics]], as formalized by [[James Clerk Maxwell|Maxwell]] * [[Classical logic]], in [[mathematical logic]] includes the family of [[Principle of bivalence| bivalent logic]]s where every proposition is either true or false. Many non-classical logics exist, the most notable of which is [[intuitionistic logic]] * "Classical control theory" applies [[control theory]] to analog systems. Based on classical math methods such as [[Laplace transform]]s and [[calculus]], as opposed to the more recent [[digital control]] systems theory - based on more modern methods such as the [[z transform]]s. * [[Classical economics]] is the school of the first economists starting with Adam Smith. Its modern successor is [[neoclassical economics]] ==See also== *[[Neoclassical]] {{disambig}} [[ca:Clàssic (desambiguació)]] [[cy:Clasur]] [[da:Klassisk]] [[de:Klassik]] [[es:Clásico]] [[ko:고전 (동음이의)]] [[is:Klassík]] [[ja:古典]]