Coat of arms of Finland
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{{Infobox coat of arms
| name = Coat of arms of Finland
| image = Coat of arms of Finland.svg
| image_width = 200
| armiger =
| year_adopted = First documented in the 1580s.<br>Current version official since 1978.
| shield = On a red field, a crowned lion trampling on a saber, the field strewn with nine roses of silver
| motto =
| orders =
| other_elements =
| earlier_versions =
| use =
}}
The '''Coat of arms of Finland''' is a crowned lion on a red field, the right forepaw replaced with an armoured hand brandishing a sword, trampling on a saber with the hindpaws. Official only since 1978, the coat of arms was originally created around the year 1580.
== Background ==
=== The Lion in Nordic heraldry ===
[[Image:Valdemar Birgerssons vapen (1252).png|120px|thumb|Figure 2: Coat of arms of [[Valdemar Birgersson]]]]
The [[Lion (heraldry)|heraldic lion]] is quite common in [[Western Europe]], and several European countries incorporate it into their national coats of arms. In [[Scandinavia|Nordic]] [[heraldry]], the lion is first-found in the [[coat of arms of Denmark]] in the later part of the 12th century.
Starting in the 12th century, the territory of today's [[Finland]] was gradually incorporated into the [[Sweden|Swedish kingdom]], and this coincided with the period when coats of arms first came into use in northern Europe. The first known use of the lion in Sweden was on the royal seals of [[Erik Knutsson]] (died 1216) and [[Erik Eriksson]] (1216–50), who used two and three lions on their seal, respectively. The first king of the [[House of Bjelbo|Folkunga family]], [[Valdemar Birgersson]] (1239–1302), also used 3 lions on his seal (''Figure 2'').
=== Finland as a Duchy ===
[[Image:Magnus Ladulås sköld, Nordisk familjebok.png|right|120px|thumb|Figure 3: [[House of Bjelbo|Folkunga]] coat of arms]]
[[Image:Seal of duke valdemar of finland.gif|right|120px|thumb|Figure 4: Seal of duke Valdemar]]
[[Benedict, Duke of Finland|Bengt Birgersson]], the first [[Duke of Finland]] (1254–91, Duke from 1284 until 1291), and [[Valdemar, Duke of Finland|Valdemar Magnusson]], the second Duke (died 1318, Duke of Finland from 1302 until 1317), both used the later [[House of Bjelbo|Folkunga]] coat of arms, which was a crowned lion rampant with three bends sinister, the main difference being that Valdemar's arms had the field strewn with hearts (''Figure 3''). This version of the arms was quite similar to the modern coat of arms of Finland, but the lion did not yet brandish any weapon.
== Creation of the arms ==
When [[John III of Sweden|John III]] assumed the title of "[[Grand Duke]] of Finland and Karelia", soon shortened to [[Grand Duke of Finland]] in 1577 (or soon thereafter), the lion became closely associated with Finland through the grand-ducal coats of arms (''Figure 5''). The grand-ducal coat of arms is thought to have resulted out of a combination of the ''Göta lion'' (originating from the ''Folkunga'' lion) and the arms of [[Karelia]] (''Figure 6''). The result was that the lion brandishes one weapon and treads on another.
[[Image:Coat of Arms of Finland.jpg|left|thumb|Figure 5: Grand-ducal coat of arms of Finland, tomb of King Gustav Vasa ([[Uppsala cathedral]], [[Sweden]])]]
[[Image:Coat of Arms of Karelia.jpg|left|thumb|Figure 6: Coat of arms of [[Karelia]], tomb of King Gustav Vasa (Uppsala cathedral, Sweden)]]
The best-known version of the grand-ducal coat of arms is found on the tomb of [[Gustavus I of Sweden|Gustavus I]] (1523–60) in the [[Uppsala cathedral]] (''Figure 5''). It has been suggested that either Duke John himself, or his brother [[Eric XIV of Sweden|Eric XIV]], was leading the design work on the heraldic signs on the tomb. Neither statement can be confirmed, but it is known that Eric XIV showed an interest in heraldry. The monument was commissioned from [[Willem Boy|Guillaume Boyen]] (Willem Boy), a [[Flemish people|Flemish]] architect and sculptor who had worked in Sweden. He started on the task in [[Antwerp]] in 1562, completing it 10 years later; however, the tomb was not in place in Uppsala until the early 1580s, and the finishing work lasted until 1591. In addition to the royal arms of Sweden and those of Finland, the arms of the 11 provinces are depicted. From Finland they include North and South Finland, as well as [[Tavastia (historical province)|Tavastia]] and Karelia. The work of Willem Boy is of exceptional quality, which is perhaps explained by the fact that lions were a dominant feature in the heraldry of [[Flanders]], and he would therefore have had a great deal of exposure to it before receiving the commission for the tomb of Gustavus I.
The earliest known blazon from this period states that the arms of Finland represents ''A crowned lion of gold holding a sword in the right forepaw and trampling with both hindpaws on a Russian sabre (''ryssesabel''), surrounded by nine silver roses in a red field, over the shield a golden crown with a red cap''.
