Cloven hoof
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2008-05-16T07:06:10Z
Rjwilmsi
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Typo/date fixing, typos fixed: the the → the using [[Project:AutoWikiBrowser|AWB]]
{{for|the [[New Wave of British Heavy Metal]] band|Cloven Hoof (band)}}
[[Image:Capreolus capreolus cloven hoof.jpg|right|thumbnail|300px|''[[Capreolus capreolus]]'' (Roe Deer) cloven hoof]]
A '''cloven hoof''' is a [[hoof]] split into two toes. This is found on members within the [[mammal]]ian order [[Artiodactyla]]. Examples of mammals that possess this type of hoof are [[cattle]], [[deer]] and [[sheep]].<ref Name="AMNH">{{cite book | last = American Museum of Natural History | title = Visitors' Guide to the Geological and Palaeontological Collections | publisher = | date = 1892 | location = Original from the University of Michigan | pages = Page 59 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=lAo5AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA59&dq=%22Cloven+hoof%22+-wikipedia+Artiodactyla&as_brr=1&ie=ISO-8859-1#PPA59,M1 | doi = | id = }}</ref>
The two digits of cloven hoofed animals are [[Homology (biology)|homologous]] to the third and fourth fingers of the [[hand]]. They are called claws and are named for their relative location on the foot: the outer, or [[Anatomical terms of location#Left and right (lateral), and medial|lateral]], claw and the inner, or [[Anatomical terms of location#Left and right (lateral), and medial|medial]] claw. The space (cloven) between the two claws is called the interdigital clef; the area of skin is called the interdigital skin. The hard outer covering of the hoof is called the hoof wall, or horn. It is a hard surface, similar to the human [[fingernail]].<ref Name="Purdue">{{cite web | coauthors = Kate Hepworth, Animal Sciences Student; Dr. Michael Neary, Extension Animal Scientist; Dr. Simon Kenyon, Extension Veterinarian. | title = Hoof Anatomy, Care and Management in Livestock | work = | publisher = Purdue University | date = October 2004 | url = http://www.ces.purdue.edu/extmedia/ID/ID-321-W.pdf | format = PDF | doi = | accessdate = 2007-12-02 }}</ref>
The almost finger-like dexterity available to cloven hoofed mammals like the [[Mountain Goat]] and [[Mountain Sheep]] combined with a hard outer shell and soft and flexible inner pads provide excellent traction in their precarious homes.<ref Name="Jackson">{{cite book | last = Jackson | first = Brenda | title = North American Wildlife (Revised and Updated) | publisher = Readers Digest | date = 1998 | location = | pages = Page 68 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=YedAnP3k1IMC&pg=PA66&dq=%22Mountain+goat%22+hoof+site:edu+cliff&as_brr=3&ie=ISO-8859-1&sig=-qxQL3aGlvffTYNez_2WjUm8EHI | doi = | id = ISBN 0762100206 }}</ref><ref Name="Streubel">{{cite web | last = Streubel | first = Donald | title = Oreamnos americanus (Mountain Goat) | work = | publisher = Idaho Museum of Natural History | date = 2000 | url = http://imnh.isu.edu/digitalatlas/bio/mammal/Hoofed/mogo/goat.htm | format = Web | doi = | accessdate = 2007-12-02 }}</ref><ref Name="Plekon">{{cite web | last = Plekon | first = Hannah J. | title = Oreamnos americanus; General description | work = | publisher = Davidson College | date = April 2007 | url = http://www.bio.davidson.edu/people/vecase/Behavior/Spring2007/Plekon/generaldescription.html | format = Web | doi = | accessdate = 2007-12-03 }}</ref>
==Evolution==
