Cluj-Napoca
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2008-07-16T13:31:23Z
Biruitorul
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{{coor title dm|46|46|N|23|35|E|type:city}}
{{Infobox Settlement <!--more fields are available for this Infobox--See Template:Infobox Settlement-->
| subdivision_type = [[Countries of the world|Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{ROU}}
| timezone = [[Eastern European Time|EET]]
| utc_offset = +2
| timezone_DST = [[Eastern European Summer Time|EEST]]
| utc_offset_DST = +3
| map_caption = Location of Cluj-Napoca
| official_name = Cluj-Napoca
| image_skyline = Panorama-Nocturna (Cluj-Napoca).jpg
| image_shield = Actual Cluj-Napoca CoA.png
| image_map = Cluj-Napoca_in_Romania.png
| subdivision_type1 = [[Counties of Romania|County]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{RO-CJ}}
| subdivision_type2 = [[Metropolitan Areas in Romania|Metropolitan area]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Cluj-Napoca metropolitan area]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Subdivisions of Romania|Status]]
| subdivision_name3 = {{Autolink|County capital}}
| settlement_type = City
| leader_title = [[Mayor]]
| leader_name = [[Emil Boc]]
| leader_party = [[Democratic Liberal Party (Romania)|PD-L]]
| leader_title1 = Deputy Mayor
| leader_name1 = Sorin Apostu ([[Democratic Liberal Party (Romania)|PD-L]])
| leader_title2 = Deputy Mayor
| leader_name2 = László Attila ([[UDMR]])
| established_title = Founded
| established_date = 1213 (first official record as ''Clus'')
| area_total_km2 = 179.5
| area_total_mi = 69.3
| area_metro_km2 = 782.7
| population_as_of = July 1, 2007<ref>[http://www.insse.ro/cms/rw/resource/populatia_stab_1%20iulie2007.htm Population of Romania as of [[July 1]], [[2007]]]</ref>
| population_total = 310,243
| population_metro = 352,646
| population_density_km2 = 1771
| latd = 46
| latm = 46
| lats =
| latNS = N
| longd = 23
| longm = 35
| longs =
| longEW = E
| postal_code_type = [[List of postal codes in Romania|Postal Code]]
| postal_code = 400xyz<sup>1</sup>
| area_code = [[Romania telephone area codes|+40 x64]]<sup>2</sup>
| twin1 = [[Cologne]]
| twin1_country = {{GER}}
| twin2 = [[Athens]]
| twin2_country = {{GRE}}
| twin3 = [[Dijon]]<br /> - [[Nantes]]
| twin3_country = {{FRA}}<br />{{FRA}}
| twin4 = [[Cervia]]
| twin4_country = {{ITA}}
| twin5 = [[São Paulo]]
| twin5_country = {{BRA}}
| twin6 = [[Columbia, South Carolina|Columbia]]<br /> - [[East Lansing, Michigan|East Lansing]]<br /> - [[Rockford, Illinois|Rockford]]
| twin6_country = {{USA}}<br />{{USA}}<br />{{USA}}
| twin7 = [[Zagreb]]<br /> - [[Pécs]]<br /> - [[Korçë]]<br /> - [[Makati]]<br /> - [[Chacao Municipality]]<br /> - [[Caracas]]<br /> - [[Suwon]]<br /> - [[Zhengzhou]]
- [[Beersheba]]
| twin7_country = {{CRO}}<br />{{HUN}}<br />{{ALB}}<br />{{PHI}}<br />{{VEN}}<br />{{VEN}}<br />{{KOR}}<br />{{PRC}}<br />{{ISR}}
| blank_name = [[Romanian car number plates|Car Plates]]
| blank_info = CJ-N<sup>3</sup>
| footnotes = <sup>1</sup>x, y, and z are digits that indicate the street, part of the street, or even the building of the address<br /><sup>2</sup>x is a digit indicating the operator: 2 for the former national operator, [[Romtelecom]], and 3 for the other ground telephone networks<br /><sup>3</sup>used just on the plates of vehicles that operate only within the city limits (such as [[trolleys]], [[trams]], utility vehicles, [[ATV]]s, etc.)
| website = http://www.primariaclujnapoca.ro
}}
{{Audio|Cluj-napoca.ogg|'''Cluj-Napoca'''}} (pronunciation in [[Romanian language|Romanian]]: {{IPA|/'kluʒ na'poka/}}; {{lang-de|Klausenburg}}; {{lang-hu|Kolozsvár}}; {{lang-la|Napoca, Castrum Clus, Claudiopolis}}; {{lang-yi|קלויזנבורג}}), until 1974 ''Cluj'', is the third largest city in [[Romania]],<ref name="populatiaiul07">{{cite web
| url =http://www.insse.ro/cms/rw/resource/populatia%20la%201%20iulie.htm | title =Populaţia la 1 iulie 2007 pe localităţi | date = 2007-07-01 | accessdate = 2008-03-12 | publisher = [[National Institute of Statistics (Romania)|National Institute of Statistics]] | language = Romanian}}</ref> and the seat of [[Cluj County]], in north-western Transylvania. Geographically, it is roughly equally distant from [[Bucharest]] (323 km / 201 mi), [[Budapest]] (354 km / 220 mi) and [[Belgrade]] (327 km / 203 mi). The city lies in the valley of the [[Someşul Mic River]] and is the capital of the [[Historical regions of Romania|historical province]] of [[Transylvania]].
As of July 2007, 310,243 inhabitants live within the city limits,<ref name="populatiaiul07"/> a slight decrease from the figure recorded at the 2002 census.<ref name="population-2002">{{cite web | url = http://recensamant.referinte.transindex.ro/?pg=3&id=819 | title = Municipiul Cluj-Napoca (data based on the 2002 census) | accessdate = 2008-03-12 | publisher = Fundaţia Jakabffy Elemér | language = Romanian}}</ref> The [[Cluj-Napoca metropolitan area]] has a population of 352,646 people, while the population of the [[wikt:peri-urban|peri-urban]] area (Romanian: ''zona periurbană'') exceeds 400,000 residents.<ref name="periurban">{{cite web
| url = http://www.cjcluj.ro/zona-metropolitana-urbana/ | title =Zona Metropolitană Urbană şi Strategii de Dezvoltare a Zonei Metropolitane Cluj-Napoca | accessdate = 2008-03-12 | publisher = Cluj County Council | language = Romanian}}</ref> The new metropolitan government of Cluj-Napoca should be functional as early as June 2008.<ref name="gandul-metropola">{{cite web
| url = http://www.gandul.info/administratia/zona-metropolitana-clujului-sfert-judet.html?3933;943119 | title =Zona metropolitană a Clujului: un sfert din judeţ | date = 2007-10-03 | accessdate = 2008-03-12 | publisher = Gândul | language = Romanian}}</ref> Lastly, according to the 2007 data provided by the County Population Register Service, the total population of the city is as high as 392,276 people.<ref name="flotanti">{{cite web
| url = http://www.ftr.ro/wanted-clujeanul-verde-2898.php | title =Wanted: clujeanul verde | date = 2008-03-06 | accessdate = 2008-05-12 | publisher = Foaia Transilvană | language = Romanian}}</ref> However, this number does not include the floating population of students and other non-residents—an average of over 20 thousand people each year during 2004-2007, according to the same source.<ref name="flotanti"/>
The city spreads out from [[St. Michael's Church, Cluj-Napoca|St. Michael's Church]] in [[Unirii Square, Cluj-Napoca|Unirii Square]], built in the 14th century and named after [[Michael (archangel)|the Archangel Michael]], the [[patron saint]] of Cluj-Napoca.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.clujonline.com/ro/catedrala_sf_mihail.htm | title =Catedrala "Sf. Mihail" | accessdate = 2008-03-12 | publisher = Clujonline.com | language = Romanian}}</ref> The boundaries of the municipality contain an area of {{convert|179.52|km2|sqmi}}. An analysis undertaken by the real estate agency Profesional Casa indicates that, because of infrastructure development, [[Communes of Romania|communes]] such as Feleacu, Vâlcele, Mărtineşti, Jucu and Baciu will eventually become neighbourhoods of the city, thereby enlarging its area.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.ziuadecj.ro/action/article;jsessionid=F9FA41C0734C312C8327DDCC67723E9A?ID=4488 | title =Comunele din jurul Clujului se transformă în cartiere | date = 2007-10-29 | accessdate = 2008-03-12 | publisher = Ziua de Cluj | language = Romanian}}</ref>
Cluj-Napoca experienced a decade of decline during the 1990s, its international reputation suffering from the policies of its mayor of the time, [[Gheorghe Funar]].<ref name="ftimes">{{cite web | url = http://www.ft.com/cms/s/97363fb4-ea07-11dc-b3c9-0000779fd2ac.html | title =Cluj: Buzz grips university town | date = 2008-03-06 | accessdate = 2008-03-13 | publisher = Financial Times}}</ref> His acts of ethnic provocation against the Hungarian-speaking minority did much to deter investors; however, the situation changed dramatically after his ouster, with the city entering a period of rapid growth in terms of economics and demographics—the city's population is projected, according to Sorin Apostu, a manager at City Hall, to more than double by the late 2010s.<ref name="ftimes"/> Today, the city is one of the most important academic, cultural, industrial and business centres in Romania. Among other institutions, it hosts the largest university in the country, [[Babeş-Bolyai University]], with its famous [[Cluj-Napoca Botanical Garden|botanical garden]]; nationally renowned cultural institutions; as well as the largest Romanian-owned commercial bank. ''[[Monocle (2007 magazine)|Monocle]]'' magazine identified Cluj-Napoca as one of the top five places worldwide that are due their turn in the international spotlight during 2008.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.monocle.com/sections/affairs/Magazine-Articles/Five-alive--New-regions/ | title =Five alive - New regions - Five territories to watch | date = Issue 09, Volume 01, December 2007 | accessdate = 2008-03-12 | publisher = Monocle}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.clujeanul.ro/cluj/presa-britanica-clujul-campion-mondial-la-dezvoltare-2327155 | author = Alexandra Groza | title =Presa britanică: "Clujul, campion mondial la dezvoltare" | date = 2008-01-08 | accessdate = 2008-03-12 | publisher = Clujeanul | language = Romanian}}</ref> According to the American magazine ''[[InformationWeek]]'', Cluj-Napoca is quickly becoming Romania's technopolis.<ref name="technopolis">{{cite web | url = http://www.informationweek.com/showArticle.jhtml;jsessionid=WRL0GCTCWCB2AQSNDLPCKHSCJUNN2JVN?articleID=206103523&queryText=cluj | title =Romania Proving Popular As Software Outsourcing Destination | date = 2008-02-04 | accessdate = 2008-03-12 | publisher = InformationWeek}}</ref>
== Etymology ==
[[Image:Tiperit en Klus.JPG|thumb|left|Romanian inscription of a religious book: "Tiperit en Klus en Anul Domnului 1703" (Printed in Klus AD 1703).]]
The first written mention of its name – as a Royal Borough – was in 1213 under the Latin name ''[[Castrum]] Clus''.<ref name="sasi">{{cite web |url=http://clujnet.com/romana/001_cluj_napoca/istorie/03-colonistii_sasi.htm|title= O istorie inedită a Clujului - Cetatea coloniştilor saşi | publisher= ClujNet.com | accessdate = 2008-03-16 | language=Romanian}}</ref> However, despite the fact that ''Clus'' as a county name was recorded earlier, in the 1173 document ''Thomas comes Clusiensis'',<ref name="medieval">Lazarovici et al. 1997, p.32 (3.1 De la Napoca romană la Clujul medieval)</ref> it is believed that the county's designation derives from the name of the ''castrum''—which might have existed prior to its first mention in 1213—and not vice versa.<ref name="medieval"/> With respect to the name of this camp, it is widely accepted as a derivation from the Latin term ''clausa – clusa'', meaning "closed place", "strait", "ravine".<ref name="medieval"/> Similar senses are attributed to the Slavic term ''kluč''<ref name="medieval"/> and the German ''Klause – Kluse'' (meaning mountain pass or weir).<ref name="szabadsag1">{{cite web| url = http://www.szabadsag.ro/archivum/2000/0sep-19.htm | last = Gaal | first = György | title = Kolozsvári kronológia - Kolozsvár kétezer esztendeje dátumokban | publisher = Szabadság | date = 2000-07-19 | accessdate = 2008-03-15 | language = Hungarian }}</ref> An alternative hypothesis relates the name of the city to its first magistrate, Miklus – Miklós / Kolos.<ref name="szabadsag1"/>
The Hungarian form, first recorded in 1246 as ''Kulusuar'', underwent various phonetic changes over the years (''uar''/''vár'' means "castle" in Hungarian); the variant ''Koloswar'' first appears in a document from 1332.<ref name="szabadsag2">{{cite web | url = http://www.szabadsag.ro/archivum/2003/08/3aug-04.htm | last = Asztalos | first = Lajos | title = Kolozsvár neve | publisher = Szabadság | date = 2003-08-04 | accessdate = 2008-03-15 | language = Hungarian }}</ref> Its Saxon name ''Clusenburg''/''Clusenbvrg'' appeared in 1348, but from 1408 the form Clausenburg was used.<ref name="szabadsag2"/> The Romanian name of the city used to be spelled alternately as ''Cluj'' or ''Cluş''<ref name="etim-dict">{{cite web | url = http://dictionar.referinte.transindex.ro/index.php3?action=betu&betu=k&kezd=60&co=nemet | title = Dicţionar de localităţi din Transilvania | last = Szabó | first = Attila m. | accessdate = 2008-03-15 | language = Romanian}}</ref> – the latter being the case in [[Mihai Eminescu]]'s ''Poesis''. However, the city's name was finally changed to Cluj-Napoca<ref>{{cite book |last=Herb |first=Guntram Henrik |authorlink= |coauthors=David H. Kaplan |editor= |others=George W. White |title=Nested Identities: Nationalism, Territory, and Scale |origdate= |origyear= |origmonth= |url=http://books.google.com/books?hl=hu&lr=&id=ikVCJQIJsNoC&oi=fnd&pg=PA267&dq=John+Hunyadi+Transylvania&ots=CNFXB3L2qL&sig=B0p0Facr2vhdd3sLR06Zazc-mho#PPA275,M1 |format= |accessdate=2008-05-26 |accessyear= |accessmonth= |edition= |series= |volume= |date=1999 |year= |month= |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |location= |language= |isbn=0847684679 |oclc= |doi= |id= |pages=275 |chapter=Transylvania:Hungarian, Romanian, or Neither? |chapterurl= |quote=}}</ref> in 1974 by the [[Communist Romania|Romanian Communist authorities]].<ref name="name-1974">{{cite web | url=http://www.clujonline.com/ro/istoric.htm | title = Cluj-Napoca. Istoric | publisher = Clujonline.com | accessdate = 2008-03-14 | language = Romanian }}</ref> Possible etymologies for ''Napoca'' or ''Napuca'' include the name of some [[Dacia]]n tribes like the Naparis or Napaei, the Greek term ''napos'' (νάπος), meaning "timbered valley" or the Indo-European root ''*snā-p-'' ([[Indogermanisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch|Pokorny]] 971-2), "to flow, to swim, damp".<ref name="etim-napoca">Lukács 2005, p.14</ref> Independent of these hypotheses, scholars agree that the name of the settlement predates the Roman conquest (AD 106).<ref name="etim-napoca"/>
In [[Slovak language|Slovak]] the city is known as ''Kluž''.<ref name="sk-geo">{{cite web | url = http://www.geodesy.gov.sk/sgn/gnzOSN/gnzframe.htm | title = Slovenské vžité názvy geografických objektov ležiacich mimo územia Slovenskej republiky | last = | first = | accessdate = 2008-07-14 | language = Slovak}}</ref>. In [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]] it is known as ''{{lang|yi|קלאזין}}'' (''Klazin'') or ''{{lang|yi|קלויזענבורג}}'' (Kloyznburg).<ref name="etim-dict"/>
==History==
{{Main|History of Cluj-Napoca}}
[[Image:Claudiopolis.jpg|thumb|right|„''Clavdiopolis, Coloswar vulgo Clavsenbvrg, Transiluaniæ ciuitas primaria''“. Gravure{{ref_label|a|a|none}} of medieval Cluj by Georg Houfnagel (1617)]]
The [[Roman Empire]] conquered [[Dacia]] in AD 101 and 106, during the rule of [[Trajan]], and the Roman settlement Napoca, established thereafter, is first recorded on a milestone discovered in 1758 in the vicinity of the city.<ref name="roman">Lazarovici et al. 1997, pp.202-3 (6.2 Cluj in the Old and Ancient Epochs)</ref> Trajan's successor [[Hadrian]] granted Napoca the status of [[municipium]] as ''municipium Aelium Hadrianum Napocenses''. Later, in the 2nd century AD,<ref>Lazarovici et al. 1997, p.17 (2.7 Napoca romană)</ref> the city gained the status of a [[colonia (Roman)|colonia]] as ''Colonia Aurelia Napoca''. Napoca became a provincial capital of Dacia Porolissensis and thus the seat of a [[promagistrate|procurator]]. The colonia was evacuated in 274 by the Romans.<ref name="roman"/> There are no references to urban settlement on the site for the better part of a millennium thereafter.<ref>Brubaker et al. 2006, p.89</ref>
At the beginning of the [[Middle Ages]], two groups of buildings existed on the current site of the city: the wooden fortress at Cluj-Mănăştur (''Kolozsmonostor'') and the civilian settlement developed around the current ''Piaţa Muzeului'' (Museum Place) in the city centre.<ref name="medieval"/><ref name="alicu">Alicu 2003, p.9</ref> Although the precise date of the conquest of Transylvania by the [[Hungarian people|Magyar]]s is not known, the earliest Magyar artefacts found in the region are dated to the first half of the 10th century.<ref>{{cite book |last= Madgearu |first= Alexandru |title= Românii în opera Notarului Anonim |year= 2001 |isbn= 973-577-249-3 }}</ref> In any case, after that time, the city became part of the [[Kingdom of Hungary]]. King [[Stephen I of Hungary|Stephen I]] made the city the seat of the castle county of Kolozs, and King Saint [[Ladislaus I of Hungary]] founded the abbey of Cluj-Mănăştur ([[Kolozsmonostor]]), destroyed during the [[Tatar]] invasions in 1241 and 1285.<ref name="medieval"/> As for the civilian colony, a castle and a village were built to the northwest of the ancient Napoca at the earliest in the late 12th century.<ref name="medieval"/> This new village was settled by large groups of [[Transylvanian Saxons]], encouraged during the reign of Crown Prince [[Stephen V of Hungary|Stephen]], Duke of Transylvania.<ref name="sasi"/> The settlement's first reliable mention dates to 1275, in a document of King [[Ladislaus IV the Cuman|Ladislaus IV of Hungary]], when the village (''Villa Kulusvar'') was granted to the Bishop of Transylvania.<ref name="first-mention">Lazarovici et al. 1997, p.204 (6.3 Medieval Cluj)</ref> On [[19 August]] [[1316]], during the rule of the new king, [[Charles I of Hungary]], Cluj was granted the status of a city ([[Latin language|Latin]] ''civitas''), as a reward for the Saxons' contribution to the defeat of the rebellious Transylvanian [[voivode]], László Kán.<ref name="first-mention"/>