As both King Gustavus I and his son, John III, were involved in lengthy wars with [[Russia]], it should come as no surprise this was a central element in the arms of both the Grand Duchy of Finland, and in that in the coat of arms of the Finnish province of [[Karelia]], which symbolizes the fight between [[Eastern world|East]] and [[Western world|West]].
The purpose of the nine roses remains unknown, but are now mostly considered to be decorative only. They have sometimes been claimed to represent the nine [[historical provinces of Finland]], but this hypothesis has not found support among prominent scholars.<ref>[http://virtual.finland.fi/netcomm/news/showarticle.asp?intNWSAID=27079 Article on the Coats of arms of Finland, written for Virtual Finland by Maunu Harmo, Master of Pol. Sc., Former President of Finnish Society of Heraldry.]</ref> The number of towns in the nominal "Grand Duchy of Finland and Karelia" in 1580 were also nine,<ref>[[Turku]], [[Porvoo]], [[Rauma, Finland|Rauma]], [[Naantali]], [[Pori]], [[Vyborg]], [[Tammisaari]], [[Helsinki]] and [[Priozersk]] that had been captured from Russia in 1580.</ref> but no known historical research provides support for a link between the number of roses and the number of towns in Finland in 1580.
== Evolution of the arms ==
=== Swedish era ===
During the following centuries, the arms of Finland were to appear in different versions of varying artistic quality, and it was only in the late 19th century when the Uppsala lion was again taken into use as the prototype for the coat of arms of Finland.
The lion experienced several changes during the 17th century. In the funeral [[banner]] of [[Charles X Gustav of Sweden|Charles X Gustavus]] (in 1660) it can be seen treading on the [[sabre]] with all three free paws; in drawings by [[Elias Brenner]] (in the ''Suecia antique et hodierna'' by [[Erik Dahlberg]], printed in 1716), it is pictured with a double tail (''queue fourchée'') and with an almost walking posture.
=== Russian era ===
[[Image:Suuriruhtinaskunnanvaakuna.png|right|thumb|Figure 7: Coat of arms of Finland within Imperial Russian arms]]
After Finland had been ceded to Russia (as a consequence of the [[Finnish War|Swedish–Russian war of 1808–1809]]), Erik Brenner's version of the lion was chosen by the authorities as the model for the new coat of arms of the [[Grand Duchy of Finland]] in the [[Russian empire]]. The [[blazon]] in the [[decree]] of [[26 October]] [[1809]] states: ''The shield has a red field, strewn with roses of silver, on which a golden lion with a crown of gold, standing on a silver saber, which it grasps with the left forepaw while holding in the right forepaw an upright sword''. Obviously, any interpretation of the lion as ''trampling on a Russian sabre'' had been lost at this point in time.
During the reform of the Russian official heraldry in 1857, the lion was again changed on the initiative of baron [[Bernhard Karl von Koehne|Bernhard Karl von Köhne]]. The blazon states: ''On a red field strewn with silver roses a crowned lion of gold, holding in the right forepaw an upright sword and in the left one a curved sword on which it rests with the right hindpaw''. The main changes were that the lion had started to resemble a [[dog]] rather than a lion, and the crown on top of the [[shield]] had been changed to an arched crown without a cap, and with a small [[Double-headed eagle|Russian eagle]] on the rim. The sword in the right forepaw had shrunk in size, to the point of resembling a [[dagger]] rather than a sword (''Figure 8'').
[[Image:Russian Empire's Big Coat of Arms.jpg|thumb|Figure 8: [[National emblems of the Russian Empire#Great State Emblem|The Great State Emblem of the Russian Empire]]. Finland's arms [the "von Köhne" version] is seen bottom right.]]
During the years when the Russian emperors attempted [[russification]] of Finland (1899–1905 and 1908–17), the use of the arms of Finland increased significantly, and eventually became popular in the broader population.
The director of the Finnish National Archives, [[Karl August Bomansson]] (1827–1906) made the first significant study on the arms of Finland in modern times. He restored the appearance of the arms in 1886, so that it closely resembled the ''Uppsala lion''. However, there was a slight deviation on how the lion tramples on the saber, and the arched crown with the imperial eagle in the ''von Köhne'' version was replaced with a crown similar to that of a German princely [[Crown (headgear)|crown]]. This version of the arms was subsequently used in the early years of [[Finnish independence]].
=== Early independence ===
[[Image:Finland greater arms suggestion 1936 coloured.png|200px|left|thumb|Figure 9: Unapproved design for the greater coat of arms]]
During the 1920s and 1930s, the national arms became the subject of some [[controversy]], and the debate centered on whether the lion should be replaced with a [[bear]], which had an important place in the national [[folklore]]. Already in 1557, the bear had emerged as the emblem of ''Finnia Septentrionalis'' ("North Finland", at the time roughly the same as Satakunta and northern [[Finland Proper]]) and continues to be used as the coat of arms of [[Satakunta]]. However, outside Finland, the bear was usually regarded as a symbol of Russia. The debate was however not settled, and throughout most of the 20th century, versions of the arms were used that closely adhered to the ''Uppsala lion''.