It is speculated that during the [[Eocene]] period, hoofed marsh dwellers carried their body weight using mainly two of the middle toes, which grew to be of equal size, becoming the [[Artiodactyla]] or even-toed hoofed animals. Prior to the close of the Eocene period the side toes of some had dwindled and practically disappeared while the basal pieces or [[metapodium]] of the pair of supporting toes became fused together, thus producing the appearance of a cloven hoof.<ref Name="BM">{{cite book | last = British Museum (Natural History) | title = British Museum Guides: Vertrbrates | publisher = | date = 1906 | location = Original from the University of Michigan | pages = Page 28 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=d3VIAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA7-PA28&dq=%22Cloven+hoof%22+-wikipedia+Artiodactyla&as_brr=1&ie=ISO-8859-1#PRA7-PA28,M1 | doi = | id = }}</ref>
The mammal with a cloven hoof is an even-toed [[Ungulates|ungulate]] of order [[Artiodactyla]] as opposed to the odd-toed ungulates of [[Perissidactyla]], like the [[horse]], which have one toe, or the [[rhinoceros]], which has three toes. The five-toed ancestors of the earliest [[Eocene]] had already developed feet that suggest odd-toed and even-toed descendants to the modern viewer. Even [[Phenacodus]], the most generalized of the early mammals, has a foot in which the central toe is somewhat larger than the others and could be placed in the division of odd toed ungulates, [[Perissidactyla]]. <ref Name="Cleland">{{cite book | last = Cleland | first = Herdman Fitzgerald | title = Geology, Physical and Historical | publisher = American book company | date = 1916 | location = Original from the University of Michigan | pages = Page 599 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=G99LAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA599&dq=%22Cloven+hoof%22+-wikipedia+Artiodactyla&as_brr=1&ie=ISO-8859-1#PPA599,M1 | doi = | id = }}</ref>
==Cloven hooves in culture==
===Unclean animals===
{{main|Unclean animals}}
In [[Judaism]], [[Kashrut]] (''[[Kosher foods|kosher]]'') is the set of dietary laws governing what may or may not be consumed. These laws are based upon the [[Torah]] and the [[Talmud]]. According to [[Halakha|Jewish law]], animals that ''both'' chew their cud ([[Ruminant|ruminate]]) and have [[Cloven hoof|cloven hooves]] are kosher<ref Name="Glover">{{cite book | last = Glover | first = Alfred Kingsley | title = Jewish Laws and Customs: Some of the Laws and Usages of the Children of the Ghetto | publisher = W.A. Hammond | date = 1900 | location = Original from Harvard University | pages = Page 157 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=N25Whg_QfeUC&pg=PA157&dq=kosher+cloven&as_brr=1&ie=ISO-8859-1#PPA157,M1 | doi = | id = }}</ref>. Animals with one characteristic but not the other (the [[camel]], the [[hyrax]] and the [[hare]] because they have no cloven hooves, and the [[pig]] because it does not ruminate) are specifically excluded<ref Name="Eisenberg">{{cite book | last = Eisenberg | first = Ronald L. | title = The 613 Mitzvot: A Contemporary Guide to the Commandments of Judaism | publisher = Schreiber Publishing, Incorporated | date = 2005 | location = | pages = Page 251 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=maeV2EG_eZMC&pg=PA251&dq=kosher+camel+cloven&as_brr=3&ie=ISO-8859-1&sig=WcwqA1J1neIgXNaHvaJJIGrJrGs | doi = | id = ISBN 0884003035 }}</ref> ({{Bibleverse||Leviticus|11:3-8}}).<ref>Shulchan Aruch, Yoreh De'ah 79</ref> Jews are [[taboo food and drink|forbidden]] from eating pork, as swine are considered to be unclean. In the context of Judaism, the books of Leviticus and Deuteronomy from the [[Hebrew Bible]] specify what must not be consumed.
The Book of Leviticus states:
{{cquote|Nevertheless these shall ye not eat of them that only chew the cud, or of them that only part the hoof: the camel, because he cheweth the cud but parteth not the hoof, he is unclean unto you. [[wikisource:Bible_(King_James)/Leviticus#Chapter 11|– Leviticus 11:4]]}}
These are the animals considered to be unclean according to [[wikisource:Bible_(King_James)/Leviticus#Chapter_11|Leviticus 11]] and [[wikisource:Bible_(King_James)/Deuteronomy#Chapter 14|Deuteronomy 14]].