[[Image:Palatul de Justiţie din Cluj-Napoca.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Palace of Justice, Cluj-Napoca|Palace of Justice]]]]
Many craft guilds were established in the second half of the 13th century, and a patrician stratum based in commerce and craft production displaced the older landed elite in the town's leadership.<ref>Brubaker et al. 2006, pp.89-90</ref> Through the privilege granted by [[Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor|Sigismund of Luxembourg]] in 1405, the city opted out from the jurisdiction of voivodes, vice-voivodes and royal judges, and obtained the right to elect a twelve-member jury every year.<ref name="free-city">Lazarovici et al. 1997, p.38 (3.1 De la Napoca romană la Clujul medieval)</ref> In 1488, King [[Matthias Corvinus of Hungary|Matthias Corvinus]] (born in Klausenburg in 1440) ordered that the centumvirate—the city council, consisting of one hundred men—be half composed from the ''homines bone conditiones'' (the wealthy people), with craftsmen supplying the other half; together they would elect the chief judge and the jury.<ref name="free-city"/> Meanwhile, an agreement was reached providing that half of the representatives on this city council were to be drawn from the Hungarian, half from the Saxon population, and that judicial offices were to be held on a rotating basis.<ref name="centumvirate">Brubaker et al. 2006, pp.90-1</ref> In 1541, Klausenburg became part of the independent Principality of Transylvania after the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Turks]] occupied the central part of the Kingdom of Hungary; a period of economic and cultural flourishing followed.<ref name="centumvirate"/> Although [[Alba Iulia]] served as a political capital for the princes of Transylvania, Klausenburg enjoyed the support of the princes to a greater extent, thus establishing connections with the most important centers of Eastern Europe at that time, like [[Košice]], [[Kraków]], Prague and Vienna.<ref name="free-city"/>
In terms of religion, [[Protestant Reformation|reforming]] ideas first appeared in the middle of the 16th century. During Gáspár Heltai's service as preacher, the [[Lutheran]] trend grew in importance, as did the Swiss doctrine of [[Calvinism]].<ref name="religion-history">Lazarovici et al. 1997, p.205 (6.3 Medieval Cluj)</ref> By 1571, the [[Turda]] Diet had adopted a more radical religion, [[Ferenc Dávid]]'s [[Unitarianism]], characterised by the free interpretation of the Bible and denial of the dogma of the [[Trinity]].<ref name="religion-history"/> [[Stephen Báthory of Poland|Stephen Báthory]] founded a [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] academy in Klausenburg in order to promote an anti-Reform movement; however, it did not have much success.<ref name="religion-history"/> For a year, in 1600–1601, Cluj became part of the [[personal union]] of [[Michael the Brave]].<ref>{{cite web | first = Cristina | last = Martâniuc | url = http://www.cnaa.acad.md/files/theses/2007/5770/cristina_martiniuc_thesis.pdf | title = Probleme actuale ale calităţii de subiect de drept internaţional public contemporan | publisher = CNAA (Republic of Moldova) | accessdate=2008-03-17 | language = Romanian | quote = În istoria poporului român, o uniune personală a fost creată în anul 1600 prin unirea politică a celor trei ţări Româneşti – Transilvania, Moldova şi Ţara Românească – sub un singur domnitor: Mihai Vodă Viteazul (In the history of the Romanian people, a personal union was created in 1600 with the political union of the three Romanian countries - Transylvania, Moldova and Wallachia - under a single ruler: Michael the Brave)}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | first = George |last = Ciorănescu | title = Michael the Brave - Evaluations and Revaluations of the Walachian Prince | publisher = Radio Free Europe Research: RAD Background Report/191 | date = 1976-09-01 | accessdate = 2008-03-15 | url = http://www.osa.ceu.hu/files/holdings/300/8/3/pdf/52-4-102.pdf}}</ref> With the [[Treaty of Carlowitz]] in 1699, Klausenburg became part of the [[Habsburg Monarchy]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9020364/Treaty-of-Carlowitz | title = Treaty of Carlowitz | publisher = Encyclopædia Britannica |year = 2008 | accessdate = 2008-03-14}}</ref>
[[Image:Kolozsvár New York-palota.jpg|thumb|right|right|The New York Palace]]
In the 17th century, Cluj suffered from great calamities, being subjected to plague and devastating fires.<ref name="religion-history"/> The end of this century brought the end of Turkish sovereignty, but found the city bereft of much of its wealth, municipal freedom, cultural centrality, political significance and even population.<ref name="17th-century">Brubaker et al. 2006, p.91</ref> It gradually regained its important position within Transylvania as the headquarters of the Gubernium and the Diets between 1719 and 1732, and again from 1790 until the [[Hungarian Revolution of 1848|revolution in 1848]], when the Gubernium moved to [[Sibiu|Hermannstadt]].<ref name="capital-trans">Lazarovici et al. 1997, pp.42,44,68 (3.1 De la Napoca romană la Clujul medieval; 4.1 Centru al mişcării naţionale)</ref> In 1791, a group of Romanian intellectuals drew up a petition, known as [[Supplex Libellus Valachorum]], which was sent to the Emperor in Vienna. The petition demanded the equality of the Romanian nation in Transylvania in respect to the other nations governed by the [[Unio Trium Nationum]], but it was rejected by the Cluj Diet.<ref name="religion-history"/>
Beginning in 1830, the city became the centre of the Hungarian national movement within the principality.<ref name="national-move">Lazarovici et al. 1997, p.206 (6.4 Cluj in Modern Times)</ref> This erupted with the Hungarian Revolution of 1848, where at one point the Austrians were gaining control of Transylvania, trapping the Hungarians between two flanks. However, the Hungarian army, headed by the [[Poles|Polish]] general [[Józef Bem]], launched an offensive in Transylvania, recapturing Klausenburg by Christmas 1848.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://mek.oszk.hu/03400/03407/html/370.html | title = Bem's Campaign in Transylvania; Revolutionary Consolidation and Its Contradictions | publisher = MEK (Hungarian Electronic Library) | accessdate = 2008-03-14 }}</ref> After the [[Revolutions of 1848|1848]] an absolute regime was established, followed by a liberal regime that came to power in 1860. It was in this period when equal rights were granted to the [[Romanians]], but only briefly, as in 1865, the Diet in Cluj abolished the laws voted in Sibiu, and proclaimed the 1848 Law concerning the Union of Transylvania with Hungary.<ref name="absolutism">Lazarovici et al. 1997, p.206 (6.4 Cluj in Modern Times)</ref> Before 1918, the city's only Romanian-language schools were two church-run elementary schools, and the first printed Romanian periodical appeared in 1903.<ref name="17th-century"/>
After the [[Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867]], Klausenburg and all of Transylvania were again integrated into the [[Kingdom of Hungary]]. During this time, Kolozsvár was among the largest and most important cities of the kingdom, and was the seat of [[Kolozs]] County. However, the situation of ethnic Romanians in Transylvania was poor, due to the oppression and persecution they underwent.<ref name="memorandum">Lazarovici et al. 1997, pp.74-5 (6.4 Centru al mişcării naţionale)</ref> This found expression in the [[Transylvanian Memorandum]], a petition sent in 1892 by the political leaders of Transylvania's Romanians to the Austrian Emperor [[Franz Joseph I of Austria|Franz Joseph]]. It asked for equal rights with the Hungarians and demanded an end to persecutions and [[Magyarisation]] attempts.<ref name="memorandum"/> The Emperor forwarded the memorandum to [[Budapest]], and its authors, among them [[Ioan Raţiu]] and Iuliu Coroianu, were tried and sentenced to long prison terms for "high treason" in Kolozsvár/Cluj in May 1894.<ref name="elite-popor">{{cite web | url = http://www.edrc.ro/docs/docs/transilvania/198-254.pdf | title = Relaţia dintre elite şi popor în perioada memorandistă | publisher = Centrul de Resurse pentru Diversitate Etnoculturală | location = Cluj | accessdate = 2008-03-15 | language = Romanian}}</ref> During the trial, approximately 20,000 people who had come to Cluj demonstrated on the streets of the city in support of the defendants.<ref name="elite-popor"/>
[[Image:BCU Cluj-Napoca.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Central University Library of Cluj-Napoca|Central University Library]]]]
On [[26 September]] [[1895]], Emperor Franz Joseph visited nearby Bánffy-Hunyad following the end of the Hungarian Army manoeuvres in Transylvania and was given an enthusiastic welcome by the townspeople, who built an arch decorated with the region's flowers and plants for the occasion.<ref>{{cite book | author = Hubmann, Franz, & Wheatcroft, Andrew (editor)| title = The Habsburg Empire, 1840 – 1916 | location = London | year = 1972 | pages= pp.292–3 | id = ISBN 0-7100-7230-9}}</ref> In 1897, the Hungarian government decided that only Hungarian place names should be used and therefore prohibited the use of the German or Romanian versions of the city's name on official government documents.<ref name="castellan89">{{cite book | author = Georges Castellan| title = A history of the Romanians | publisher = Boulder: East European Monographs | year = 1989 | pages= p.148 | id = ISBN 978-0880331548}}</ref>
In the autumn of 1918, as [[World War I]] drew to a close, Cluj became a centre of revolutionary activity, headed by Amos Frâncu who, on [[28 October]] [[1918]], made an appeal for the organisation of the "union of all Romanians".<ref name="laz-union">Lazarovici et al. 1997, p.207 (6.4 Cluj in Modern Times)</ref> Thirty-nine delegates were elected from Cluj to attend the proclamation of the [[Union of Transylvania with Romania|union with the Kingdom of Romania]] in Alba-Iulia on [[1 December]] [[1918]],<ref name="laz-union"/> later acknowledged by the [[Treaty of Trianon]].<ref>Ernest A. Rockwell: Trianon Politics, 1994-1995, thesis, Central Missouri State University, 1995</ref> The [[Interwar period|interwar years]] saw the new authorities embark on a "Romanianisation" campaign: a [[Capitoline Wolf Statue, Cluj-Napoca|Capitoline Wolf statue]] donated by [[Rome]] was set up in 1921; in 1932 a plaque written by historian [[Nicolae Iorga]] was placed on Matthias Corvinus' statue, emphasising his Romanian (paternal) ancestry; and an imposing Orthodox cathedral begun in a city where only about a tenth of inhabitants belonged to the state church.<ref name="brubaker-interwar">Brubaker et al. 2006, pp.100-1</ref> However, this endeavour had mixed results: by 1939, Hungarians still dominated local economic (and to a certain extent) cultural life—for instance, Cluj had five Hungarian daily newspapers and just one in Romanian.<ref name="brubaker-interwar"> In 1940, Cluj, along with the rest of [[Northern Transylvania]], was given back to Hungary through the [[Second Vienna Award]] imposed by the [[Nazi Germany]] and [[Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)|Fascist Italy]].<ref name="ww2">Lazarovici et al. 1997, pp.140-1 (5.2 Dictatul de la Viena - 30 august 1940)</ref><ref>{{cite web| url= http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F30811FC3454107A93C0A81782D85F448485F9&scp=3&sq=cluj&st=p | title = Hungarians' Army Marches into Cluj; Receives a Frenzied Welcome From Magyars in Former Rumanian Territory But Atmosphere Is Tense Officers of Occupying Troops Charge That 12 Were Slain by Retreating Force | publisher = The New York Times | date = 1940-07-12 | accessdate = 2008-03-15}}</ref> After the Germans occupied Hungary in March 1944 and installed a puppet government under [[Döme Sztójay]] there,<ref>{{cite book | author = Peter Kenez | url = http://assets.cambridge.org/052185/766X/excerpt/052185766X_excerpt.htm | title = Hungary from the Nazis to the Soviets - the establishment of the Communist regime in Hungary, 1944-1948| publisher = Cambridge University Press | isbn = 052185766X| date = May 2006 | accessdate = 2008-03-22 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book| first = Richard J. | last=Evans| title=Lying About Hitler: History, Holocaust, and the David Irving Trial| location=London| publisher=Basic Books| year=2001| pages=p.95| isbn = 0465021530}}</ref> large-scale [[antisemitic]] measures were taken in the city. The headquarters of the local [[Gestapo]] were located in the New York Hotel. That May, the authorities began the relocation of the Jews to the [[Cluj-Napoca Iris Ghetto|Iris ghetto]].<ref name="ww2">Lazarovici et al. 1997, pp.140-1 (5.2 Dictatul de la Viena - 30 august 1940)</ref> Liquidation of the 16,148 captured Jews occurred through six deportations to [[Auschwitz]] in May-June 1944.<ref name="ww2"/> Despite facing severe sanctions from [[Miklós Horthy]]'s Hungarian administration, some Jews escaped across the border to Romania with the assistance of intellectuals like [[Emil Haţieganu]], [[Raoul Şorban]], Aurel Socol and Miskolczy Dezső, and various peasants from Mănăştur.<ref name="ww2"/> On [[11 October]] [[1944]] the city of Cluj was captured by [[Romanian Army|Romanian]] and [[Red Army|Soviet]] troops,<ref name="ww2"/><ref>{{cite web | url = http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F50910FF3555157B93C0A8178BD95F408485F9&scp=2&sq=cluj&st=p | title = Russians Smash on; Memel Reported Cut Off as New Drive Reaches German Frontier Szeged, Cluj Seized Soviet Tanks Cross Tisza, Menacing Budapest, Berlin Admits Russians Smash on Near East Prussia | publisher = The New York Times | date = 1944-10-12 | accessdate = 2008-03-15}}</ref> being formally restored to the [[Kingdom of Romania]] by the [[Paris Peace Treaties, 1947|Treaty of Paris]] in 1947. On [[24 January]], [[6 March]] and [[10 May]] [[1946]], the Romanian students who had come back to Cluj after the restoration of northern Transylvania rose against the claims of autonomy made by nostalgic Hungarians and the new way of life imposed by the Soviets, resulting in clashes and street fights.<ref>Lazarovici et al. 1997, p.213 (6.5 Cluj in Modern Times)</ref>
[[Image:Strada Regele Ferdinand.jpg|right|thumb|Palaces on the Someş River]]
The [[Hungarian Revolution of 1956]] produced a powerful echo within the city; there was a real possibility that demonstrations by students sympathizing with their peers across the border could escalate into an uprising.<ref>Lazarovici et al. 1997, p.153 (5.3 Perioada totalitarismului)</ref> The protests provided the Romanian authorities with a pretext to speed up the process of "unification" of the local Babeş (Romanian) and Bolyai (Hungarian) universities,<ref>{{cite journal | first = Andrew | last = Ludanyi | journal=Hungarian Studies| format=PDF| title =The Impact of 1956 on the Hungarians of Transylvania | pages = 93 | publisher = Akadémiai Kiadó | doi=10.1556/HStud.20.2006.1.9 | volume = 20 |issue=1 |mounth=June|year=2006 | laydate= 2007-05-08| issn=0236-6568 | url=http://www.akademiai.com/content/723n44tjh3455420/fulltext.pdf|accessdate=2008-03-21}}</ref> allegedly contemplated before the 1956 events.<ref>{{cite book | last=Kálmán | first =Aniszi| title= A Bolyai Tudományegyetem utolsó esztendeje: Beszélgetés dr. Sebestyén Kálmánnal |publisher= Hitel, XII, No. 3 | date =March 1999 |pages =p.83}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| title=A romániai magyar fõiskolai oktatás: Múlt, jelen, jövõ|location=Cluj/Kolozsvár| publisher=Jelenlét Alkotó Társaság | year=1990 |pages=p.21}}</ref> Hungarians remained the majority of the city's population until the 1960s, when Romanians began to outnumber Hungarians,<ref name="varga-arpad">{{cite web| url = http://varga.adatbank.transindex.ro/?pg=3&action=etnik&id=5290 | title = Erdély etnikai és felekezeti statisztikája (1850-1992) | author = Varga E. Árpád | accessdate = 2008-03-16 | language = Hungarian}}</ref> due to the population influx that was a consequence of the policy of forced industrialisation of the city.<ref name=industrialisation>Lazarovici et al. 1997, pp.154,159 (5.3 Perioada totalitarismului)</ref> During the [[Communist Romania|Communist period]], the city recorded a high industrial development, as well as enforced construction expansion.<ref name=industrialisation/> On [[16 October]] [[1974]], when the city celebrated 1850 years from its first mention as Napoca, the [[Communist Romania|Communist government]] changed the name of the city by adding "Napoca" to it.<ref name="name-1974"/>
During the [[Romanian Revolution of 1989]], Cluj-Napoca was one of the scenes of the rebellion: 26 were killed and approximately 170 injured.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.ceausescu.org/ceausescu_texts/revolution/catavencu.htm | title = O mură în gura comisiei "Evenimentele din decembrie" | publisher = Academia Caţavencu | date = 1996-01-30 |accessdate 2008-03-21 | language = Romanian}}</ref> After the end of the tolitarian rule, the nationalist politician [[Gheorghe Funar]] became mayor and governed for the next 12 years. His tenure was marked by strong Romanian nationalism and acts of ethnic provocation against the Hungarian-speaking minority. This deterred foreign investment;<ref name="ftimes"/> however, in [[Politics of Cluj-Napoca|June 2004]], Gheorghe Funar was voted out of office, with the city entering a period of rapid growth both in terms of economics and demographics—being projected to double its population by the late 2010s.<ref name="ftimes"/> Since 2004, the mayor has been [[Emil Boc]], president of the [[Democratic Liberal Party (Romania)|Democratic Liberal Party]].