In 1936, a state committee suggested a compromise that Finland should have a "greater" and a "smaller" coat of arms. The greater coat of arms was proposed to have two bears as supporters of the arms, with a base of spruce twigs and with the motto ''vapaa, vankka, vakaa'' ("free, firm, steadfast"). This would have given the bear a place in the national heraldry, but the design was never confirmed, nor was this version of the arms taken into use.<ref>''Pikku Jättiläinen''. WSOY 1985. ISBN 951-0-12416-8. Page 1040.</ref>
=== Today ===
The [[blazon]] of the national coat of arms was finally settled in 1978, when the law of [[26 May]] [[1978]] (381/78) described the coat of arms as follows: ''On a red field, a crowned lion, the right forepaw replaced with an armoured hand brandishing a sword, trampling on a saber with the hindpaws, the lion, crowned and armed, the weapons hilted and the armour garnished gold, the blades and the armour silver, the field strewn with nine roses of silver''.<ref>[http://www.finlex.fi/fi/laki/ajantasa/1978/19780381 Law on the coat of arms of Finland] (Laki Suomen vaakunasta 26.5.1978/381). Hosted by Finlex.</ref>
The coat of arms appears on the [[Flag of Finland|Finnish state flag]]. The Finnish lion is also used in a wide variety of emblems of different state authorities, often modified to depict the duties of the unit or the authority. On the other hand, the Finnish municipalities and regions usually use heraldic motifs drawn from elsewhere, leaving the lion for state use (exceptions exist, such as the [[Coat of arms of Jakobstad]]).
<gallery>
Image:7 Ohjuslaivue lippu.jpg|7th Missile Squadron, [[Finnish Navy]]: Finnish lion with a fish-tail and a trident
Image:TykPr-lippu.jpg|[[Artillery Brigade (Finnish Army)|Artillery Brigade]]: Finnish lion holding a cannon
Image:Pion- ja SKoul lippu.jpg|Engineering and NBC Warfare School, [[Finnish Army]]: Finnish lion holding a shield, symbolizing NBC protection.
Image:Suomen Maavoimien tunnus.svg|Finnish Army: Finnish coat of Arms with [[Finnish Jäger troops|jaeger]] green [[Escutcheon (heraldry)|escutcheon]] placed upon crossed swords
Image:PvKvK-lippu.jpg|[[Finnish Defence Forces]] International Center: Finnish lion holding a [[herald]]'s staff
Image:Mpkk-lippu.jpg|[[Finnish National Defence University]]: Finnish lion carrying a shield with the [[rose (heraldry)|heraldic rose]], the Finnish officers' rank insignia
Image:Suomen poliisin miekkatunnus.svg|Finnish Police: lion's head as a handle of a sword
Image:Asekoulu lippu.jpg|Technical Training Center, Finnish Army: Finnish lion rising from an anvil
</gallery>
== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}
== Bibliography ==
* Talvio, Tuukka. ''The Lion of Finland''. ISBN 951-616-040-9.
== External links ==
* [http://virtual.finland.fi/finfo/english/vaakeng.html Virtual Finland – Finnish Coat of Arms]
* [http://www.tpk.fi/netcomm/news/ShowArticle.asp?intNWSAID=34063&LAN=EN The Presidential insignia and coat of arms]
* [http://www.intermin.fi/intermin/home.nsf/pages/FF3154C97F0DB400C2256B640064843F?opendocument Information from the Finnish Ministry of Interior on the arms of Finland]
{{Coat of arms of Europe}}
[[Category:National symbols of Finland]]
[[Category:Finnish heraldry]]
[[Category:National coats of arms|Finland]]
[[be:Герб Фінляндыі]]
[[be-x-old:Герб Фінляндыі]]
[[bs:Grb Finske]]
[[bg:Герб на Финландия]]
[[cs:Státní znak Finska]]
[[da:Finlands rigsvåben]]
[[de:Wappen Finnlands]]
[[et:Soome vapp]]
[[el:Εθνόσημο της Φινλανδίας]]
[[es:Escudo de Finlandia]]
[[fr:Armoiries de la Finlande]]
[[hr:Grb Finske]]
[[bpy:ফিনল্যান্ডর চিনত্হান]]
[[he:סמל פינלנד]]
[[lt:Suomijos herbas]]
[[hu:Finnország címere]]
[[mk:Грб на Финска]]
[[nl:Wapen van Finland]]
[[no:Finlands riksvåpen]]
[[pl:Herb Finlandii]]
[[pt:Brasão de armas da Finlândia]]
[[ro:Stema Finlandei]]
[[ru:Герб Финляндии]]
[[sr:Грб Финске]]
[[fi:Suomen vaakuna]]
[[sv:Finlands statsvapen]]
[[vi:Quốc huy Phần Lan]]
[[uk:Герб Фінляндії]]
[[zh:芬兰国徽]]