===The Devil===
The cloven hoof is also traditionally associated with the [[Devil]]. In works from [[Shakspeare]] and [[Sir Thomas Browne]] the association is very close and the devil takes pains to hide or disguise the hoof.<ref Name="Massey">{{cite book | last =Massey | first = Gerald | title = Shakspeare's Sonnets Never Before Interpreted: His Private Friends Identified | publisher = Longmans, Green, and co. | date = 1866 | location = Original from the University of California | pages = Page 518 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=Ky9DAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA518&dq=%22Cloven+hoof%22+-wikipedia+devil&as_brr=1&ie=ISO-8859-1 | doi = | id = }}</ref><ref Name="Browne">{{cite book | last = Sir Thomas Browne | first = | title = The Works of Sir Thomas Browne | publisher = | date = 1878 | location = Original from Oxford University | pages = Page 79 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=2tQIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA79&dq=%22Cloven+hoof%22+-wikipedia+devil&as_brr=1&ie=ISO-8859-1 | doi = | id = }}</ref> In other works the Devil and the cloven hoof can be separated, some believe the cloven hoof more mischievous than the devil.<ref Name="Jefferies">{{cite book | last = Jefferies | first = John Richard | title = The scarlet shawl | publisher = | date = 1874 | location = Original from Oxford University | pages = Page 176 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=6fsBAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA176&dq=%22Cloven+hoof%22+-wikipedia+devil&as_brr=1&ie=ISO-8859-1#PPA176,M1 | doi = | id = }}</ref> But not every cloven hoof is the devil's minion. <ref Name="Defoe">{{cite book | last = Defoe | first = Daniel | title = The Novels and Miscellaneous Works of Daniel Defoe | publisher = Bell & Daldy | date = 1871 | location =Original from Oxford University | pages = Page 515 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=H14JAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA515&dq=%22Cloven+hoof%22+-wikipedia+devil&as_brr=1&ie=ISO-8859-1 | doi = | id = }}</ref> In [[Teutonic]] Mythology the devil has a non-cloven hoof that is solid like that of a horse,<ref Name="TGM">{{cite book | last = Edited by SYLVANUS URBAN | title = The Gentleman's Magazine: Diabolical Folk Lore in Divers Places | publisher = | date = 1896 | location = | pages = Page 482 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=okzkx01mp9kC&pg=PA482&dq=devil+hoof&as_brr=1&ie=ISO-8859-1#PPA482,M1 | doi = | id = }}</ref> from which he can not be separated.<ref Name="Grimm">{{cite book | last = Grimm | first = Jacob | coauthors = Translated by James Steven Stallybrass | title = Teutonic mythology | publisher = G. Bell | date = 1882 | location = Original from Oxford University | pages = Page 281 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=YxwAAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA281&dq=devil+hoof&as_brr=1&ie=ISO-8859-1#PPA281,M1 | doi = | id = }}</ref>
There is a story that in the year 1165 the Devil was seen riding like a great black horse before a storm in [[Yorkshire]], the marks of his feet were visible in several places, particularly on the cliff at [[Scarborough, North Yorkshire|Scarborough]], where he sprang into the sea. In the late 1800s, in the South of [[England]], was the discovery of marks in various parts of the country which could not be identified as any known beast or bird. The people did not like to say it was the Devil, but no explanation of the mystery was offered. Perhaps this extraordinary presence may have been nothing more than the cloven hoof which in the deep snows of winter is said to haunt the [[Dewerstone]] a rocky elevation on the borders of [[Dartmoor]] But this latter phenomenon is reported to be accompanied by a naked human foot. A case occurred in [[Devon]]shire and are many cases are collected in "[[Lancashire Folk Lore]]" 1867. <ref Name="Brand">{{cite book | last = Brand | first = John | title = Brand's Popular Antiquities of Great Britain: Faiths and Folklore; a Dictionary
| publisher = Reeves and Turner | date = 1905 | location = | pages = Page 176 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=5kUJAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA176&dq=devil+hoof+cloven&as_brr=1&ie=ISO-8859-1 | doi = | id = }}</ref>
==References==
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[[Category:Even-toed ungulates]]
[[Category:Mammal anatomy]]
[[de:Klaue (Biologie)]]
[[is:Klaufir]]
[[pl:Racica]]