==Geography==
[[Image:Casa Parcul Central Cluj-Napoca.jpg|thumb|left|[[Cluj-Napoca Central Park|Central Park]] residence]]
[[Image:Banks Somes Cluj 1.jpg|thumb|right|The banks of the [[Someşul Mic River]]]]
[[Image:Statuie Gradina Botanica Cluj-Napoca.jpg|thumb|right|The Roman garden within the local [[Cluj-Napoca Botanical Garden|botanical garden]]]]
Cluj-Napoca, located in the central part of [[Transylvania]], has a surface area of {{convert|179.5|km2|sqmi}}. The city lies at the confluence of the [[Apuseni Mountains]], the Someş plateau and the Transylvanian plain.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.cluj.insse.ro/cmscluj/rw/pages/geogr.ro.do | title = Geografia judeţului Cluj | publisher = INSSE - Direcţia Regională de Statistică Cluj | accessdate = 2008-03-15 | language = Romanian }}</ref> It sprawls over the valleys of [[Someşul Mic]] and [[Nadăş]], and, to some extent over the secondary valleys of the Popeşti, Chintău, Borhanci and Popii rivers.<ref name="geogr"/><ref name="hall-geography">{{cite web
| url =http://www.primariaclujnapoca.ro/docs/propiecte%20dezbateri/strategie/Anexa%2010%20-%20INFRASTRUCTURA.pdf | title =Amenajarea teritoriului, urbanism, infrastructură | accessdate = 2008-03-12 | publisher = Cluj-Napoca City Hall | language = Romanian}}</ref> The southern part of the city occupies the upper terrace of the northern slope of [[Feleacu|Feleac]] Hill, and is surrounded on three sides by hills or mountains with heights between {{convert|500|m|ft}} and {{convert|700|m|ft}}.<ref name="hall-geography"/> The Someş plateau is situated to the east, while the northern part of town includes ''Dealurile Clujului'' ("the Hills of Cluj"), with the peaks, Lombului (684 m), Dealul Melcului (617 m), Techintău (633 m), Hoia (506 m) and Gârbău (570 m).<ref name="geogr"/> Other hills are located in the western districts, and the hills of Calvaria and [[Cetăţuia, Cluj-Napoca|Cetăţuia]] (''Belvedere'') are located near the centre of city.
Built on the banks of Someşul Mic River, the city is also crossed over by brooks or streams such as ''Pârâul Ţiganilor'', ''Pârâul Popeşti'', ''Pârâul Nădăşel'', ''Pârâul Chintenilor'', ''Pârâul Becaş'', ''Pârâul Murătorii''; ''[[Canalul Morilor, Cluj-Napoca|Canalul Morilor]]'' runs through the centre of town.<ref name="geogr">Lukács 2005, pp.9-11</ref>
A wide variety of flora grow in the [[Cluj-Napoca Botanical Garden]]; some animals have also found refuge there. The city has a number of other parks, of which the largest is the [[Cluj-Napoca Central Park|Central Park]]. This park was founded during the 19th century and includes an artificial lake with an island, as well as the largest casino in the city, ''Chios''. Other notable parks in the city are the [[Iuliu Haţieganu]] Park of the [[Babeş-Bolyai University]], which features some sport facilities, the [[Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu|Haşdeu]] Park, within the eponymous student housing district, the high-elevation Cetăţuia, and the Opera Park, behind the building of the [[Cluj-Napoca Romanian Opera|Romanian Opera]].
===Surroundings===
The city is surrounded by forests and grasslands. Rare species of plants, such as [[Calypso orchid|Venus's slipper]] and [[Iris (plant)|iris]], are found in the two botanical reservations of Cluj-Napoca, ''[[Rezervaţia Fânaţele Clujului|Fânaţele Clujului]]'' and ''Rezervaţia Valea Morii'' ("Mill Valley Reservation").<ref>Anton et al. 1973, pp.40-1</ref> Animals such as boars, badgers, foxes, rabbits and squirrels live in nearby forest areas such as Făget and Hoia. The latter forest hosts the Romulus Vuia ethnographical park, with exhibits dating back to 1678.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.cjnet.ro/t/obiectur.html | title = Tourist Attractions | publisher = DNT Cluj | year = 1999 | accessdate = 2008-03-15}}</ref> Various [[urban myth]]s report alien encounters in the Hoia-Baciu forest, large networks of [[catacomb]]s that connect the old churches of the city, or the presence of a monster in the nearby lake of [[Tarniţa]].<ref>{{cite web | last = Tatar | first = Florentina | url = http://www.monitorulcj.ro/cms/site/m_cj/news/clujul_subteran_30348.html | title = Clujul subteran | date = 2008-01-08 | accessdate = 2008-03-14 | publisher = Monitorul de Cluj | language = Romanian}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last = Câmpan | first = Letiţia | url = http://www.clujeanul.ro/cluj/miturile-clujului-2445452 | title = Miturile Clujului | publisher = Clujeanul | date = 2008-03-11| accessdate = 2008-03-14 | language = Romanian}}</ref>
[[Image:Castelul-banffi-fara-bordura.JPG|thumb|right|250px|[[Bonţida Bánffy Castle|Bánffy Castle]] is currently being restored]]
A modern, {{convert|750|m|yd|adj=on}}-long [[ski resort]] is sits on Feleac Hill, with an altitude difference of {{convert|98|m|yd|adj=off}} between its highest and lowest points. This ski resort offers outdoor lighting, [[artificial snow]] and a [[ski tow]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.realitatea.net/127626_Partia-Feleac-a-fost-inaugurata-sambata.html | title =Pârtia Feleac a fost inaugurată sâmbătă | date = 2007-12-24 | accessdate = 2008-03-12 | publisher = Realitatea.net | language = Romanian}}</ref> [[Băişoara]] [[winter resort]] is located approximately {{convert|50|km|mi}} from the city of Cluj-Napoca, and includes two ski trails, for beginner and advanced skiers, respectively: ''Zidul Mare'' and ''Zidul Mic''.<ref name="andras">András et al. 2003, p.81</ref> Two other summer resorts/spas are included in the metropolitan area, namely [[Cojocna]] and [[Someşeni]] Baths.<ref>András et al. 2003, p.131</ref>
There are a large number of castles in the countryside surroundings, constructed by wealthy medieval families living in the city. The most notable of them is the [[Bonţida Bánffy Castle]]—once known as "the [[Versailles]] of Transylvania"<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.heritagetraining-banffycastle.org/index.php?p=21 | title = Cultural tourism | quote = Formerly known as the Transylvanian Versailles, Bánffy castle, Bontida is one of the most beautiful historic buildings in the Carpathian basin. | publisher = Transilvania Trust | accessdate = 2008-03-14}}</ref>—in the nearby village of [[Bonţida]], {{convert|32|km|mi}} from the city centre. In 1963, the castle was used as a set for [[Liviu Ciulei]]'s film ''[[The Forest of the Hanged]]'', which won an award at [[Cannes Film Festival|Cannes]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.cronicaromana.ro/index.php?art=78552 | first = Cornel | last = Enache | title = Castelele Romaniei (II) | publisher = Cronica Română | accessdate = 2008-03-16 | language = Romanian}}</ref> There are other castles located in the vicinity of the city; indeed, the castle at Bonţida is not even the only one constructed by the Bánffy family. The commune of [[Gilău, Cluj|Gilău]] features the Wass-Bánffy Castle,<ref>András et al. 2003, p.153</ref> while another Bánffy Castle is located in the [[Răscruci, Cluj|Răscruci]] area.<ref>András et al. 2003, p.92</ref> In addition, [[Nicula]] Monastery, erected during the 18th century, is an important pilgrimage site in northern Transylvania. This monastery houses the renowned wonder-working [[Madonna (art)|Madonna]] of Nicula.<ref name="sfantamaria">András et al. 2003, p.142</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.gardianul.ro/2007/08/15/actualitate-c24/romanii_sarbatoresc_adormirea_maicii_domnului_si_ziua_marinei-s99513.html | title = Românii sărbătoresc Adormirea Maicii Domnului şi Ziua Marinei | publisher = Gardianul | accessdate = 2008-03-14 | language = Romanian }}</ref> The [[icon]] is said to have wept between [[15 February]] and [[12 March]] [[1669]].<ref name="Nicula">{{cite web | url = http://www.ici.ro/romania/en/turism/m_nicula.html | title =A monastery attracts thousands of Christians | accessdate = 2008-03-12 | publisher = National Institute for Research and Development in Informatics}}</ref> During this time, nobles, officers, laity and clergy came to see it. At first they were sceptical, looking at it on both sides, but then humbly crossed themselves and returned home petrified by the wonder they had seen.<ref name="Nicula"/> During the feast of the [[Dormition of the Theotokos]] (commemorating the death of the [[Mary (mother of Jesus)|Virgin Mary]]) on [[15 August]], more than 150,000 people from all over the country come to visit the monastery.<ref name="sfantamaria"/>
===Climate===
Cluj-Napoca has a [[continental climate]], characterised by hot dry summers and cold winters. The climate is influenced by the city's proximity to the [[Apuseni Mountains]], as well as by [[urbanisation]]. Some West-[[Atlantic]] influences are present during winter and autumn. Winter temperatures are often below {{convert|0|C|F|0}}, even though they rarely drop below {{convert|-10|C|F|0}}. On average, [[snow]] covers the ground for 65 days each winter.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.primariaclujnapoca.ro/proiecte-dezbateri/Politici_comunitare_de_mediu.pdf | title = Mediu: Cluj-Napoca | accessdate = 2008-03-21 | publisher = Primăria Cluj-Napoca | language = Romanian}}</ref> In summer, the average temperature is approximately {{convert|18|C|F|0}} (the average for July and August), despite the fact that temperatures sometimes reach {{convert|35|C|F|0}} to {{convert|40|C|F|0}} in mid-summer in the city centre. Although average [[Precipitation (meteorology)|precipitation]] and [[humidity]] during summer is low, there are infrequent yet heavy and often violent storms. During spring and autumn, temperatures vary between {{convert|13|C|F|0}} to {{convert|18|C|F|0}}, and precipitation during this time tends to be higher than in summer, with more frequent yet milder periods of rain.
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==Law and government==
=== Administration ===
[[Image:Primaria Cluj-Napoca1.jpg|thumb|Cluj-Napoca City Hall]]
[[Image:CL CJ-N 2008.png|thumb|right|Local council composition:<br />
{{legend|#ff9900|[[Democratic Liberal Party (Romania)|Democratic Liberal Party]] (16)}}
{{legend|#75ab17|[[Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania]] (5)}}
{{legend|#f2e125|[[National Liberal Party (Romania)|National Liberal Party]] (3)}}
{{legend|#cc3333|[[Social Democratic Party (Romania)|Social Democratic Party]] (3)}}]]
[[Image:Cluj-Napoca Districts.jpg|right|thumb|Map of Cluj-Napoca's districts (2007)]]
{{main|Politics of Cluj-Napoca}} {{seealso|Cluj-Napoca metropolitan area}}
The city government is headed by a [[List of mayors of Cluj-Napoca|mayor]], currently (since 2004) [[Emil Boc]],<ref name="law-admin">{{cite web
| url =http://www.cdep.ro/pls/legis/legis_pck.htp_act_text?idt=27123 | title = Law no. 215 / 21 April 2001: Legea administraţiei publice locale | accessdate = 2008-03-12 | publisher = Parliament of Romania | language = Romanian}}</ref> re-elected [[Romanian local election, 2008|in 2008]]. Decisions are approved and discussed by the [[local council]] (''consiliu local'') made up of 27 elected councillors.<ref name="law-admin"/> The city is divided into 15 districts (''cartiere'') laid out radially, some of them with their own local administrative structure (town hall). City hall intends to develop local administrative structures for most of the districts.
{| summary="" width="500"
|-----
| valign="top" align="left" width="33%" |
*[[Andrei Mureşanu, Cluj-Napoca|Andrei Mureşanu]]
*[[Bulgaria, Cluj-Napoca|Bulgaria]]
*[[Bună Ziua, Cluj-Napoca|Bună Ziua]]
*[[Centru, Cluj-Napoca|Centru]]
*[[Dâmbul Rotund]]
| valign="top" align="left" width="33%" |
*[[Gheorgheni, Cluj-Napoca|Gheorgheni]]
*[[Grădinile Mănăştur]]
*[[Grigorescu, Cluj-Napoca|Grigorescu]]
*[[Gruia]]
*[[Iris, Cluj-Napoca|Iris]]
| valign="top" align="left" width="33%" |
*[[Între Lacuri]]
*[[Mănăştur]]
*[[Mărăşti, Cluj-Napoca|Mărăşti]]
*[[Someşeni]]
*[[Zorilor]]
|}
Because of the last years' massive urban development, in 2005 some areas of Cluj were named as districts (Sopor, Borhanci, Becaş, Făget, Zorilor South), but most of them are still construction sites.<ref>{{cite web
| url =http://www.primariaclujnapoca.ro/phcl/7-10-2005/27.aspx | title = Hotărâre privind propuneri de atribuire denumiri strazi si cartiere in municipiul Cluj-Napoca | date = 2005 | accessdate = 2008-03-12 | publisher = Cluj-Napoca City Hall | language = Romanian}}</ref> Beside these, there are some other building areas like ''Tineretului'', ''Lombului'' or ''Oser'', which are likely to become districts in the following years.<ref>{{cite web
| url =http://www.ftr.ro/emil-boc-il-sfideaza-pe-tariceanu-892.php | title = Emil Boc îl sfidează pe Tăriceanu | date = 2007-06-07 | accessdate = 2008-03-12 | publisher = Foaia Transilvană | language = Romanian}}</ref>
Additionally, as Cluj-Napoca is the capital of [[Cluj County]], the city hosts the palace of the prefecture, the headquarters of the [[county council]] (''consiliu judeţean'') and the [[prefect]], who is appointed by Romania's central government.<ref name="law-admin"/> The prefect is not allowed to be a member of a [[political party]], and his role is to represent the national government at the local level, acting as a liaison and facilitating the implementation of National Development Plans and governing programmes at the local level.<ref name="law-admin"/> The current prefect of Cluj County (as of 2007) is [[Călin Platon]]. Like all other local councils in Romania, the Cluj-Napoca local council, the county council and the city's mayor are elected every four years by the population.<ref name="law-admin"/>
Cluj-Napoca is also the capital of the historical region of [[Transylvania]], a status that resonates to this day. Currently, the city is the largest in the [[Nord-Vest (development region)|Nord-Vest development region]], which is equivalent to [[NUTS-II]] regions in the [[European Union]] and is used by the European Union and the Romanian Government for statistical analysis and regional development. The Nord-Vest development region is not, however, an administrative entity.<ref name="law-admin"/> The [[Cluj-Napoca metropolitan area]] should be functional as early as June 2008,<ref name="gandul-metropola"/> comprising a population of 360,000.<ref name="periurban"/> Besides Cluj-Napoca, it includes [[Communes of Romania|communes]] such as [[Apahida]], [[Feleacu]], [[Ciurila]], [[Floreşti, Cluj|Floreşti]], [[Gilău, Cluj|Gilău]], [[Baciu]] and [[Chinteni]].
The executive presidium of the [[Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania]] (UDMR) and all its departments are headquartered in Cluj,<ref>{{cite web
| url =http://www.rmdsz.ro/script/aboutus.php?lang=hu&menuoption=0&aboutusID=2 | title = Statute of the UDMR | accessdate = 2008-03-12 | publisher = [[Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania]] | language = Hungarian}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url =http://www.rmdsz.ro/script/contact.php?lang=ro | title = Contacts of the Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania | accessdate = 2008-03-12 | publisher = Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania | language = Romanian}}</ref> as are local and regional organisations of most Romanian political parties. In order to counterbalance the political influence of Transylvania's Hungarian minority, nationalist Romanians in Transylvania founded the [[Party of Romanian National Unity]] (PUNR) at the beginnings of the 1990s; the party was present in the Romanian Parliament during the 1992-1996 legislature.<ref name="punr">{{cite web
| url =http://www.punr.ro/istoric.htm | title = History of PUNR | accessdate = 2008-03-12 | publisher = Partidul Unităţii Naţiunii Române | language = Romanian}}</ref> The party eventually moved its main offices to Bucharest and fell into decline as its leadership joined the ideologically-similar [[Greater Romania Party|PRM]].<ref name="punr"/> In 2008, the ''Institute for Research on National Minorities'', subordinated to the [[Romanian Government]], opened its official headquarters in Cluj-Napoca.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.ziuadecj.ro/action/article?ID=1760 | title =Institutul minorităţilor se înfiinţează la Cluj | date = 2007-08-03 | accessdate = 2008-03-12 | publisher = Ziua de Cluj | language = Romanian}}</ref>
Eleven hospitals function in the city, nine of which are run by the county and two (for oncology and cardiology) by the [[Ministry of Public Health (Romania)|health ministry]]. Additionally, there are well over a hundred private medical cabinets and dentists' offices each.<ref name="hall-geography"/>
===Justice system===
Cluj-Napoca has a complex judicial organisation, as a consequence of its status of [[Cluj County|county]] capital. The Cluj-Napoca Court of Justice is the local judicial institution and is under the purview of the Cluj County Tribunal, which also exerts its jurisdiction over the courts of [[Dej]], [[Gherla]], [[Turda]] and [[Huedin]].<ref name="lege-jude">{{cite web
| url =http://www.cdep.ro/pls/legis/legis_pck.htp_act_text?idt=13169 | title =Law no. 92 / 4 August 1992 for the judicial organisation | accessdate = 2008-03-12 | publisher = Parliament of Romania | language = Romanian}}</ref> Appeals from these tribunals' verdicts, and more serious cases, are directed to the Cluj Court of Appeals. The city also hosts the county's commercial and military tribunals.<ref name="lege-jude"/>
Cluj-Napoca has its own municipal police force, ''Poliţia Municipiului Cluj-Napoca'', which is responsible for policing of crime within the whole city, and operates a number of special divisions. The Cluj-Napoca Police are headquartered on Decebal Street in the city centre (with a number of precincts throughout the city) and it is subordinated to the [[Romanian Police|County's Police Inspectorate]] on Traian Street.<ref>{{cite web
| url =http://www.politiaromana.ro/legea_politiei.htm | title =Law no. 218 / 23 April 2002: Law on the organisation and work of the Romanian Police| accessdate = 2008-03-12 | publisher = Parliament of Romania | language = Romanian}}</ref> City Hall has its own community police force, ''Poliţia Primăriei'', dealing with local community issues. Cluj-Napoca also houses the [[Jandarmeria Română|County's Gendarmerie Inspectorate]].
===Crime===
[[Image:Panorama Cluj Napoca mica.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Portion of the city's centre, as viewed from Cetăţuia]]
Cluj-Napoca and the surrounding area ([[Cluj County]]) had a rate of 268 criminal convictions per 100,000 inhabitants during 2006, just above the national average.<ref name="crime-insse">{{cite web|url=https://statistici.insse.ro/shop/index.jsp?page=tempo3&lang=ro&ind=JUS107A|title=JUS107A - Rata criminalităţii (persoane condamnate definitiv la 100000 locuitori), pe regiuni de dezvoltare şi judeţe|publisher=INSSE|accessdate=2008-05-09}}</ref> After the [[Romanian Revolution of 1989|revolution in 1989]], the criminal conviction rate in the county entered a phase of sustained growth, reaching a historic high of 429 in 1998, when it began to fall.<ref name="crime-insse"/> Although the overall crime rate is reassuringly low, petty crime can be an irritant for foreigners, as in other large cities of Romania.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://store.eiu.com/product/30000203KM-sample.html|title=Country Profile Romania 2006|publisher=Economist Intelligence Unit|accessdate=2008-05-09}}</ref> During the 1990s, two large financial institutions, Banca Dacia Felix and [[Caritas (Romania)|Caritas]], went bankrupt due to large-scale fraud and embezzlement.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pdc.ceu.hu/archive/00002193/01/strain_and_economic_adjustment.pdf|title=Strain and Economic Adjustment. Romania' Travails and Pains|last=Dăianu|first=Daniel|publisher=Romanian Center for Economic Policies|accessdate=2008-05-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CE4D8163AF930A25752C1A965958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all|title=Pyramid Scheme a Trap for Many Romanians|publisher=The New York Times|last=Perlez|first=Jane|date=1993-11-13|accessdate=2008-05-09}}</ref> Notorious was also the case of serial killer [[Romulus Vereş]], "the man with the hammer"; during the 1970s, he was charged with five murders and several [[attempted murder]]s, but never imprisoned on [[Insanity defense|grounds of insanity]]: he suffered from [[schizophrenia]], blaming the [[Devil]] for his actions. Instead, he was institutionalised in the Ştei psychiatric facility in 1976, following a three year long [[forensic]] investigation during which four thousand people were questioned. [[Urban myth]]s brought the number of victims up to two hundred women, though the actual number was much smaller. This confusion is probably explained by the lack of attention this case received, despite its magnitude, in the Communist press of the time.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.clujeanul.ro/cluj/citeste-povestea-celui-mai-temut-criminal-al-clujului-omul-cu-ciocanul-2394295 | title =Citeşte povestea celui mai temut criminal al Clujului: "Omul cu ciocanul" | date = 2008-02-17 | accessdate = 2008-03-12 | publisher = Clujeanul | language = Romanian}}</ref>
A 2006 poll shows a high degree of satisfaction with the work of the local police department. More than half the people surveyed during a 2005–2006 poll declared themselves satisfied (62.3%) or very satisfied (3.3%) with the activity of the county police department.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://cj.politiaromana.ro/vot/poll.php | title =Poll organised by the Cluj Police Department | accessdate = 2008-03-12 | publisher = Cluj Police Department | language = Romanian}}</ref> The study found the highest satisfaction with car [[traffic]] supervision, the presence of officers in the street, and road education; on the negative side, [[Political corruption|corruption]] and [[public transport]] safety remain concerns.
Efforts made by local authorities in the Cluj-Napoca district at the end of the 1990s to reform the protection of [[child rights|children's rights]] and assistance for [[street children]] proved insufficient due to lack of funding, incoherent policies and the absence of any real collaboration between the actors involved (Child Rights Protection Direction, Social Assistance Service within the District Directorate for Labour and Social Protection, Minors Receiving Centre, Guardian Authority within the City Hall, Police). There are numerous street children, whose poverty and lack of documented identity brings them into constant conflict with local law enforcement.<ref name="report-street-children">{{cite web | url = http://www.streetchildren.org.uk/reports/Romania%20JJ%20report%20-%20FINAL%204.04.doc | title =Street Children and Juvenile Justice in Romania | accessdate = 2008-03-12 | publisher = "Asociaţia pentru Sprijinirea Integrării Sociale" (ASIS) in partnership with "The Consortium for Street Children"}}</ref> Following cooperation between the [[local council]] and the [[Prison Fellowship]] Romania Foundation, [[homeless]] people, street children and [[beggar]]s are taken, identified and accommodated within the Christian Centers for Street Children and Homeless People, respectively, and the Ruhama centre.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.primariaclujnapoca.ro/acte-necesare/acte69.aspx | title = Acte necesare - Persoane fără adăpost | accessdate = 2008-03-12 | publisher = Primăria Municipiului Cluj-Napoca | language=Romanian}}</ref> The latter features a marshaling center for beggars and street children, as well as a [[flophouse]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.primariaclujnapoca.ro/acte-necesare/acte70.aspx | title = Acte necesare - Azilul de noapte | accessdate = 2008-03-12 | publisher = Cluj-Napoca City Hall |language=Romanian}}</ref> As a consequence, the fluctuating movement of children, beggars and homeless people in and out of the centre has been considerably reduced, with most of the initial beneficiaries successfully integrated into the programme rather than returning to the streets.<ref name="report-street-children"/>
From 2000 onwards, Cluj-Napoca has seen an increase in illegal [[streetracing|road races]], which occur mainly at night on the city's outskirts or on industrial sites and occasionally produce victims. There have been attempts to organize legal races as a solution to this problem.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.adevarul.ro/articole/cursele-de-masini-pe-timp-de-noapte-intra-in-legalitate/123606 | author = Călina Berceanu | title = Cursele de maşini pe timp de noapte intră în legalitate | publisher = Adevărul | date = 2005-04-07 | accessdate = 2008-03-14 | language = Romanian}}</ref>
==Demographics==
{| class="wikitable" style="float: right; font-size:93%;width:310px;height:16;border:0px;text-align:left;line-height:120%;margin-left: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px"
|-
| colspan="14" style="text-align:center; background: #F4F4F4" height=24px |'''Historical population of Cluj-Napoca'''
|-
! Year
! Population
! Romanians
! Hungarians
|-
| 1453 est.
| 6,000<ref>Pascu 1974, p.102</ref>
| n/a
| n/a
|-
| 1703
| {{increase}} 7,500<ref name="popmediev">Pascu 1974, pp.222-3</ref>
| n/a
| n/a
|-
| 1714
| {{decrease}} 5,000<ref name="pop2">Pascu et al. 1957, p.60</ref>
| n/a
| n/a
|-
| 1785
| {{increase}} 9,703<ref name="popmediev"/><ref name="jakabe">Jakab Elek, ''Kolozsvar Tortenete'', II, Okleveltar, Budapesta, 1888, p.750</ref>
| n/a
| n/a
|-
| 1787
| {{increase}} 10,476<ref name="popmediev"/><ref name="jakabe"/>
| n/a
| n/a
|-
| 1835
| {{increase}} 14,000<ref name="popmediev"/><ref>Katona Lajos, ''Kolozsvar terulete es nepessege'', in "Kolozsvari Szemle", 1943, no.4, p.294</ref>
| n/a
| n/a
|-
| 1850
| {{increase}} 19,612
| 21.0%
| 62.8%
|-
| 1880
| {{increase}} 32,831
| 17.1%
| 72.1%
|-
| 1890
| {{increase}} 37,184
| 15.2%
| 79.1%
|-
| 1900
| {{increase}} 50,908
| 14.1%
| 81.1%
|-
| 1910{{ref_label|b|b|none}}
| {{increase}} 62,733
| 14.2%
| 81.6%
|-
| 1920
| {{increase}} 85,509
| 34.7%
| 49.3%
|-
| 1930{{ref_label|c|c|none}}
| {{increase}} 103,840
| 35.7%
| 46.5%
|-
| 1941{{ref_label|d|d|none}}
| {{increase}} 114,984
| 9.8%
| 85.7%
|-
| 1948
| {{increase}} 117,915
| 40%
| 57%
|-
| 1956{{ref_label|e|e|none}}
| {{increase}} 154,723
| 47.8%
| 47.9%
|-
| 1966
| {{increase}} 185,663
| 56.5%
| 41.4%
|-
| 1977
| {{increase}} 262,858
| 65.8%
| 32.8%
|-
| 1992
| {{increase}} 328,602
| 76.6%
| 22.7%
|-
| 2002
| {{decrease}} 317,953<ref name="population-2002"/>
| 79.4%
| 19.0%
|-
| 2004 est.
| {{decrease}} 298,006<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.insse.ro/cms/rw/resource/romania_in_cifre.pdf| title="România în cifre, 2004"| first=[[Government of Romania]]| last=[[National Institute of Statistics (Romania)|INS]]| accessdate=2008-03-22 | language=Romanian}}</ref>
|n/a
|n/a
|-
| 2005 est.
| {{increase}} 310,194<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.insse.ro/cms/files/pdf/ro/cap2.pdf| title="Anuarul statistic 2006"| first=[[Government of Romania]]| last=[[National Institute of Statistics (Romania)|INS]]| accessdate=2008-03-12 | language=Romanian}}</ref>
|n/a
|n/a
|-
| 2006 est.
| {{decrease}} 297,600<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.euractiv.ro/uniunea-europeana/articles%7CdisplayArticle/articleID_7397/Populatia-Romaniei-scade-de-la-an-la-an.html| title="Populatia Romaniei scade de la an la an"| first=[[Government of Romania]]| last=[[National Institute of Statistics (Romania)|INS]]| accessdate=2008-03-12 | language = Romanian}}</ref>
|n/a
|n/a
|-
| 2007 est.
| {{increase}} 310,243<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.insse.ro/cms/rw/resource/populatia_stab_1%20iulie2007.htm | title = Population of Romanian localities, as of July 1, 2007 | date = 2008-04-04 | accessdate = 2008-04-04 | publisher = INSSE | language = Romanian}}</ref>
|80.8%
|17.1%
|-
| colspan="14" style="text-align:center; background: #F4F4F4" height=24px |
Source (if not otherwise specified):<br />Varga E. Árpád<ref name="varga-arpad"/>
|}
The city's population, according to the 2002 [[census]], is 317,953 inhabitants,<ref name="population-2002"/> or 1.5% of the total population of Romania. The population of the [[Cluj-Napoca metropolitan area]] is estimated at 360,000. Finally the population of the influence area (periurban area) numbers 400,000 residents.<ref name="periurban"/> The new [[Cluj-Napoca metropolitan area|metropolitan government of Cluj-Napoca]] should be functional as early as June 2008.<ref name="gandul-metropola"/> According to the 2007 data provided by the County Population Register Service, the total population of the city is as high as 392,276 people.<ref name="flotanti"/> The variation between this number and the census data is explained partially by the real growth of the population residing in Cluj-Napoca, as well as by the different manner of counting: "In reality, more people live in Cluj than those who are officially registered," Traian Rotariu, director of the Center for Population Studies, told ''Foaia Transilvană''.<ref name="flotanti"/> Moreover, this number does not include the floating population—an average of over 20 thousand people each year during 2004-2007, according to the same source.<ref name="flotanti"/>
In the modern era, Cluj's population experienced two phases of rapid growth, the first in the late 19th century, when the city grew in importance and size, and the second during the [[Communist Romania|Communist period]], when a massive urbanisation campaign was launched and many people [[rural migration|migrated from rural areas]] and from beyond the Carpathians to the county's capital.<ref>Brubaker et al. 2006, p.112</ref> About two-thirds of the population growth during this era was based on [[Net migration rate|net migration]] inflows; after 1966, the date of Ceauşescu's ban on abortion and contraception, [[natural increase]] was also significant, being responsible for the remaining third.<ref name=industrialisation/>
From the [[Middle Ages]] onwards, the city of Cluj has been a multicultural city with a diverse cultural and religious life. According to the 2002 Romanian census, just under 80% of the population of the city are [[Romanians|ethnic Romanians]], with the second largest ethnic group being the [[Hungarian people|Hungarians]], who make up 19% of the population. The remainder is composed of [[Roma people|Roma]] (1%), [[ethnic German|Germans]] (0.23%) and [[Jews]] (0.06%). Today, the city receives a large influx of migrants: 25,000 people requested residence in the city during 2007.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.ftr.ro/wanted-clujeanul-verde-2898.php | title = Wanted: Clujeanul verde | date = 2008-03-06 | accessdate = 2008-03-12 | publisher = Foaia Transilvană | language = Romanian}}</ref>
In terms of religion, 69.2% of the population are [[Romanian Orthodox Church|Romanian Orthodox]] and 12.2% are [[Reformed Church in Romania|Reformed]]. The [[Roman Catholicism in Romania|Roman Catholic]] and the [[Romanian Church United with Rome, Greek-Catholic|Romanian Greek-Catholic]] communities claim 5.5% and 5.8% of the population respectively, while other religious groups like [[Unitarian Church of Transylvania|Unitarians]] (1%), [[Pentecostalism|Pentecostals]] (2.6%) or [[Baptist Union of Romania|Baptists]] (1.2%) round out most of the rest.<ref name="population-2002"/> By contrast, in 1930, the city was 26.7% Reformed, 22.6% Greek Catholic, 20.1% Roman Catholic, 13.4% Jewish, 11.8% Orthodox, 2.4% Lutheran and 2.1% Unitarian.<ref>{{cite book | title = Recensământul populaţiei din 1930 | volume= Volume 2, Part 2 |pages=p.588 | title = Populaţia Statornică în 1930 După Religie | publisher = Institutul Central de Statistică | url = http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ro/c/cd/Cluj_religie_1930.jpg | accessdate = 2008-03-21 | language = Romanian}}</ref> Contributing factors for these shifts were the extermination<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jewishgen.org/databases/Holocaust/0127_Cluj-survivors.html | title = Cluj Children Survivors | date = 2006-01 | accessdate = 2008-04-05 | publisher = JewishGen | language = English}}</ref> and emigration<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/35722.htm | title = Background Note: Romania
| date = 2007-10 | accessdate = 2008-04-05 | publisher = [[United States Department of State]] | language = English}}</ref> of the city's Jews, the outlawing of the Greek-Catholic Church (1948-89)<ref>{{cite book | author = Boia, Lucian, & Christian, James| title = Romania: Borderland of Europe | location = London | year = 2001 | pages= p.150 | id = ISBN 1-8618-9103-2}}
</ref> and the gradual decline in the Hungarian population.
On a more historical note, the Jewish community has figured centrally in the history of Transylvania, and in that of the wider region.<ref name="princeton">Brubaker et al. 2006, pp.17-8</ref> They were a substantial and increasingly vibrant presence in Cluj in the modern era, contributing significantly to the town's economic dynamism and cultural flourishing in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.<ref name="princeton"/> Although the community comprised a significant share of the town’s population during the interwar era—between 13 and 15 percent<ref>{{cite book| coauthors=Wolfgang Mueller, Michael Portmann | title=Osteuropa vom Weltkrieg zur Wende| pages=p.39| year = 2007 | publisher = [[Austrian Academy of Sciences|ÖAW]] | isbn=978-3-7001-3791-7 | url=http://hw.oeaw.ac.at/0xc1aa500d_0x0013e44a | accessdate=2008-03-22}}</ref>—this figure plummeted as a consequence of the [[Holocaust]] and emigration; by the 1990s only a few hundred Jews remained in Cluj-Napoca.<ref name="princeton"/>
[[Image:Cluj center.jpg|thumb|left|[[St. Michael's Church, Cluj-Napoca|St. Michael's Church]], the city's largest [[Gothic architecture|Gothic-style]] church]]
In the 14th century, most of the town's inhabitants and the local elite were [[Transylvanian Saxons|Saxons]],<ref name="centumvirate"/> largely descended from settlers brought in by the [[King of Hungary|Kings of Hungary]] in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries<ref name=MUSE>{{cite web |url=http://muse.jhu.edu/demo/libraries_and_culture/v041/41.3niessen.pdf |title=Museums, Nationality, and Public Research Libraries in Nineteenth-Century Transylvania |accessdate=2008-05-27 |accessmonthday= |accessdaymonth= |accessyear= |author=James P. Niessen |last= |first= |authorlink= |coauthors= |date=2006 |year= |month= |format= |work=[[University of Texas Press]] |publisher=[[Project MUSE]] |pages=304 |language= |doi= |archiveurl= |archivedate= |quote= }}</ref> to develop and defend the southern borders of the province.<ref name=MUSE/> By the middle of the next century roughly half the population had Hungarian names. In Transylvania as a whole, the Reformation sharpened ethnic divisions: Saxons became Lutheran while Hungarians either remained Catholic or became Calvinist or Unitarian. In Klausenburg, however, the religious lines were blurred. Isolated both geographically from the main areas of German settlement in southern Transylvania<ref name="princeton"/> and institutionally because of their distinctive religious trajectory, many Saxons eventually assimilated to the Hungarian majority over several generations. New settlers to the town largely spoke Hungarian, a language that many Saxons gradually adopted.<ref name="centumvirate"/> (In the seventeenth century, out of more than thirty royal free towns, only seven had a Hungarian majority, with Kolozsvár/Klausenburg being one of them;<ref name=Review>{{ cite journal | last =Szelényi | first =Balázs | authorlink = | coauthors = | year =2004 | month =April | title =The Dynamics of Urban Development: Towns in Sixteenth and Seventeenth-Century Hungary | journal = [[The American Historical Review]]| volume = | issue = | pages =22 | id = | url =http://historycooperative.press.uiuc.edu/journals/ahr/109.2/szelenyi.html#FOOT31 | accessdate =2008-05-27 | quote = }}</ref> the rest were largely German-dominated.<ref name=Review/>) In this manner Kolozsvár became largely Hungarian speaking and would remain so through the mid-20th century, though 4.8% of its residents identified as German as late as 1880.<ref>Brubaker et al. 2006, p.93</ref>
The [[Roma minority in Romania|Roma]] form a sizable minority in contemporary Romania, and a small but visible presence in Cluj-Napoca: self-identifying Roma in the city comprise only 1 percent of the population; yet they are a familiar presence in and around the central market, selling flowers, used clothes and tinware.<ref name="princeton"/> They are an important object of public discourse and media representation at the national level; however, Cluj-Napoca, with its small Roma population, has not been a major focus of Roma ethno-political activity.<ref name="princeton"/>
===Hungarian community===
[[Image:Matei Corvin house Cluj-Napoca.jpg|thumb|right|[[Matthias Corvinus of Hungary|Matthias Corvinus]] Alley, facing the birthplace of the eponymous [[King of Hungary]]]]
Approximately 60,000 [[Hungarians in Romania|Hungarians]] live in Cluj-Napoca. The city is home to the second-largest urban Hungarian community in Romania, after [[Târgu Mureş]],<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.recensamant.ro/fisiere/rezultatefinale.zip | title = 13. Populaţia municipiilor şi oraşelor după etnie la recensământul din 2002 (TPR15A) | publisher = INSSE | accessdate = 2008-03-18}}</ref> with an active cultural and academic life: the city features a [[Cluj-Napoca Hungarian Theatre|Hungarian state theatre and opera]], as well as Hungarian research institutions, like ''Erdélyi Múzeumi Egyesület'' (EME), ''Erdélyi Magyar Műszaki Tudományos Társaság'' and ''Bolyai Társaság''.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://kulturalis.adatbank.transindex.ro/?a=keres&telepules=146 | first = Dénes | last = Kiss | title = Romániai magyar kulturális intézmények adatbázisa | accessdate = 2008-03-18 | language = Hungarian}}</ref> With respect to religious affairs, the city houses central offices for the [[Reformed Church in Romania|Reformed]] Diocese of Transylvania, the [[Unitarian Church of Transylvania|Unitarian]] Diocese and an Evangelical Lutheran Church Diocese (all of which train their clergy at the [[Protestant Theological Institute of Cluj]]). Several newspapers and magazines are published in the [[Hungarian language]], yet the community also receives public and private television and radio broadcasts (see [[Cluj-Napoca#Media|Media]]). As of 2007, 7,000 students attended courses in the 55 Hungarian-language specialisations at the [[Babeş-Bolyai University]].<ref name="ubb-stats">{{cite web | url =http://www.ubbcluj.ro/ro/publice/files/statistica.pdf | title =The Babeş-Bolyai University today| accessdate = 2008-03-12 | publisher = UBB| language=Romanian}}</ref> In 2006 two Hungarian-speaking lecturers lost their jobs after they put up signs in Hungarian in university buildings,<ref name="IHT-ubb">{{cite web | url = http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2006/12/06/europe/EU_GEN_Hungary_Romania_Minority.php |title = Hungary asks Romania to reinstate 2 ethnic Hungarian professors expelled by university | publisher = [[International Herald Tribune]] | date = 2006-12-06 | accessdate = 2008-03-18 }}</ref> despite the rector's decree permitting the use of multilingual signs.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.bolyai.eu/dok/times2007feb23.pdf | title = Motion supports sacked lecturer | publisher = [[The Times]] | date = 2007-02-23 | accessdate = 2008-03-18}}</ref>. [[Gheorghe Funar]], mayor of Cluj-Napoca from 1992 to 2004, was notorious for acts of ethnic provocation, bedecking the city’s streets in the colours of the Romanian flag and arranging pickets outside the city’s Hungarian consulate; however, tensions have cooled since.<ref name="ftimes"/>
== Economy ==
[[Image:Art Nouveau Cluj-Napoca.jpg|thumb|left|[[Eroilor Avenue, Cluj-Napoca|Eroilor Avenue]], the largest and most expensive commercial street]]
[[Image:Diese Cafe Cluj-Napoca.jpg|thumb|right|Promenade area in Unirii square, where [[Scalping (trading)|scalpers]] once plied their trade]]
[[Image:Cluj-Napoca King Ferdinand Bvd..jpg|thumb|right|[[Regele Ferdinand Avenue, Cluj-Napoca|Regele Ferdinand Avenue]], another large commercial street]]
Cluj-Napoca is an important economic centre in Romania. Famous local brands that have become well-known at a national, and to some extent even international level, include: [[Banca Transilvania]],<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.ziuadecj.ro/action/article?ID=2193 | title = Banca Transilvania se extinde în afara României | date = 2007-08-18 | accessdate = 2008-03-18 | language = Romanian}}</ref> Farmec,<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.ftr.ro/index.php?cmd=d&id=2537 | title = Farmec clujean | date = 2008-01-10 | accessdate = 2008-03-18 | publisher = Foaia Transilvană | language = Romanian}}</ref> [[Jolidon]],<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.zf.ro/articol_160829/jolidon__international_business_outperforms_local_one.html | title = Jolidon: International business outperforms local one | date = 2008-02-13 | accessdate = 2008-03-18 | publisher = Ziarul Financiar}}</ref> and [[Ursus (beer)|Ursus]] [[Brewery|breweries]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.zf.ro/articol_133108/dieter_schulze__ursus__seceta_scumpeste_berea_si_majoreaza_importurile_de_materie_prima.html | title = Dieter Schulze, Ursus: Seceta scumpeste berea si majoreaza importurile de materie prima | date = 2007-07-18 | accessdate = 2008-03-18 | publisher = Ziarul Financiar}}</ref>
The American online magazine ''[[InformationWeek]]'' reports that much of the software/[[Information technology|IT]] activity in Romania is taking place in Cluj-Napoca, which is quickly becoming Romania's [[technopolis]].<ref name="technopolis"/> [[Nokia]] invested 200 million euros in a mobile telephone factory<ref name="nokia-press">{{cite web
| url = http://www.nokia.com/A4136001?newsid=1114420 | title = Nokia to set up a new mobile device factory in Romania | date = 2007-03-26 | accessdate = 2008-03-12 | publisher = Nokia}}</ref> and a research centre in Cluj-Napoca.<ref name="offices-nokia">{{cite web
| url = http://www2.hotnews.ro/pp_articol_20415-Birouri-Nokia-inaugurate-la-Cluj.htm | title = Birouri Nokia, inaugurate la Cluj | date = 2007-06-21 | accessdate = 2008-03-12 | publisher = Hotnews.ro | language=Romanian}}</ref> The final discussions between representatives of the County Council and those of the [[Finland|Finnish]] group were held on [[20 March]] [[2007]] after the decision was made to invest in [[Romania]]. According to Anna Simai of Nokia Hungary & Romania, "Given that demand for mobile phones is seeing a steady increase, Nokia has looked into opportunities of increasing its production capacities in order to meet the growing demand from customers".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zf.ro/articol_115221/nokia_to_spend_200m_euros_on_cluj_based_plant.html| title=Nokia to spend 200m euros on Cluj-based plant|publisher=Ziarul Financiar|date=2007-03-08|accessdate=2008-05-09}}</ref> On [[26 March]] [[2007]] a memorandum was signed between [[Nokia]] and the Cluj County Board, in the presence of [[Prime Minister of Romania|prime minister]] [[Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu]],<ref name="nokia-press"/> and the facility opened on [[11 February]] [[2008]]. At the same time, Nokia also located some of its offices in the city of Cluj-Napoca.<ref name="offices-nokia"/> The city also houses regional or national headquarters of [[MOL Magyar Olaj- és Gázipari Nyrt.|MOL]],<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.molromania.ro/ro/contact/ | title = Contacts | accessdate = 2008-03-12 | publisher = MOL Romania | language=Romanian}}</ref> [[Aegon]],<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.btaegon.ro/index/10.html | title = Contacts | accessdate = 2008-03-12 | publisher = BT Aegon | language=Romanian}}</ref> [[Perfetti Van Melle]],<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.perfettivanmelle.com/organisation_companies.html | title = Companies in the world | accessdate = 2008-03-12 | publisher = Perfetti Van Melle}}</ref> [[Bechtel]],<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.ziuadecj.ro/action/article?ID=2366 | title = Giganţii americani îşi deschid sedii la Cluj | date = 2007-08-24 | accessdate = 2008-03-12 | publisher = Ziua de Cluj | language=Romanian}}</ref> [[Friesland Foods]],<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.frieslandfoods.com/en/frieslandfoods/aboutfrieslandfoods/Pages/operatingcompanies.aspx | title = Operating companies | publisher = Friesland Foods | accessdate = 2008-03-18}}</ref> [[Office Depot]], [[Genpact]]<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.ziuadecj.ro/action/article?ID=8559 | title = Genpact şi Office Depot ocupã Iulius Business Center | date = 2008-02-08 | accessdate = 2008-03-12 | publisher = Ziua de Cluj | language=Romanian}}</ref> and [[New Yorker (clothing)|New Yorker]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.ziuadecj.ro/action/article?ID=11827 | title = New Yorker îşi stabileşte la Cluj sediul din România | date = 2008-04-22 | accessdate = 2008-04-22 | publisher = Ziua de Cluj | language=Romanian}}</ref>
British investment and financial services group Dawnay Day, owner of the [[Braşov]]-based commercial centre MacroMall, says it will invest 135 million euros in two real estate projects in Cluj-Napoca. The first project, ''Atrium'', which has started construction on the site of the former Tricotaje Someşul plant located in Cluj-Napoca city centre, will cost 85 million euros.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.zf.ro/articol_116771/dawnay_day_invests_135m_euros_in_cluj_and_arad.html | title = Dawnay Day invests 135 m euros in Cluj | date = 2007-03-20 | accessdate = 2008-03-12 | publisher = Ziarul Financiar}}</ref>
Cluj-Napoca is also an important regional commercial centre, with many street [[mall]]s and [[hypermarket]]s. [[Eroilor Avenue, Cluj-Napoca|Eroilor Avenue]] and Napoca and Memorandumului streets are the most expensive venues, with a yearly rent price of 720 euro/m²,<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.hotnews.ro/stiri-imobiliar-2002035-romania-locul-30-lume-cele-mai-scumpe-artere-comerciale.htm | title = România – pe locul 30 in lume la cele mai scumpe artere comerciale | date = 2007-11-07 | accessdate = 2008-03-12 | publisher = Hotnews.ro | language = Romanian}}</ref> but [[Regele Ferdinand Avenue, Cluj-Napoca|Regele Ferdinand]] and "21 Decembrie 1989" avenues also feature high rental costs. There are two large malls: [[Polus Center Cluj|Polus]] (including a [[Carrefour]] hypermarket) and [[Iulius Mall Cluj|Iulius Mall]] (including an [[Auchan]] hypermarket). Another two are under construction: ''Atrium'' and ''[[Akademia Center Cluj]]'', an award-winning Nisco Invest retail project. Other large stores include branches of various international hypermarket chains, like [[Cora (hypermarket)|Cora]] or [[Real (hypermarket)|Real]].
Among the famous retailers found in the city centre are United Colors of Benetton, Guess, and Paco Rabanne, while shopping centers on the outskirts include stores like Mango and Zara. Hugo Boss,<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.ziuadecj.ro/action/article?ID=4378 | title = Hugo Boss vine la Cluj | date = 2007-10-26 | accessdate = 2008-03-12 | publisher = Ziua de Cluj | language = Romanian}}</ref> JLo,<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.ziuadecj.ro/action/article?ID=8448 | title = Jennifer Lopez îşi deschide magazin la Cluj | date = 2008-02-06 | accessdate = 2008-03-12 | publisher = Ziua de Cluj | language = Romanian}}</ref> Pinko,<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.ziuadecj.ro/action/article?ID=4592 | title = Nouă marcă de lux | date = 2007-10-31 | accessdate = 2008-03-12 | publisher = Ziua de Cluj | language = Romanian}}</ref> and Gianfranco Ferre<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.ziuadecj.ro/action/article?ID=6942 | title = Gianfranco Ferre vine la Cluj | date = 2008-01-09 | accessdate = 2008-03-12 | publisher = Ziua de Cluj | language = Romanian}}</ref> have all announced their intent to open stores in Cluj-Napoca by the end of 2008.
In 2008, the city's general budget amounted to 990 million [[Romanian leu|lei]],<ref name="gen-budget">{{cite web | first = Ciprian | last = Iancu | url = http://www.clujeanul.ro/cluj/cluj-napoca-are-buget-record-2358373 | title = Cluj-Napoca are un buget record | publisher = Clujeanul | date = 2008-01-31 | accessdate = 2008-03-18 | language = Romanian}}</ref> the equivalent of over 266 million [[Euro]]s (207 million [[pound sterling|pounds sterling]]). Over the previous year, the budget increased 19% in 2006, 56% in 2007 and 35% in 2008.<ref>In lei, the budgets for 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2008 are 396,303,743, 472,364,500<sup>[http://www.primariaclujnapoca.ro/Comunicate%5Cbuget%202006_2006-9-1.aspx]</sup> 739,214,224,<sup>[http://www.primariaclujnapoca.ro/HCL%5C2007-1.aspx]</sup> and 990,812,338 respectively.<sup>[http://www.primariaclujnapoca.ro/HCL%5C2008-3.aspx]</sup></ref>
===Tourism===
In 2007, the hotel industry in the county of Cluj offered total accommodations of 6,472 beds, of which 3,677 were in hotels, 1,294 in guesthouses and the rest in chalets, campgrounds, or hostels.<ref name="Tourism">{{cite web | publisher = Ziua de Cluj | url = http://www.ziuadecj.ro/action/article?ID=8905 | title = Turiştii au dublat populaţia Clujului | date = 2008-02-14 | accessdate= 2008-03-12 | language = Romanian}}</ref> A total of 700,000 visitors, 140,000 of whom were foreigners, stayed overnight.<ref name="Tourism"/> However, a considerable share of visits is made by those who visit Cluj-Napoca for a single day, and their exact number is not known. The largest numbers of foreign visitors come from [[Hungary]], [[Italy]], [[Germany]], the [[United States]], [[France]], and [[Austria]].<ref name="Tourism"/>
== Arts and culture ==
{{wide image|Victor_Babes_Street_and_surroundings.jpg|800px|<center>View of downtown Cluj-Napoca from the Victor Babeş Street in the Haşdeu area</center>}}
Cluj-Napoca has a diverse and growing cultural scene, with cultural life exhibited in a number of fields, including the [[visual arts]], [[performing arts]] and [[Nightlife (activity)|nightlife]]. The city's cultural scene spans its history, dating back to Roman times: the city started to be built in that period, which has left its mark on the urban layout (centered on today's Piaţa Muzeului) as well as surviving remnants. However, the medieval town saw a shift in its center towards new civil and religious structures, notably [[St. Michael's Church, Cluj-Napoca|St. Michael's Church]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Transilvania Medievale: Le Citta Fondate Di Sibiu, Bistrita, Brasov, Cluj|last=Băldescu|first=Irina|language=Italian|publisher=Bonsignori|isbn=Bonsignori 88-7597-371-7}}</ref> During the 16th century, the city became the chief cultural and religious center of Transylvania;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://education.yahoo.com/reference/encyclopedia/entry/ClujNapo|title=Entry on Cluj-Napoca in Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2006|accessdate=2008-05-13}}</ref> in the 1820s and the first half of the 1830s, Kolozsvár was the most important center for Hungarian theater and opera,<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=/journals/notes/v060/60.2schneider.html|first=David E.|last=Schneider|title=Batori Maria: Opera ket felvonasban (review)|publisher=Music Library Association|volume=60|issue=2|date=December 2003|quote=In the 1820s and first half of the 1830s, Kolozsvár was the most important center for Hungarian theater and opera}}</ref> while at the beginning of the 20th century, still a Hungarian city, it became the chief alternative to Budapest's cinematography.<ref name="filmkultura">{{cite web|url=http://www.filmkultura.iif.hu:8080/2000/articles/essays/balogh.en.html|title=History of the Hungarian Film, from the beginning until 1945|author=Gyöngyi Balogh|publisher=National Filmarchive of Hungary|accessdate=2008-05-13}}</ref> After its incorporation into the [[Kingdom of Romania]] at the end of [[World War I]], the renamed Cluj saw a resurgence of its Romanian culture, most conspicuous in the completion of the monumental Orthodox cathedral in 1933 across from the (newly nationalised) [[Cluj-Napoca National Theatre|Romanian National Theatre]].<ref name="brubaker-orth">Brubaker et al. 2006, pp.100-101</ref> This marked an unambiguously "Romanian" centre, a few blocks to the east of the old Hungarian center;<ref name="brubaker-orth"/> however, the Romanianness of the town—like the Romanian hold on Transylvania—was by no means securely established even by the end of the interwar period.<ref name="brubaker-orth"/> The late 1960s brought a revival of nationalist discourse, concomitant with the urbanisation and industrialisation of the city that gradually advanced the [[Romanianisation]] of the city.<ref>Brubaker et al. 2006, pp.111-113</ref> Nowadays, the city is home to people of different cultures, with corresponding cultural institutions such as the Hungarian State Theatre, the [[British Council]], and various other centres for the promotion of foreign culture. These institutions hold eclectic manifestations in honour of their cultures, including [[Bessarabia]]n,<ref>{{cite web|first=Narcisa|last=Chiorean|title=Compact, Gândul Mâţei şi Cătălin Josan cântă la Festivalul "Basarabia"|url=http://www.clujeanul.ro/cultura-timp-liber/compact-gandul-matei-si-catalin-josan-canta-la-festivalul-basarabia-2488740|publisher=Clujeanul|date=2008-03-26|accessdate=2008-05-13|language=Romanian}}</ref> [[Hungarians|Hungarian]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Misguided youth using an ethnic excuse|last=Bell|first=Charles|url=http://www.seventimes.ro/features__analyses/misguided_youth_using_an_ethnic_excuse.html|publisher=Seven Times|date=2008-03-22|accessdate=2008-05-13}}</ref> [[Tunisian people|Tunisian]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Manifestări de cultură tunisiană|url=http://www.monitorulcj.ro/cms/site/m_cj/news/manifestari_de_cultura_tunisiana_la_cluj_napoca_11056.html|publisher=Monitorul de Cluj|date=2007-03-06|accessdate=2008-05-13|language=Romanian}}</ref> and [[Japanese people|Japanese]].<ref>{{cite web|first=Luiza|last=Meseşan|title=Cultura japoneză a captat atenţia clujenilor|url=http://www.ftr.ro/cultura-japoneza-a-captat-atentia-clujenilor-3220.php|publisher=Foaia Transilvană|date=2008-04-17|accessdate=2008-05-13|language=Romanian}}</ref> Nevertheless, contemporary cultural manifestations cross ethnic boundaries, being aimed at students, cinephiles, and arts and science lovers, among others.
===Landmarks===
[[Image:Statuia lui Matei Corvin.jpg|right|thumb|Statue of [[Matthias Corvinus]] in front of [[St. Michael's Church, Cluj-Napoca|St. Michael's Church]]]]
[[Image:Cluj-Napoca Central Park-statue 01.jpg|thumb|right||The [[Cluj-Napoca Central Park|Central Park]]]]
Cluj-Napoca has a number of landmark buildings and monuments. One of those is the [[St. Michael's Church, Cluj-Napoca|Saint Michael's Church]] in [[Unirii Square, Cluj-Napoca|''Unirii'' Square]], built at the end of 14th century in the [[gothic art|Gothic style]] of that period. It was only in the 19th century that the [[neogothic]] tower of the church was erected; it remains the tallest church tower in Romania to this day.<ref name="sf-mihail">Lukács 2005</ref>
[[Image:CJROothodox.jpg|left|thumb|[[Dormition of the Theotokos Cathedral, Cluj-Napoca|Dormition of the Theotokos Cathedral]]]]
In front of the church is the [[Equestrian sculpture|equestrian statue]] of [[Matthias Corvinus]], erected in honour of the locally-born [[Kingdom of Hungary|king of Hungary]]. The [[Romanian Orthodox Church|Orthodox Church's]] equivalent to St. Michael's Church is the [[Dormition of the Theotokos Cathedral, Cluj-Napoca|Orthodox Cathedral]] on [[Avram Iancu Square, Cluj-Napoca|''Avram Iancu'' Square]], built in the [[interwar]] era. The [[Romanian Church United with Rome, Greek-Catholic|Romanian Greek-Catholic Church]] also has a cathedral in Cluj-Napoca, [[Transfiguration Cathedral, Cluj-Napoca|Transfiguration Cathedral]].
Another landmark of Cluj-Napoca is the [[Palace of Justice, Cluj-Napoca|Palace of Justice]], built between 1898 and 1902, and designed by architect Gyula Wagner in an [[Eclecticism|eclectic]] style.<ref name="palat-justitie">{{cite web
| url =http://portal.just.ro/InstantaPrezentare.aspx?idInstitutie=117 | title =Prezentare instanţă | accessdate = 2008-03-12 | publisher = Cluj Tribunal| language = Romanian}}</ref> This building is part of an ensemble erected in Avram Iancu Square that also includes the National Theatre, the Palace of [[Căile Ferate Române]], the Palace of the Prefecture, the Palace of Finance and the Palace of the Orthodox Metropolis. An important eclectic ensemble is [[Iuliu Maniu Street, Cluj-Napoca|Iuliu Maniu Street]], featuring symmetrical buildings on either side, after the [[Baron Haussmann|Haussmann]] urbanistic trend.<ref name="maniu-street">Lazarovici et al. 1997, p.93 (4.2 Monumente de arhitectură din epoca modernă)</ref> A highlight of the city is the [[Cluj-Napoca Botanical Garden|botanical garden]], situated in the vicinity of the centre. Beside this garden, Cluj-Napoca is also home to some large parks, the most notable being the [[Cluj-Napoca Central Park|Central Park]] with the Chios Casino and a large statuary ensemble. Many of the city's notable figures are buried in Hajongard Cemetery, which covers {{convert|14|ha|acre}}.
As an important cultural centre, Cluj-Napoca has many theatres and museums. The latter include the Museum of the Romanian Peasant (''Muzeul Ţăranului Român''), the National Museum of Transylvanian History, the Ethnographical Museum, the Pharmacy Museum, the Geology Museum and the Zoological Museum.
===Visual arts===
In terms of [[visual arts]], the city contains a number of galleries featuring both classical and contemporary Romanian art, as well as selected international works.
[[Image:Palatul Banffy interior.jpg|thumb|left|The National Museum of Art in [[Bánffy Palace]] on Unirii Square]]
The [[Bánffy Palace|National Museum of Art]] is located in the former palace of the count György Bánffy, the most representative secular construction built in the [[Baroque]] style in [[Transylvania]].<ref>{{cite web
| url =http://www.cluj4all.com/adrese/istorie,18/obiective-istorice,60/palatul-banffy-sec.-xviii,711/ | title =Palatul Bánffy | accessdate = 2008-03-12 | publisher = Cluj4all.com | language = Romanian}}</ref><ref>Lukács 2005, pp.83-5</ref><ref>Pascu 1957, p.63</ref> The museum features extensive collections of Romanian art, including works of artists like [[Nicolae Grigorescu]], [[Ştefan Luchian]] and [[Dimitrie Paciurea]], as well as some works of foreign artists like [[Károly Lotz]], [[Luca Giordano]], [[Jean Hippolyte Flandrin]], [[Herri met de Bles]] and [[Claude Michel]],<ref>{{cite web
| url =http://www.macluj.ro/ | title =Official website of the National Museum of Art | accessdate = 2008-03-12 | publisher = National Museum of Art | language = Romanian}}</ref> and was nominated to be European Museum of the Year in 1996.<ref>{{cite web
| url =http://www.cimec.ro/Muzee/Cluj/cluj.htm | title =Muzeul Naţional de Artă din Cluj-Napoca | accessdate = 2008-03-12 | publisher = CIMEC (Institutul de Cultură Morală) | language = Romanian}}</ref>
The most notable of the city's other galleries is the ''Gallery of the Union of Plastic Artists''. Situated in the city centre, this gallery presents collections drawn from the contemporary arts scene. The Gallery of Folk Art includes traditional Romanian interior decoration artworks.
===Performing arts===
[[Image:CJROtheatre.jpg|thumb|right|[[Lucian Blaga National Theatre]]]]
The city has a number of renowned facilities and institutions involving [[performing arts]]. The most prominent is the [[neobaroque]] [[theatre]] at the [[Avram Iancu Square, Cluj-Napoca|Avram Iancu Square]].<ref name="teatru">{{cite web | url =http://www.clujonline.com/ro/teatrul_opera_nationala.htm | title =Teatrul şi Opera Naţională "Lucian Blaga" | accessdate = 2008-03-12 | publisher = Clujonline.com | language = Romanian}}</ref> Built at the beginning of the 20th century by the [[Vienna|Viennese]] company [[Ferdinand Fellner|Helmer and Fellner]], this structure is inscribed in [[UNESCO]]'s list of specially protected monuments.<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.operacluj.ro/cladirea.html#| title =Website of the Romanian National Opera in Cluj-Napoca | accessdate = 2008-03-12 | publisher = Romanian National Opera | language = Romanian}}</ref> Since 1919, shortly after the union of Transylvania with Romania, the building has hosted the [[Lucian Blaga National Theatre]] and the [[Romanian National Opera, Cluj-Napoca|Romanian National Opera]]. The Transylvania Philarmonic, founded in 1955, gives classical music concerts, and has since 1965 organised, the [[Toamna Muzicală Clujeană]] Festival.<ref name="filarmonica">{{cite web
| url =http://www.filacluj.ro/now.htm | title =Philharmonics current situation | accessdate = 2008-03-12 | publisher = "Transylvania" State Philharmonic}}</ref> The multiculturalism in the city is once again attested by the [[Cluj-Napoca Hungarian Theatre|Hungarian Theatre and Opera]], home for four professional groups of performers. There is also a number of smaller independent theatres, including the Puck Theatre, where puppet shows are performed.
===Music and nightlife===
Cluj-Napoca is the residence of some well-known Romanian musicians. Examples of homegrown bands include the popular Romanian rock band [[Compact (band)|Compact]],<ref>{{cite web | url =http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A0CE4DB1131F933A25751C1A9629C8B63 | title =Marine Could Face Trial In Car Crash | date = 2004-12-10 | accessdate = 2008-05-12 | publisher = The New York Times}}</ref> the modern pop band [[Sistem]]—which finished third in the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2005]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.esctoday.com/annual/2005/page/33|title=Romania: Eurovision Song Contest 2005|publisher=ESC Today|accessdate=2008-05-12}}</ref> the [[Alternative rock|alternative]] band [[Luna Amară]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.roton.ro/artist/18/luna-amara/index.html|title=Biography of "Luna Amară" on the website of their record label|publisher=Roton|accessdate=2008-05-12|language=Romanian}}</ref> as well as a large assortment of electronic music producers, notably Horace Dan D.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thedjlist.com/djs/HORACE_DAN_D./|title=Horace Dan D.|publisher=The DJ List|accessdate=2008-05-12}}</ref> [[The Cheeky Girls]] also grew up in the city, where they studied at the High School of Choreography and Dramatic Art.<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/the-cheeky-girls-a-cheeky-night-out-575381.html | title =The Cheeky Girls: A cheeky night out | date = 2003-12-06 | accessdate = 2008-05-12 | publisher = The Independent}}</ref> While many [[discothèque|discos]] play commercial [[house music]], the city has an increasing [[minimal techno]] scene, and, to an extent [[jazz]]/[[blues]] and [[heavy metal music|heavy metal]]/[[punk music|punk]]. The city's nightlife, particularly its [[nightclub|club]] scene, grew significantly in the 1990s, and continues to increase. Most entertainment venues are dispersed throughout the city centre, spreading from the oldest one of all, ''Diesel Club'',<ref name="cluburi">{{cite web
| url =http://www.romanialibera.ro/a111598/top-10-cluburi-din-transilvani-a-si-banat.html | title =Top 10 Cluburi din Transilvania şi Banat | date = 2007-11-17 | accessdate = 2008-03-12 | publisher = România liberă | language = Romanian}}</ref> on [[Unirii Square, Cluj-Napoca|Unrii Square]]. The list of large and fancy clubs continues with ''Obsession The Club'' and ''Midi'', the latter being a venue for the new minimal techno music genre. These three clubs are classified as the top three clubs in the Transylvania-Banat region in a chart published by the national daily ''[[România Liberă]]''.<ref name="cluburi"/> The Unirii area also features the ''Fashion Bar'', with an exclusive terrace sponsored by [[Fashion TV]]. Some other clubs in the centre are Aftereight, Avenue, Euphoria, Kharma, Oscar and Zink.
The city also includes [[Strada Piezişă]] (''slanted street''), a central nightlife strip located in the Haşdeu student area, where a large number of bars and terraces are situated. Cluj-Napoca is not limited to these international music genres, as there are also a number of [[discothèque|discos]] where local "[[Lăutari]]" play [[manele]], a Turkish-influenced type of music.
===Traditional culture===
In spite of the influences of modern culture, traditional Romanian culture continues to influence various domains of art.
[[Image:ClujMuzeulIstorie.jpg|thumb|left|The [[National Museum of Transylvanian History]]]]
Cluj-Napoca hosts an [[ethnography|ethnographic]] museum, the Ethnographic Museum of Transylvania, which features a large indoor collection of traditional cultural objects, as well as an open-air park, the oldest of this kind in Romania, dating back to 1929.<ref>{{cite web
| url =http://www.muzeul-etnografic.ro/Site/english/istoric.htm | title = Brief History - Ethnographic Museum of Transylvania | accessdate = 2008-03-12 | publisher = Ethnographic Museum of Transylvania}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url =http://www.muzeul-etnografic.ro/Site/english/parculRV-istoric.htm | title = Brief History - National Ethnographic Park Romulus Vuia | accessdate = 2008-03-12 | publisher = Ethnographic Museum of Transylvania}}</ref>
The [[National Museum of Transylvanian History]] (Muzeul naţional de istorie a Transilvaniei) is another important museum in Cluj-Napoca, containing a collection of artefacts detailing Romanian history and culture from prehistoric times, the [[Dacia]]n era, medieval times and the modern era.<ref name="mus-history">{{cite web
| url =http://www.museum.utcluj.ro/index.php| title = Official website of the National Museum of Transylvanian History| accessdate = 2008-03-12 | publisher = MNIT | language = Romanian}}</ref> Moreover, the city also preserves a Historic Collection of the Pharmacy, in the building of the its first pharmacy (16th century), the [[Cluj-Napoca Hintz House|Hintz House]].<ref name="mus-history"/>
===Cultural events and festivals===
[[Image:Poster TIFF 2007.jpg|thumb|right|[[Transilvania International Film Festival]] (TIFF)]]
Cluj-Napoca hosts a number of cultural festivals of various types. These occur throughout the year, though are more frequent in the summer months. "Sărbătoarea Muzicii" ([[Fête de la Musique]]) is a music festival taking place yearly on 21 June, organised under the aegis of the French Cultural Centre. In September, the Transilvania Philarmonic hosts the [[Toamna Muzicală Clujeană]] Classical Music Festival.<ref name="filarmonica"/> Additionally, Splaiul Independenţei, on the banks of Someşul Mic River, hosts a number of beer festivals throughout the summer, among them the "[[Septemberfest]]", modelled after the German [[Oktoberfest]].<ref>{{cite web
| url =http://www.cci.ubbcluj.ro/index.php?pagina=cultural&sidecol=col7 | title =Culture and Entertainment | accessdate = 2008-03-12 | publisher = Babeş Bolyai University - Center for International Cooperation}}</ref>
The city has seen a number of important music events, including the [[MTV România]] Music Award ceremony which was held at the [[Sala Sporturilor Horia Demian]] in 2006 with the [[Sugababes]], [[Pachanga]] and [[Uniting Nations]] as special international guests.<ref>{{cite web
| url =http://muzica.rol.ro/content/view/2131/2/ | title =Trupa britanică Sugababes va cânta pe scena Premiilor Muzicale Româneşti MTV | accessdate = 2008-03-12 | publisher = Romania Online | language = Romanian}}</ref> In 2007, [[Beyoncé Knowles]] also performed in Cluj-Napoca, at the [[Ion Moina Stadium]]. Moreover, the local clubs regularly organise events featuring international artists, usually foreign [[disc jockey]]s, like [[ATB|André Tanneberger]], [[Tania Vulcano]], [[Satoshi Tomiie]], [[Yves Larock]], [[Dave Seaman]], [[Plump DJs]], [[Stephane K]] or [[Andy Fletcher]].
The [[Transilvania International Film Festival]] (TIFF), held in the city since 2001 and organised by the Association for the Promotion of the Romanian Film, is the first Romanian film festival for international features.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.tiff.ro/en/aboutfestival | title=About the festival | publisher=Transilvania International Film Festival | accessdate = 2008-03-16 | year=2007}}</ref> The festival jury awards the Transilvania Trophy for the best film in competition, as well as prizes for best director, best performance and best photography. With the support of [[Home Box Office]], TIFF also organises a national script contest. The [[Gay Film Nights]] festival, showcasing LGBT culture and cinema, has also been organised annually since 2004 in Cluj-Napoca by [[Be An Angel]], the city's largest LGBT rights organisation.<ref>{{cite web | url =http://beanangel.ro/sfg2007/index_en.htm | title ="Gay Film Nights" Festival, 4th edition, Cluj-Napoca, Romania - 2007 | accessdate = 2008-05-11 | publisher = Be An Angel Romania | language = English}}</ref>
==Architecture==
Cluj-Napoca's salient architecture is primarily [[Renaissance architecture|Renaissance]], [[Baroque]] and [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]]. The modern era has also produced a remarkable set of buildings from the [[Mid-Century modern|mid-century style]]. The mostly utilitarian Communist-era architecture is also present, although only to a certain extent, as Cluj-Napoca never faced a large [[systematization (Romania)|systematisation]] programme. Of late, the city has seen significant growth in contemporary structures such as skyscrapers and office buildings, mainly constructed after 2000.<ref name="iaim">{{cite web
| url =http://www.iaim.ro/catedre/istorie_teorie_restaurare/note/APA/2-2-1-arh-mod-rom.doc | title =Arhitectura perioadei moderne pe teritoriul României | accessdate = 2008-03-12 | publisher = "Ion Mincu" Architecture University | language = Romanian}}</ref>
===Historical architecture===
[[Image:Palatul Banffy din Cluj-Napoca.jpg|thumb|right|[[Bánffy Palace]]]]
[[Image:Palatul Szeky din Cluj-Napoca.jpg|thumb|right|[[Szeky Palace, Cluj-Napoca|Szeky Palace]]]]
The nucleus of the old city, an important cultural and commercial centre, used to be a military camp, attested in documents with the name "castrum Clus".
[[Image:CJROmaniustreet.jpg|thumb|left|[[Iuliu Maniu Street, Cluj-Napoca|I. Maniu Street]]: construction of this symmetrical street was undertaken during the 19th century]]
The oldest residence in Cluj-Napoca is the house of [[Matthias Corvinus of Hungary|Matthias Corvinus]], originally a Gothic structure that bears Transylvanian [[Renaissance]] characteristics due to a later renovation.<ref>Lazarovici et al. 1997, p.56 (3.2 Monumente medievale)</ref>
The [[Bánffy Palace]] (1774-1785), a Baroque structure, constructed around a rectangular yard, is the masterpiece of Eberhardt Blaumann. Its peculiarity lies in the appearance of the principal façade.<ref name="iaim"/> [[St. Michael's Church, Cluj-Napoca|St. Michael's Church]], the oldest and most representative Gothic-style building in the country, dates back to the 14th century. The oldest of its sections is the altar, dedicated in 1390, while the newest part is the clock tower, which was built in [[Gothic Revival architecture|Gothic Revival]] style (1860).<ref name="sf-mihail"/>
In fact, both [[Avram Iancu Square, Cluj-Napoca|Avram Iancu]] and [[Unirii Square, Cluj-Napoca|Unrii Squares]] feature ensembles of [[Eclecticism|eclectic]] and [[baroque]]-[[rococo]] architecture, including the [[Palace of Justice, Cluj-Napoca|Palace of Justice]],<ref name="palat-justitie"/> the [[Cluj-Napoca National Theatre|Theatre]],<ref name="teatru"/> the [[Iuliu Maniu Street, Cluj-Napoca|Iuliu Maniu symmetrical street]],<ref name="maniu-street"/> and the New York Palace, among others.<ref>{{cite web
| url =http://www.ziuadecj.ro/action/article?ID=9446 | title =Cum va arăta viitorul "Conti" | date = 2008-02-26 |accessdate = 2008-03-12 | publisher = Ziua de Cluj| language = Romanian}}</ref>
The banks of the Someşul Mic also feature a wide variety of such old buildings. The end of the 19th century brought a building ensemble that fastens the corners of the oldest bridge over the river, at the north end of the [[Regele Ferdinand Avenue, Cluj-Napoca|Regele Ferdinand Avenue]]. The Berde, Babos, Elian, Urania, and [[Szeky Palace, Cluj-Napoca|Szeky]] palaces consist of a mixture of Baroque, Renaissance and Gothic styles, following the [[Art Nouveau]]/Secession and Revival specifics.<ref>Alicu et al. 1995, p.30</ref>
In the 2000s, the old city centre underwent extensive restoration works, meant to convert much of it into a [[pedestrian]] area, including [[Eroilor Avenue, Cluj-Napoca|Bulevardul Eroilor]], [[Unirii Square, Cluj-Napoca|Unirii Square]] and other smaller streets.<ref>{{cite web
| url =http://www.romanialibera.ro/a98147/schimbarea-la-fata-a-centrului-clujului.html | title =Schimbarea la faţă a centrului Clujului | date=2007-06-14 | accessdate = 2008-03-12 | publisher = România Liberă| language = Romanian}}</ref> In some residential areas of the city, particularly the high-income southern areas, like ''Andrei Mureşanu'' or ''Strada Republicii'', there are many [[fin-de-siecle|turn-of-the-century]] villas.
===Modern and Communist architecture===
[[Image:Teatrul Maghiar Cluj-Napoca.jpg|thumb|left|[[Cluj-Napoca Hungarian Theatre|Hungarian State Theatre and Opera]]]]
[[Image:Blocks Cluj-Napoca.jpg|thumb|right|Blocks of flats in central Cluj-Napoca]]
Part of Cluj-Napoca's architecture is made up of buildings constructed during the [[Communist Romania|Communist era]], when historical architecture was replaced with "more efficient" high-density apartment blocks. Nicolae Ceauşescu's project of [[Systematization (Romania)|systematisation]] did not really affect the heart of the city, instead reaching the marginal, shoddily built districts surrounding it.<ref name="iaim"/>
Still, the centre hosts some examples of modern architecture dating back to the Communist era. The Hungarian Theatre building was erected at the beginning of the 20th century, but underwent an avant-garde renovation in 1961, when it acquired a [[modernist architecture|modernist style of architecture]].<ref>{{cite web
| url =http://www.huntheater.ro/oldal.php?soid=9&mm=11&sl=7 | title =Detailed technical description | accessdate = 2008-03-12 | publisher = Hungarian Theatre of Cluj}}</ref> Another example of modernist architectural art is ''Palatul Telefoanelor'', situated in the vicinity of [[Michael the Brave|Mihai Viteazul]] Square, an area that also features a complex of large apartment buildings.
Some outer districts, especially [[Mănăştur]], and to a certain extent [[Gheorgheni, Cluj-Napoca|Gheorgheni]] and [[Grigorescu, Cluj-Napoca|Grigorescu]], consist mainly of such large apartment ensembles.<ref name="iaim"/> The city, however, does not face the zoning problems that arose in other Romanian locales because of the high-density constructions; roughly all other complexes in the city are built with some respect to the zoning laws in force today.{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
===Contemporary architecture===
[[Image:Cladirea biscuite Cluj-Napoca.jpg|thumb|right|"Clădirea biscuite"]]
{{main|Contemporary architecture in Cluj-Napoca}}
Since 1989, modern [[skyscraper]]s and glass-fronted [[building]]s have altered the skyline of Cluj-Napoca. Buildings from this time are mostly made out of glass and [[steel]], and are usually high-rise. Examples include shopping malls (particularly the ''Iulius Mall''), office buildings and bank headquarters. Of this last, regional headquarters of the [[Banca Română pentru Dezvoltare]] is the tallest office building in Cluj-Napoca, with {{convert|50|m|ft}}.<ref>{{cite web
| url =http://www.emporis.com/en/bu/sk/st/tp/co/?id=100136 | title =Tallest High-rise Buildings in Countries: Europe: Romania | accessdate = 2008-03-12 | publisher = Emporis}}</ref> Its twelve storeys were completed in 1997 after 4 years of work and house offices for the bank and for divisions of several other companies, including insurance and oil companies.
Another [[Architecture|architecturally]] interesting building is the so-called "Clădirea biscuite" (''the biscuit building''). This building was supposed to house the local headquarters of the Banca Agricolă (Agricultural Bank), but entered in the custody of the city due to the failure of that bank in the 1990s and its subsequent purchase by the [[Raiffeisen Romania|Raiffeisen Bank]], to be eventually converted in an office building.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.hotnews.ro/stiri-presa_regionala_arhiva-1711762-emil-boc-inventeaza-tivul-biscuit-city-business-center-plateste-primariei-cluj-napoca-parcare-care-nu-are.htm | title = Emil Boc inventeaza "tivul la Biscuit" | publisher = Romania liberă. Ediţia Transilvania-Banat | date=2006-12-18 | accessdate=2008-03-17 | language = Romanian}}</ref>
[[Image:BRD tower Cluj-Napoca.jpg|thumb|right|[[BRD Tower Cluj-Napoca|BRD Tower]] (side view)]]
The headquarters of [[Banca Transilvania]], at the intersection of [[Regele Ferdinand Avenue, Cluj-Napoca|Regele Ferdinand Avenue]] and Bariţiu Street, is also a large contemporary building and was originally constructed to host the regional offices of [[Romtelecom]], the public phone company, but was later sold to the bank.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.zf.ro/articol_121977/bt_spends_another_7m_euros_on_headquarters_in_cluj.html | first= Doru | last= Pop | title = BT spends another 7 m euros on headquarters in Cluj | publisher = Ziarul Financiar | date= 2007-04-26 | accessdate= 2008-03-17}} </ref>
Cluj-Napoca is undergoing a period of architectural revitalisation that is set to bring the manner of expansion to the vertical. A [[financial centre]], containing a tower of 15 storeys, is slated for completion in 2010 on Ploieşti Street.<ref>{{cite web
| url =http://www.clujeanul.ro/cluj/centrul-financiar-bancar-din-cluj-a-primit-aviz-pentru-un-turn-cu-15-etaje-2347757 | title =Centrul financiar-bancar din Cluj a primit aviz pentru un turn cu 15 etaje| date = 2008-01-24 | accessdate = 2008-03-12 | publisher = Clujeanul | language=Romanian}}</ref> Two 35-storey [[Sigma Towers|twin towers]] are projected to be constructed in the Sigma area in Zorilor,<ref>{{cite web
| url =http://www.clujeanul.ro/cluj/clujeanul-ro-va-prezinta-filmul-si-detaliile-zgarie-norilor-de-la-sigma-2434696 | title =Clujeanul.ro vă prezintă filmul şi detaliile zgârie-norilor de la Sigma| date = 2008-03-05 | accessdate = 2008-03-12 | publisher = Clujeanul | language=Romanian}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url =http://www.ziuadecj.ro/action/article?ID=9480 | title =Aviz pentru turnurile de 35 de etaje| date = 2008-02-27 | accessdate = 2008-03-12 | publisher = Ziua de Cluj | language=Romanian}}</ref> while the [[Floreşti, Cluj|Floreşti]] area will host a complex of three towers with 32 levels each.<ref>{{cite web
| url =http://www.ziuadecj.ro/action/article?ID=8558 | title =Turnuri de Dubai construite în Floreşti| date = 2008-02-08 | accessdate = 2008-03-12 | publisher = Ziua de Cluj | language=Romanian}}</ref>
==Transport==
Cluj-Napoca has a complex system of transportation, providing road, air and rail connections to major cities in Romania and Europe. It also enjoys a large internal transportation system, including bus, trolleybus and tram lines.
Cluj-Napoca is an important node in the [[International E-road network|European road network]], being on three different European routes ([[European route E60|E60]], [[European route E81|E81]] and [[European route E576|E576]]). At a [[Roads in Romania|national level]], Cluj-Napoca is located on three different main national roads: [[DN1]], DN1C and DN1F. The [[A3 (Romania)|Romanian Motorway A3]], also known as ''Transylvania Motorway'' (''Autostrada Transilvania''), currently under construction, will link the city with [[Bucharest]] and Romania's western border.<ref>{{cite web|url =http://www.autostradatransilvania.ro/www/index.html/articles|displayArticle?artID=3 | title = Technical Data | accessdate = 2008-03-12 | publisher = Bechtel}}</ref> The 2B section between [[Câmpia Turzii]] and Cluj Vest ([[Gilău]]) is expected to be finalised during 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url =http://www.ziuadecj.ro/action/article?ID=7150 | title = O jumătate de miliard de euro pentru autostradă | date = 2008-01-12 | accessdate = 2008-03-12 | publisher = Ziua de Cluj | language = Romanian}}</ref> The Cluj-Napoca Coach Station (''Autogara'') is used by several private transport companies to provide [[Coach (vehicle)|coach]] connections from Cluj-Napoca to a large number of locations from all over the country.
[[Image:Traffic exit Cluj-Napoca.jpg|thumb|right|Traffic at the western [[E60]] exit]]
The number of automobiles licensed in Cluj-Napoca is estimated at 175,000.<ref>{{cite web
| author = Alexandra Groza | url =http://www.clujeanul.ro/saptamanal/ce-masini-conduc-clujenii-2333338 | title = Ce maşini conduc clujenii?| date = 2008-01-14 | accessdate = 2008-03-12 | publisher = Clujeanul | language=Romanian}}</ref> As of 2007, [[Cluj County]] ranks sixth nationwide according to the cars sold during that year, with 12,679 units, corresponding to a four percent share. One tenth of these cars were limousines or SUVs.<ref>{{cite web
| author = Alexandra Păcurar | url =http://old.informatiacluj.ro/index.php?id=12&tx_ttnews[tt_news]=4784&tx_ttnews[backPid]=7&cHash=70d0d62c00 | title = Dacia trece în viteză pe lângă liderii mondiali ai pieţei auto| date = 2008-01-29 | accessdate = 2008-03-12 | publisher = Informaţia Cluj | language=Romanian}}</ref>
[[RATUC]], the local public transport company, runs an extensive {{convert|321|km|mi}} public transport network within the city using 3 [[tram]] lines, 6 [[trolleybus]] lines and 21 [[bus]] routes.<ref name="hall-geography"/>
The [[Cluj-Napoca International Airport]] (CLJ), located {{convert|9|km|mi}} to the east of the city centre, is the fourth busiest airport in Romania, after the two Bucharest airports ([[Henri Coandă International Airport|OTP]] and [[Aurel Vlaicu International Airport|BBU]]) and [[Traian Vuia International Airport|Timişoara airport]].
Situated on the [[European route E576]] (Cluj-Napoca – [[Dej]]), the airport is connected to the city centre by the local public transport company, RATUC, bus number 8. The airport serves various direct international destinations across [[Europe]].
[[Cluj-Napoca railway station|Cluj-Napoca Rail Station]], located about {{convert|2|km|mi}} north of the city centre, is situated on the [[Căile Ferate Române|CFR-Romanian Railways]] Main Line 300 ([[Bucharest]] – [[Oradea]] – Romanian Western Border) and on Line 401 (Cluj-Napoca – [[Dej]]). CFR provides direct rail connections to all the major Romanian cities and to [[Budapest]]. The rail station is very well connected to all parts of the city by the [[tram]]s, [[trolleybus]]es and [[bus]]es of the local public transport company, RATUC.
[[Image:Irisbus-Cluj3.jpg|thumb|right|City bus in Cluj-Napoca on route 32b]]
The city is also served by two other secondary rail stations, the ''Little Station'' (''Gara Micǎ'') and ''Cluj-Napoca East''. There is also a cargo station, ''Halta "Clujana"''.
The local transportation company, RATUC, manages a [[tram]] line that runs through the city. Planned modernisation will involve the installation of new rail tracks and the separation of the tram route from road traffic. This will bring a number of advantages, including vibration and shock reduction, a substantial noise decrease, long use expectancy and higher [[transit]] speed – {{convert|60|km/h|mph}}-{{convert|80|km/h|mph}}.<ref>{{cite web
| url =http://www.ftr.ro/index.php?cmd=d&id=1589 | title =Tramvaiul clujean circulă expirat| date = 2007-01-18 | accessdate = 2008-03-12 | publisher = Foaia Transilvană | language=Romanian}}</ref> The route will undergo major alteration on Horea Street, between the [[Chamber of Commerce]] and the central rail station, a rather problematic area. This dilemma should be solved either with the relocation of the track next to the sidewalk, or through the construction of a suspended tunnel.<ref>{{cite web
| url =http://www.ziuadecj.ro/action/article?ID=5568 | title =Vor tunel suspendat pe strada Horea| date = 2007-11-22 | accessdate = 2008-03-12 | publisher = Ziua de Cluj | language=Romanian}}</ref> Another area that will benefit from large-scale changes is "Splaiul Independenţei", where the tracks will be pulled back to the [[Cluj-Napoca Central Park|Central Park]], so that the roadway can host two lanes. In the Mănăştur area, under the bridge, the tracks will be brought closer, while other major works will executed on the traffic circle on Primăverii Street. Given the development of the [[Cluj-Napoca metropolitan area|metropolitan area]], further plans feature the creation of a [[light rail]] track between [[Gilău]] and [[Jucu]] that will use these modernised tracks in the city.<ref>{{cite web
| url =http://old.clujeanul.ro/cotidian/nocache/articol/Cluj/Aviz_pentru_tramvai_nou_in_Cluj.html | title = Aviz pentru tramvai nou în Cluj| date = 2007-11-21 | accessdate = 2008-03-12 | publisher = Clujeanul | language=Romanian}}</ref>
==Media and popular culture==
Cluj-Napoca is the most important centre for [[Transylvania]]n mass media, since it is the headquarters of all regional television networks, newspapers and radio stations. The largest daily newspapers published in [[Bucharest]] are usually reissued from Cluj-Napoca in a regional version, covering Transylvanian issues. Such newspapers include ''[[România Liberă]]'', ''[[Gardianul]]'',<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.realitateacluj.ro/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=642:GARDIANUL-REGIONAL---Cotidianul-naţional-Gardianul-îşi-lansează-ediţie-regioanală_2008-04-15-03-19-55&catid=12:social&Itemid=13 | title=Cotidianul naţional Gardianul îşi lansează ediţie regională|date=2008-03-15 | accessdate=2008-03-15|publisher= Realitatea Cluj | language=Romanian}}</ref> ''[[Ziarul Financiar]]'', ''[[ProSport]]'' and ''[[Gazeta Sporturilor]]''. [[Ringier]] edited a regional version of ''[[Evenimentul Zilei]]'' in Cluj-Napoca until 2008, when it decided to close this enterprise.<ref>{{cite web
| url =http://www.wall-street.ro/articol/Marketing-PR/36954/Ringier-inchide-editiile-regionale-ale-cotidianului-Evenimentul-Zilei.html| title =Ringier închide ediţiile regionale ale cotidianului Evenimentul Zilei| date = 2008-01-14 | accessdate = 2008-03-12 | publisher = Wall-Street.ro| language=Romanian}}</ref>
[[Image:Chiosc ziare Cluj-Napoca.jpg|thumb|right|A newspaper [[kiosk]] in the central area]]
Apart from the regional editions, which are distributed throughout [[Transylvania]], the national newspaper ''[[Ziua]]'' also runs a local franchise, ''Ziua de Cluj'', that acts as a local daily, available only within city limits. Cluj-Napoca also boasts other newspapers of local interest, like ''[[Făclia]]'' and ''[[Monitorul de Cluj]]'', as well as two free dailies, ''[[Informaţia Cluj]]'' and ''[[Cluj Expres]]''. ''[[Clujeanul]]'', the first of a series of local weeklies edited by the media trust [[Central European Media Enterprises|CME]], is one of the largest newspapers in Transylvania, with an audience of 53,000 readers per edition.<ref>{{cite web
| url =http://old.clujeanul.ro/cotidian/nocache/articol/Cluj/CLUJEANUL_isi_schimba_infatisarea.html| title =Clujeanul îşi schimbă înfăţişarea| date = 2007-12-01 | accessdate = 2008-03-12 | publisher = Clujeanul| language=Romanian}}</ref> This weekly has a daily online version, entitled ''Clujeanul, ediţie online'', updated on a real-time basis. Cluj-Napoca is also the centre of the Romanian [[Hungarian language]] press. The city hosts the editorial offices of the two largest newspapers of this kind, ''[[Krónika]]'' and ''[[Szabadság]]'',<ref>{{cite web
| url =http://www.mediaromania.ro/| title =Media statistics for newspapers in Romania| accessdate = 2008-03-13 | publisher = Mediaromania.ro| language=Romanian}}</ref> as well as those of the magazines ''[[Erdélyi Napló]]'' and ''[[Korunk]]''. ''[[Săptămâna Clujeană]]'' is an economic weekly published in the city, while ''[[Piaţa A-Z]]'' is a newspaper for announcements and advertisements distributed in all of Transylvania.
Among the local television stations in the city, ''[[TVR Cluj]]'' (public) and ''[[One TV]]'' (private) broadcast regionally, while the others are restricted to the metropolitan area. ''[[Napoca Cable Network]]'' is available through cable, and broadcasts local content throughout the day. Other stations work as affiliates of national TV stations, only providing the audience with local reports in addition to the national programming. This situation is mirrored in the radio broadcasting companies: except for ''[[Radio Cluj]]'', ''[[Radio Impuls]]'' and the Hungarian-language ''[[Paprika Rádió]]'', all other stations are local affiliates of the national broadcasters. ''Casa Radio'', situated on Donath Street, is one of the modern landmarks of the media and communications industry; it is, however, not the only one: [[Palatul Telefoanelor, Cluj-Napoca|Palatul Telefoanelor]] ("the telephone palace") is also a major modernist symbol of communications in the city centre.{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
Magazines published in Cluj-Napoca include ''[[J'Adore (magazine)|J'Adore]]'', a local shopping magazine that eventually also expanded to Bucharest, and ''Cluj-Napoca WWW'', an English-language magazine designed for tourists. Cultural and social events as well as all other entertainment sources are the leading subjects of such magazines as ''[[Şapte Seri]]'' and ''CJ24FUN''.
In the early 20th century, film production in Cluj-Napoca (in those times ''Kolozsvár''), led by [[Jenő Janovics]], was the chief alternative to Budapest.<ref name="filmkultura"/> The first film made in the city, in association with the Parisian producer [[Pathé]], was ''Sárga csikó'' ("Yellow Foal", 1912), based on a popular "peasant drama". ''Yellow Foal'' became the first worldwide Hungarian success, distributed abroad under the title ''The Secret of the Blind Man'': 137 prints were sold internationally and the movie was even screened in Japan.<ref name="filmkultura"/>
The first artistically prestigious film in the annals of Hungarian cinematography was also produced on this site, based on a national classic, ''[[Bánk bán]]'' (1914), a tragedy written by [[József Katona]].<ref name="filmkultura"/>
Later, the city was the production site of the 1991 Romanian drama ''Undeva în Est'' ("Somewhere in the East"),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0103165/|title=Undeva în Est (1991)|publisher=IMDb|accessdate=2008-05-13}}</ref> and the 1995 Hungarian language film ''A Részleg'' ("Outpost").<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0114313/|title=A Részleg (1995)|publisher=IMDb|accessdate=2008-05-13}}</ref> Moreover, the Romanian-language film ''Cartier'' ("Neighbourhood", 2001) and its sequel ''Înapoi în cartier'' ("Back to the Neighbourhood", 2006) both feature a story replete with violence and rude language, behind the blocks in the city's [[Mănăştur]] district.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.filmulcartier.ro/ | last = Enache | first = Cornel | title = Official website of the movie | publisher = Page Cinema | accessdate = 2008-03-16 | language = Romanian}}</ref> This district is also mentioned in the lyrics to the song ''Înapoi în cartier'' by [[La Familia]] member Puya, featured on the soundtrack of the motion picture.
Documentary and mockumentary productions set in the city include [[Irshad Ashraf]]'s ''St. Richard of Austin'', a tribute to the American film director [[Richard Linklater]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0809945/|title=St. Richard of Austin (2004) (TV)|publisher=IMDb|accessdate=2008-05-13}}</ref> and ''Cluj-Napocolonia'', a mockumentary imagining a fabulous city of the future.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0918505/|title=Cluj - Napocolonia (2006)|publisher=IMDb|accessdate=2008-05-13}}</ref> Cluj-Napoca has been mentioned in several [[novel]]s, such as [[Bram Stoker]]'s ''[[Dracula]]'', where it is referenced under its old German name:
{{Quote|"We left in pretty good time, and came after nightfall to Klausenburgh. Here I stopped for the night at the Hôtel Royale."|Bram Stoker|''Dracula''}}
==Education==
[[Image:Kvár Neológ zsinagóga.jpg|thumb|right|[[Cluj-Napoca Reformed Synagogue]]]]
Higher education has a long tradition in Cluj-Napoca. The [[Babeş-Bolyai University]] (UBB) is the largest in the country, with approximately 50,000 students<ref>{{cite web
| url =http://www.ubbcluj.ro/ro/publice/files/statistica.pdf | title =The Babeş-Bolyai University today| accessdate = 2008-03-12 | publisher = UBB| language=Romanian}}</ref> attending various specialisations in [[Romanian language|Romanian]], [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]], [[German language|German]] and [[English language|English]]. Its name commemorates two important [[Transylvania]]n figures, the Romanian physician [[Victor Babeş]] and the Hungarian mathematician [[János Bolyai]]. The university claims roots as far back as 1581, when a [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] college opened in Cluj, but it was in 1872 that emperor [[Franz Joseph I of Austria|Franz Joseph]] founded the University of Cluj, later renamed the ''Franz Joseph University'' (József Ferenc Tudományegyetem).<ref name="francisc-iosif">{{cite web
| url =http://www.cs.ubbcluj.ro/www/index.php?module=pagemaster&PAGE_user_op=view_page&PAGE_id=72&MMN_position=243:243 | title =Învăţământul universitar în Transilvania| accessdate = 2008-03-12 | publisher = Babeş-Bolyai University - The Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science | language = Romanian}}</ref> During 1919, immediately after the end of [[World War I]], the university was moved to [[Budapest]], where it stayed until 1921, after which it was moved to the Hungarian city of [[Szeged]]. Briefly, it returned to Cluj in the first half of the 1940s, when the city came back under Hungarian administration, but it was again relocated in Szeged, following the reincorporation of Cluj into Romanian territory. The Romanian branch acquired the name ''Babeş''; a Hungarian university, ''Bolyai'', was established in 1945, and the two were merged in 1959. The city also hosts nine other universities, among them the [[Technical University of Cluj-Napoca|Technical University]], the [[Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy]], the [[University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca|USAMV]], the [[Art and Design University of Cluj-Napoca|University of Arts and Design]], the [[Gheorghe Dima Music Academy]] and other private universities and educational institutes.
The first mention of public education provided in the city dates back to 1409, namely the caption "Caspar notarius et rector scholarum" ("Caspar secretary and director of schools").<ref name="clujnet-edu">{{cite web|url=http://www.clujnet.com/romana/001_cluj_napoca/istorie/06-primele_scoli.htm|title=Istoria Clujului - Primele şcoli|publisher=Clujnet.com|accessdate=2008-05-14|language=Romanian}}</ref> Concomitantly, a [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic]] school founded during the 14th century also functioned in the city.<ref name="clujnet-edu"/>
Today close to 150 pre-university educational institutions operate in Cluj-Napoca, including 62 kindergartens, 30 primary schools and 45 high schools.<ref name="hall-geography"/> Their activity is supervised by the County Board for Education. Most schools are taught in [[Romanian language|Romanian]]; nonetheless, there are some [[Hungarian language|Hungarian-language]] schools (Báthory István, Apáczai Csere János and Brassai Sámuel high schools), as well as mixed schools—e.g.George Coşbuc and Onisifor Ghibu high schools with Romanian/[[German language|German]] classes and Romanian/Hungarian classes, respectively.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.edrc.ro/docs/docs/Strategia%20Cluj.pdf|title=Clujul multicultural. Strategia de dezvoltare a municipiului Cluj|publisher=Centrul de Resurse pentru Diversitate Etnoculturală|language=Romanian|accessdate=2008-05-15}}</ref> Statistics show that 18,208 students were enrolled in the city's secondary school system during the 1993-94 school year, while a further 7,660 attended one of the 18 professional schools.<ref name="edu-function">{{cite journal|title=Educational Function of Cluj-Napoca City|journal=Studia Universitatis Babes-Bolyai|chapter=Sociology|issue=1-2/1995-1996|url=http://www.ceeol.com/aspx/issuedetails.aspx?issueid=cd175c0d-79ee-42dd-be52-c81420ee5a9a&articleId=6ffe57f7-7cca-4efe-ae42-ebbcd4d3ab76|accessdate=2008-05-15}}</ref> In the same year, another 37,111 pupils and 9,711 children were registered for [[primary school|primary]] and [[pre-school]], respectively.<ref name="edu-function"/>
==Sports==
[[Football (soccer)]] in the city features four clubs playing in the leagues organised by the [[Romanian Football Federation]], including one team participating in [[Liga 1]]—formerly Divizia A<ref>{{cite web
| url =http://www.realitatearomaneasca.ro/content.php?c=articole&id_categorie=7&articol_id=6581&article=divizia+a+devine+liga+i | title =Divizia A devine Liga I | date = 2006-05-15 | accessdate = 2008-03-12 | publisher = Realitatea Românească | language = Romanian}}</ref>—the top division in the Romanian football association. [[CFR Cluj|CFR 1907 Cluj-Napoca]] (founded in 1907) is the oldest established team in the Romanian Championship.<ref>{{cite web
| url =http://www.sport.ro/stiri/21359/Fotbal-Intern/Liga-1/Clujul-fierbe-CFR-U-inca-un-derby-pentru-Liga-1.-Comenteaza-aici-.html | title =Clujul fierbe: CFR - U, înca un derby pentru Liga 1 | date = 2007-11-27 | accessdate = 2008-03-12 | publisher = Sport.ro | language = Romanian |quote= Cea mai veche echipă a campionatului, CFR-ul lui Andone aşteaptă copilul iubit al Clujului – Universitatea (The oldest established team in the championship, Andone's CFR waits for the beloved child of Cluj – Universitatea)}}</ref> During the 2007-2008 season, it won the [[Liga 1|Romanian Championship]]<ref>{{cite web| last=Zaharia | first= Paul-Daniel | title=CFR Cluj crowned in Romania | url=http://www.uefa.com/footballeurope/news/kind=2/newsid=692949.html | publisher=UEFA.com | date=2008-05-07 | accessdate=2008-05-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| author= Radu Timofte, Justin Palmer | title=CFR Cluj win Romanian title for first time| url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/feedarticle/7503389| publisher=Guardian (Reuters) | date=2008-05-07 | accessdate=2008-05-08}}</ref> and the [[Romanian Cup]]<ref>{{cite web| last=Zaharia | first= Paul-Daniel | title=Cluj cup success caps remarkable season | url=http://www.uefa.com/footballeurope/news/kind=2/newsid=694207.html | publisher=UEFA.com | date=2008-05-10 | accessdate=2008-05-12}}</ref> for the first time in its history. The [[U Cluj|"U" Cluj]] football team—playing in the second Romanian league<ref>{{cite web
| url =http://www.sport.ro/stiri/7915/Fotbal-Intern/Liga-2-Seria-1/U-Cluj-prima-promovata-in-Liga-I.html | title =U Cluj prima promovată în Ligă | date = 2007-05-19 | accessdate = 2008-03-12 | publisher = Sport.ro | language = Romanian}}</ref>—was founded in 1919, and its greatest success ever was the 1965 [[Romanian Cup]].<ref>{{cite web
| url =http://www.ucluj.ro/fotbal-u-cluj/istorie.php | title = Istorie | accessdate = 2008-03-12 | publisher = Universitatea Cluj | language = Romanian}}</ref> The city is also represented in the third league, through [[CS Sănătatea Cluj-Napoca]], founded in 1986. This team, which has the [[Victoria Someşeni Stadium]] as its home ground, reached the ⅛ finals of the Romanian Cup during the 2007-2008 season, its best performance.<ref>{{cite web
| url =http://www.ziuadecj.ro/action/article?ID=6175 | title =Dinamo a spulberat visul “viruşilor” | date = 2007-12-06 | accessdate = 2008-03-12 | publisher = Ziua de Cluj | language = Romanian}}</ref> [[Clujana Cluj-Napoca]] is the local women's soccer team, established in 2001 by [[Babeş-Bolyai University]].
[[Image:Raliul Clujului Cora 2007 H I Cristea si B Iancu pe Porsche 996 GT3 RS.jpg|thumb|right|[[Porsche 996 GT3|Porsche 996 GT3 RS]] at the ''Raliul Clujului'', in the parking lot of [[Cora (hypermarket)|Cora]]]]
The [[Ion Moina Stadium]], home ground for "U" Cluj, is the largest in Cluj-Napoca (capacity 28,000); it is currently scheduled for demolition and reconstruction.<ref>{{cite web
| url =http://www.clujeanul.ro/cluj/clujeanul-ro-prezinta-in-amanunt-viitorul-stadion-ion-moina-2378298 | title =Clujeanul.ro prezintă în amănunt viitorul stadion "Ion Moina" | date = 2008-02-12 | accessdate = 2008-03-12 | publisher = Clujeanul | language = Romanian}}</ref> The next largest stadium is the home field of the [[CFR Cluj]] football team, located in Gruia. This stadium has undergone major refurbishment, featuring various novelties rarely found elsewhere in Romanian stadiums, and is due to undergo still further modernisation with the construction of new seating.<ref>{{cite web
| url =http://www.sport.ro/stiri/24354/Fotbal-Extern/Liga-campionilor/Stadion-de-5-stele-la-Cluj-Ultimele-imagini-cu-arena-CFR-ului.html | title =Stadion de 5 stele la Cluj! | date = 2008-01-14 | accessdate = 2008-03-12 | publisher = Sport.ro | language = Romanian}}</ref>
"Universitatea" club also incorporates teams in sports such as [[rugby union]], [[basketball]] (with the successful men's basketball team, [[U Mobitelco Cluj|U Mobitelco]]), [[team handball|handball]] and [[volleyball]]. The city also features three [[water polo]] teams, as recognised by the Romanian Water Polo Federation: CSS Viitorul, CS Voinţa and Poli CSM.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.frpolo.ro/echipe.asp|title=Teams|publisher=Federaţia Română de Polo|accessdate=2008-05-12}}</ref>
Facilities for such sports are located in the vicinity of the stadium, including the [[Sala Sporturilor Horia Demian]], a multi-functional hall designed for sports like [[handball]], [[basketball]] or [[volleyball]], the Politehnica Swimming Complex, which includes indoor and open-air swimming pools, as well as the [[Iuliu Haţieganu]] Park – with tennis and track facilities and a new swimming pool under construction. Cluj-Napoca regularly organises national championships in different sports because of this large concentration of facilities.
In the automotive field, Cluj-Napoca hosts two stages in the National Rally Championship. ''Raliul Clujului'' is held in June;<ref>{{cite web
| url =http://www.raliulclujului.ro/istoric.php | title =Istoric | accessdate = 2008-03-12 | publisher = Raliul Clujului Mobil1| language = Romanian}}</ref> the ''Avram Iancu'' Rally, held in September, has been officially organised since 1975, though there were several years when it was not held.<ref>{{cite web
| url =http://www.raliulavramiancu.ro/informatii_generale.php | title =Istoricul Raliului Avram Iancu | accessdate = 2008-03-12 | publisher = Raliul Avram Iancu| language = Romanian}}</ref> The latter rally begins in Cipariu Square and runs across the surroundings of the city.<ref>{{cite web
| url =http://www.raliulavramiancu.ro/plan_orar.php | title =Raliul Avram Iancu - Plan orar | accessdate = 2008-03-12 | publisher = Motorhome Napoca Rally Team}}</ref>
== Gallery ==
<center><gallery>
Image:Piarista kolozsvar.jpg|[[Cluj-Napoca Piarists' Church|Piarists' Church]]
image:Rhedey Palace of Cluj-Napoca2.jpg|Rhédey Palace
image:Building on Iuliu Maniu Street Cluj-Napoca.jpg|[[Eclecticism in architecture|Eclectic architecture]]
image:Alley Cluj-Napoca.jpg|A typical alley
image:Statuie Teatrul National.jpg|Statue on the [[Cluj-Napoca National Theatre|Opera house]]
Image:CJROMonumentul Memorandistilor.jpg|[[Memorandum Signers' Monument, Cluj-Napoca|Memorandum Signers' Monument]]
image:Sere Gradina Botanica Cluj-Napoca.jpg|Greenhouses in the [[Cluj-Napoca Botanical Garden|botanical garden]]
image:Central Park Cluj-Napoca2.jpg|The [[Cluj-Napoca Central Park|Central Park]]
Image:Kolozsvarx2.jpg|[[St. Michael's Church, Cluj-Napoca|St. Michael's Church]]
image:SfGheorghe.jpg|[[Saint George]] Statue
image:Cluj-Napoca Tailors Tower.jpg|the [[Cluj-Napoca Tailors' Tower|Tailors' Tower]]
image:Matei_Corvin_Alley.JPG|[[Matthias Corvinus|Matei Corvin]] Alley
</gallery></center>
==See also==
*[[List of natives and inhabitants of Cluj-Napoca]]
*[[Cluj-Napoca metropolitan area]]
*[[Cluj-Napoca Botanical Garden]]
*[[Cluj-Napoca Companies]]
*[[Klausenberg (Hasidic dynasty)]]
==Footnotes==
a.{{note_label|a|a|none}} The engraving, dating back to 1617, was executed by Georg Houfnagel after the painting of Egidius van der Rye (the original was done in the workshop of Braun and Hagenberg).
b.{{note_label|b|b|none}} After Transylvania united with Romania in 1918-1920, an exodus of Hungarian inhabitants occurred. Also, the city grew and many people moved in from the surrounding area and Cluj County as a whole, populated largely by Romanians.
c.{{note_label|c|c|none}} In August 1940, as the second Vienna Award transferred the northern half of Transylvania to Hungary, an exile of Romanian inhabitants began.
d.{{note_label|d|d|none}} The 1941 Hungarian census is considered unreliable by most historians. In 1941, Cluj had 16,763 Jews. They were forced into ghettos in 1944 by the Hungarian authorities and deported to Auschwitz in May-June 1944.
e.{{note_label|e|e|none}} In the 1960s a determined policy of Industrialisation was initiated. Many people from the surrounding rural areas (largely Romanian) were moved into the city. As a consequence, for the first time in its long history, Cluj had a Romanian majority.
==Notes==
{{reflist|3}}
==References==
* {{cite book | author = Gh. Lazarovici, D. Alicu, C. Pop, I. Hica, P. Iambor, Şt. Matei, E. Glodaru, I. Ciupea, Gh. Bodea | title = Cluj-Napoca - Inima Transilvaniei | publisher = Studio | location = Cluj-Napoca | year = 1997 | isbn=973-97555-0-X}}
* {{cite book | author = Gheorghe Bodea| title = Clujul vechi şi nou | publisher = ProfImage | location = Cluj-Napoca | year = 2002 | id = ISBN 973-0-02539-8 }}
* {{cite book | author = Rogers Brubaker, Margit Feischmidt, Jon Fox & Liana Grancea | title = Nationalist Politics and Everyday Ethnicity in a Transylvanian Town | publisher = Princeton University Press | location = Princeton, New Jersey | year = 2006 | id = ISBN 0691128340 | url =http://books.google.com/books?id=Zgg6eqKKkbcC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Brubaker+Baia&hl=ro&source=gbs_summary_r&cad=0|chapter=Introduction|chapterurl=http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/i8312.pdf}}
* {{cite book | author = Lukács József| title = Povestea oraşului-comoară. Scurtă istorie a Clujului şi monumentelor sale | publisher = Apostrof | location = Cluj-Napoca | year = 2005 | id = ISBN 973-9279-74-0 }}
* {{cite book | author = Raoul Şorban| title = Invazie de stafii. Însemnări şi mărturisiri despre o altă parte a vieţii | publisher = Meridiane | location = Bucharest | year = 2003 | id = ISBN 973-33-0477-8 }}
* {{cite book | author = Dorin Alicu| title = Judeţul Cluj - trecut şi prezent | publisher = ProfImage | location = Cluj-Napoca | year = 2003 | id = ISBN 973-555-090-3 }}
* {{cite book | author = Dorin Alicu, Ion Ciupea, Mihai Cojocneanu, Eugenia Glodariu, Ioana Hica, Petre Iambor, Gheorghe Lazarov| title = Cluj-Napoca, de la începuturi până azi | publisher = Clusium | location = Cluj-Napoca | year = 1995 | id = ISBN 973-7924-05-3 }}
* {{cite book | title = Cluj-Napoca = Claudiopolis| publisher = Noi Media Print | location = Bucharest | year = 2004}}
* {{cite book | title = Cluj-Napoca - Ghid | publisher = Sedona | year = 2002}}
* {{cite book | author = Ştefan Pascu, Iosif Pataki, Vasile Popa| title = Clujul | year = 1957}}
* {{cite book | author = Ştefan Pascu, Viorica Marica| title = Clujul medieval | publisher = Meridiane | location = Bucharest | year = 1969}}
* {{cite book | author = Ştefan Pascu| title = Istoria Clujului | publisher = | location = Bucharest | year = 1974}}
* {{cite book | author = Aurel Anton, Iuliua Cosma, Vasile Popa, Gheorghe Voişanu | title = Cluj. Ghid turistic al judeţului | published= Editura pentru Turism | location = Bucharest |year = 1973}}
* {{cite book | author = Simon András, Gáll Enikõ, Tonk Sandor, Laszlo Tamas, Maxim Aurelian, Jancsik Peter, Coroiu Teodora | title = Atlasul localităţilor judeţului Cluj | published= Suncart | location = Cluj-Napoca |year = 2003}}
* {{cite web | title =Cluj-Napoca, oraşul comoară al Transilvaniei, România | publisher = CLUJonline.com | date = | url = http://www.clujonline.com/ro/istoric.htm | accessdate =2007-03-11 }}
* {{cite web | title =O istorie inedită a Clujului | publisher = ReMARK ltd | date = | url = http://clujnet.com/romana/001_cluj_napoca/istorie.html | accessdate =2007-03-11 }}
* {{cite web | title =Anuarul Institutului de Istorie "George Bariţ" din Cluj-Napoca | publisher = "George Bariţ" History Institute, Cluj-Napoca / [[Romanian Academy]] | date = | url = http://www.history-cluj.ro/Istorie/anuare/2001/C%20U%20P%20R%20I%20N%20S.htm | accessdate =2007-03-11 }}
==External links==
{{sisterlinks}}
'''Official websites'''
* [http://www.primariaclujnapoca.ro Cluj-Napoca: Official administration site] {{ro icon}}
* [http://www.prefecturacluj.ro/ Cluj County Prefecture] {{ro icon}}
* [http://www.clc-cluj.org/ Cluj-Napoca Local Civic Council] {{ro icon}}
* [http://www.ratuc.ro/ RATUC (Public Transport Company) official website] {{ro icon}}
* [http://www.airportcluj.ro/ Cluj-Napoca International Airport] {{en icon}} {{ro icon}}
* {{wikitravel}}
'''City guides'''
* [http://www.cluj4all.com/ Interactive map, directory and various connected to the city] {{en icon}} {{ro icon}} {{hu icon}} {{ar icon}} {{de icon}} {{es icon}} {{he icon}} {{fr icon}} {{it icon}} {{nl icon}} {{ru icon}} {{tr icon}}
* [http://encarta.msn.com/map_701510572/Cluj-Napoca.html Road map of the access points to Cluj-Napoca]
'''Photos'''
* [http://www.flickr.com/photos/tags/clujnapoca/clusters/ Flickr - Cluj-Napoca]
[[Image:Cluj-Napoca panorama.jpg|thumb|center|800px|Panorama over western districts, taken from "Tăietura Turcului"]]
{{Cities in Cluj county}}
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[[Category:Municipalities of Romania]]
[[Category:Cities in Cluj County]]
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